RASHTRIYA RAKSHA UNIVERSITY

(AN INSTITUTION OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE)

School of Information Technology, Artificial Intelligence & Cyber

Security (SITAICS)

B. Tech CSE with Specialization of Cyber Security (Semester 5)

Course Report

Subject: Data Analytics & Visualization

Subject code: G5AD21DAV
Submitted by:
Raj Pundkar (220031101611064)

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 Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Raj Pundkar studying in 5th semester of SITAICS
department under Rashtriya Raksha University pursuing B. Tech in CSE with
specialization in cyber security with enrolment number 220031101611064_has
satisfactorily completed Certificate Course for the term ending in 2024-2025
under the guidance of Professor Mr. Dhaval Deshkar for the subject Data
Analytics & Visualization with subject code G5AD21DAV.

______________
Sign of faculty

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 Module 1: Introduction to Python
Overview:
This module provides a strong foundation in Python, a versatile and powerful programming language
that has become an essential tool in the realm of data science. It serves as a gateway to understanding
fundamental programming concepts required for data manipulation, analysis, and beyond. Through
this module, I developed a clear understanding of Python’s syntax, control structures, and data
structures, which are crucial for solving real-world problems efficiently.

Content Breakdown:
1. Basics of Python:
This section introduced me to the essentials of Python, equipping me with the skills to write clean,
readable, and functional code.
 Syntax and Semantics:
I learned how Python’s structure is based on proper indentation, making code not just
functional but visually intuitive. Writing meaningful comments for better code documentation
was also emphasized.
 Data Types:
I explored Python’s dynamic typing, delving into data types like integers, floats, strings, and
booleans. These form the building blocks of any program.
 Variables:
I practiced declaring variables to store data and understood the importance of meaningful
variable names for clarity and maintainability.
2. Control Structures:
Control structures gave me the ability to create logic-based programs capable of dynamic decision-
making and iterative processes.
 Conditional Statements:
Using if, elif, and else, I created programs that adapt based on varying inputs or conditions.
These are pivotal for real-world applications where decisions must be automated.
 Loops:
I gained hands-on experience with for loops to iterate over sequences and while loops for
executing blocks of code repeatedly until a specific condition was satisfied. These constructs
simplified tasks like data traversal and repetitive computations.
3. Functions:
Functions are the cornerstone of reusable and modular code. This section deepened my understanding
of Python’s ability to simplify complex tasks.
 Defining Functions:
I learned to create reusable blocks of code with the def keyword, streamlining program logic.
 Parameters and Return Values:
By passing arguments and retrieving outputs, I explored how functions could process data
dynamically, enhancing code flexibility and reducing redundancy.

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4. Data Structures:
This was a pivotal section where I mastered organizing, storing, and accessing data efficiently.
 Lists:
I practiced creating, modifying, and performing operations on lists. List methods like append
(), pop (), and slicing techniques were invaluable for handling sequences.
 Tuples:
Understanding tuples as immutable sequences helped me see their use in scenarios where data
integrity is critical.
 Sets:
I discovered how sets can manage unique collections of items, making operations like union
and intersection straightforward.
 Dictionaries:
Working with key-value pairs introduced me to a structured way of associating and retrieving
data efficiently, which is particularly useful in handling real-world datasets.

Learning Outcomes:
By completing this module, I gained the following skills:
1. Writing clear and efficient Python scripts.
2. Leveraging control structures like conditional statements and loops to build dynamic
programs.
3. Creating and using functions for code reusability and modularity.
4. Manipulating data using essential Python data structures such as lists, tuples, sets, and
dictionaries.

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 Module 2: Data Manipulation with Pandas
Overview:
This module dives into Pandas, a robust Python library for efficient data manipulation and analysis.
Designed to handle structured data seamlessly, Pandas provides an array of tools to manage, clean,
and transform datasets. Through this module, I learned how to utilize Pandas to unlock the potential
of data, laying the groundwork for meaningful insights and visualizations.

Content Breakdown:
1. DataFrames:
The heart of Pandas lies in its ability to create and manipulate DataFrames, which serve as tabular
data structures akin to spreadsheets or SQL tables.
 Creating DataFrames:
I practiced creating DataFrames in multiple ways, including loading data from CSV files and
constructing them manually. Understanding this foundational step enabled me to work with
real-world datasets effectively.
 Inspecting DataFrames:
Using methods like .head(), .tail(), and .info(), I learned to explore the structure, size, and type
of data within a DataFrame. These tools provided quick insights and guided the data
preprocessing steps.
2. Data Cleaning:
Cleaning messy data is critical for reliable analysis, and this section equipped me with techniques to
prepare datasets.
 Handling Missing Values:
I explored how to detect missing values using .isnull() and managed them by filling with
default values (.fillna()) or removing incomplete rows/columns. This ensured the data
remained consistent and usable.
 Removing Duplicates:
Using. drop_duplicates(), I eliminated redundant entries, maintaining dataset integrity and
improving processing efficiency.
3. Data Transformation:
This section focused on reshaping and refining datasets to suit analytical needs.
 Filtering Data:
Boolean indexing taught me how to select rows based on specific conditions, enabling
focused analysis. For example, I could isolate data subsets like sales above a threshold or
records from specific regions.
 Merging DataFrames:
I gained proficiency in combining datasets through functions like pd.concat() for stacking and
pd.merge() for relational joins. These methods facilitated working with data from multiple
sources.
 Pivot Tables:
I learned to restructure datasets with .pivot_table() to summarize and analyze data more
effectively. This skill is particularly valuable for tasks like sales reporting and trend analysis.

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Learning Outcomes:
I developed a comprehensive understanding of Pandas and its practical applications. Key takeaways
include:
1. Proficiency in creating, loading, and inspecting DataFrames.
2. Mastery of data cleaning techniques, including handling missing values and duplicates.
3. Skill in transforming data, such as filtering, merging, and pivoting, to meet specific analytical
goals.
4. The ability to prepare datasets for advanced analysis or visualization, ensuring reliability and
relevance.

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 Module 3: Data Visualization
Overview:
Visualization is an indispensable aspect of data science, bridging the gap between raw data and
actionable insights. This module explores key Python libraries—Matplotlib, Seaborn, and Plotly—
that empower users to create compelling visual representations. By mastering these tools, I learned
how to communicate data-driven stories effectively, tailoring visualizations to suit various analytical
needs.

Content Breakdown:
1. Matplotlib:
As the foundation of Python visualization, Matplotlib equips users with essential tools for creating
static, customizable plots.
 Basic Plotting:
I explored various types of plots, such as:
o Line Plots: Ideal for trend analysis over time.

o Scatter Plots: Useful for showcasing relationships between two variables.

o Bar Charts: Effective for categorical data comparisons.

o Histograms: Great for visualizing data distributions.

 Customization:
I learned how to enhance plots by adding titles, axis labels, legends, and tweaking colors and
styles to improve readability and aesthetic appeal. These skills helped make my visualizations
both informative and visually engaging.
2. Seaborn:
Built on top of Matplotlib, Seaborn simplifies creating advanced statistical visualizations.
 Statistical Visualizations:
I used Seaborn to generate insightful plots, such as:
o Heatmaps: For visualizing correlations or intensity of values across a matrix.

o Box Plots and Violin Plots: To analyze distributions and detect outliers in data.

 Pair Plots:
This versatile tool allowed me to visualize relationships across multiple variables in one
compact grid. It proved particularly useful for exploratory data analysis, where identifying
patterns and correlations is critical.

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3. Plotly:
Plotly introduced me to the world of interactive visualizations, transforming static graphs into
dynamic, user-friendly experiences.
 Interactive Visualizations:
With Plotly, I created interactive plots where users could zoom, pan, and hover over data
points to explore datasets in depth.
 Dashboards:
I got an introduction to building dashboards that integrate multiple visualizations, providing a
cohesive view of insights. Dashboards are especially valuable for presenting results to
stakeholders or enabling real-time data exploration.

Learning Outcomes:
1. Understanding Visualization Basics: I gained the ability to create and customize static
visualizations using Matplotlib.
2. Mastery of Advanced Statistical Visualizations: I learned how to use Seaborn for visually
intuitive statistical plots that highlight data distributions and relationships.
3. Proficiency in Interactive Visualization: I developed skills to create dynamic and user-
interactive visualizations using Plotly, enabling deeper data exploration.
4. Dashboard Development Basics: I got an introduction to designing dashboards, equipping me
to present comprehensive insights in a single view.

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 Module 4: Introduction to SQL
Overview:
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a cornerstone of database management, enabling users to
interact with relational databases to retrieve, manipulate, and analyze data efficiently. This module
provided me with a solid foundation in SQL fundamentals, equipping me to write effective queries
and work seamlessly with structured datasets.

Content Breakdown:
1. Basic SQL Commands:
The basics of SQL introduced me to the essential operations required for querying and managing data.
 SELECT Statements:
I learned how to write queries to extract specific columns from tables, focusing only on the
data relevant to the analysis. This formed the starting point for understanding database
queries.
 Filtering Results:
Using the WHERE clause, I practiced filtering records based on specific conditions, such as
retrieving data for a particular date range or category. This skill is critical for narrowing down
large datasets into meaningful subsets.
2. Aggregate Functions:
These functions helped me summarize data across rows, enabling quick and insightful analysis.
 COUNT():
I used this function to count the number of rows matching certain criteria, such as counting
the number of active users.
 SUM() and AVG():
By working with these functions, I could calculate total sales or average values from columns,
providing insights into data trends and patterns.
3. Joins:
Joins unlocked the power of combining data from multiple tables, a necessity in relational databases.
 INNER JOIN:
I practiced retrieving records that have matching values in both tables, such as combining
customer details with their corresponding orders.
 LEFT JOIN:
This technique allowed me to fetch all records from one table while including matching
records from another, useful for scenarios where data completeness is essential.

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Learning Outcomes:
1. SQL Query Writing Skills: I gained the ability to write basic SQL queries to retrieve and
manipulate data efficiently.
2. Data Filtering Expertise: I learned how to apply conditional filters using the WHERE clause
to focus on specific subsets of data.
3. Summarization and Analysis: Aggregate functions like COUNT(), SUM(), and AVG()
enabled me to derive insights from datasets.
4. Data Integration with Joins: I understood how to combine records from multiple tables using
joins, providing a holistic view of relational data.

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 Module 5: Advanced SQL Techniques
Overview:
This module extends foundational SQL knowledge, focusing on advanced querying techniques and
database management practices. By delving into subqueries, views, indexes, and stored procedures, I
learned how to optimize data analysis and streamline database operations effectively.

Content Breakdown:
 Subqueries:
 Writing nested queries within other queries to perform complex filtering or
calculations.
 Views and Indexes:
 Creating views for simplifying complex queries and understanding how indexes
improve query performance.
 Stored Procedures:
 Basics of writing stored procedures that encapsulate repetitive tasks within the
database.

Learning Outcomes:
Learners will be equipped with advanced SQL skills necessary for tackling complex queries. They
will understand how to optimize database performance through indexing and views.

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 Module 6: Data Analysis
Overview:
This module builds on foundational SQL concepts by introducing advanced techniques for querying
and managing databases. Through hands-on learning, I explored subqueries, views, indexes, and
stored procedures, acquiring skills to enhance data analysis and streamline operations effectively.

Content Breakdown:
1. Subqueries:
Subqueries, or nested queries, are powerful tools for breaking down complex data problems into
manageable steps.
 Learning Highlights:
o I wrote queries within queries to perform advanced filtering and calculations.

o For example, I used a subquery to identify employees with salaries above the
department average, making multi-layered data comparisons more accessible.
 Impact:
Subqueries allowed me to solve intricate problems without overcomplicating the main query
structure.
2. Views and Indexes:
These database features introduced me to methods for improving query simplicity and performance.
 Views:
o I learned to create reusable virtual tables by encapsulating complex SQL queries into
views.
o For instance, I designed a view combining sales and product details, enabling quicker
analysis for reporting.
 Indexes:
o I explored how indexes on columns optimized frequent searches and sorting
operations.
o For example, creating an index on a "customer_id" column reduced query execution
time in large datasets.
 Balance:
Understanding the trade-off between faster query performance and increased storage
requirements was crucial in applying indexes efficiently.

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3. Stored Procedures:
Stored procedures simplify repetitive tasks by encapsulating them into executable blocks of SQL
code.
 Learning Highlights:
o I learned to define, execute, and maintain stored procedures for automating processes.

o As an example, I created a stored procedure to generate monthly performance reports,

reducing manual intervention.
 Impact:
Stored procedures improved the consistency and efficiency of database operations.

Learning Outcomes:
1. Mastery of Subqueries: I gained the ability to write nested queries for tackling complex
filtering and computational challenges.
2. Efficiency with Views: I understood how to simplify and standardize recurring queries using
views.
3. Performance Optimization with Indexes: I developed skills to enhance database performance
through strategic indexing.
4. Task Automation with Stored Procedures: I became adept at automating repetitive database
tasks, improving workflow efficiency.

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 Module 7: Machine Learning Basics
Overview:
This module provided an introduction to machine learning, focusing on its foundational concepts and
their application in predictive analytics for data science. It explored supervised and unsupervised
learning methods, basic algorithms, and model evaluation metrics, equipping me with essential skills
to interpret and implement machine learning models effectively.

Content Breakdown:
1. Introduction to Machine Learning:
Understanding the core principles of machine learning was a significant part of this module.
 Supervised Learning:
o I learned how supervised learning uses labeled data for training, enabling tasks like
classification and regression.
o For example, predicting whether an email is spam or not based on historical data.

 Unsupervised Learning:
o This approach focuses on identifying patterns in unlabeled data, such as clustering.

o I explored examples like grouping customers based on purchasing behavior using

clustering techniques.
2. Basic Algorithms:
Familiarity with foundational machine learning algorithms laid the groundwork for solving diverse
data problems.
 Linear Regression:
o A simple yet powerful algorithm for predicting continuous variables.

o For instance, predicting house prices based on features like size and location.

 Decision Trees:
o An interpretable model used for classification tasks, such as identifying loan
defaulters.
 K-Means Clustering:
o A popular unsupervised learning algorithm for partitioning data into clusters, ideal for
segmentation tasks.

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3. Model Evaluation Metrics:
Evaluating model performance is essential to ensure reliability and accuracy.
 Accuracy:
o The proportion of correct predictions made by a model, giving a straightforward
measure of success.
 Precision and Recall:
o Precision focuses on the relevance of positive predictions, while recall measures the
ability to identify all positive instances.
 F1 Score:
o A harmonic mean of precision and recall, balancing both metrics for imbalanced
datasets.
o I practiced applying these metrics to compare and validate model effectiveness.

Learning Outcomes:
1. Machine Learning Basics: I developed a strong understanding of supervised and unsupervised
learning concepts.
2. Algorithm Familiarity: I acquired practical knowledge of essential algorithms like linear
regression, decision trees, and k-means clustering, enabling me to handle diverse data
challenges.
3. Performance Evaluation: I learned how to use metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1
score to evaluate and refine machine learning models.
4. Practical Insights: I understood how to choose appropriate algorithms and evaluation methods
based on the problem and dataset characteristics.

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 Module 8: Capstone Project
Overview:
This final module serves as the culmination of the learning journey, offering an opportunity to
integrate and apply all the acquired skills in a practical, real-world project. Through this hands-on
experience, I learned how to approach a complete data science project lifecycle, from data collection
to presentation, while honing my storytelling and visualization skills.

Content Breakdown:
1. Real-world Application:
The module began with selecting a dataset that aligned with industry trends or personal interests,
ensuring relevance and engagement.
 Dataset Selection:
o I chose a dataset that resonated with current issues, making the analysis more
meaningful.
o For example, working with a public health dataset to analyze disease trends.

2. Project Execution:
This phase emphasized the integration of Python, SQL, and visualization techniques to deliver
actionable insights.
 Data Manipulation with Pandas:
o Using Pandas, I cleaned and transformed the dataset, handling missing values and
reshaping data for analysis.
 Data Analysis with SQL:
o I utilized SQL to query and analyze the dataset, identifying patterns and extracting
relevant subsets.
o For instance, writing SQL queries to segment data based on demographics.

 Visualization with Matplotlib and Seaborn:

o I created compelling visualizations to communicate key findings, including trend
analysis and correlation heatmaps.

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3. Presentation Skills:
A vital aspect of the module was preparing a presentation that effectively communicated the results.
 Storytelling with Data:
o I structured the presentation to tell a cohesive story, beginning with the problem,
followed by the analysis process, and concluding with actionable insights.
 Visual Summaries:
o I used graphs and charts to enhance clarity, ensuring the audience could grasp
complex insights easily.
o For example, employing a combination of line charts for trends and bar graphs for
categorical comparisons.

Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this module, I achieved the following:
1. Practical Experience: Gained hands-on experience working on a complete data science
project, bridging theoretical knowledge with real-world applications.
2. Skill Integration: Demonstrated the ability to combine Python, SQL, and visualization
libraries seamlessly in a comprehensive analysis.
3. Problem-solving: Enhanced my ability to approach a dataset, identify meaningful questions,
and derive insights through systematic analysis.
4. Effective Communication: Improved storytelling skills by creating visual summaries that
conveyed findings clearly and persuasively.
5. Preparedness for Real-world Applications: Gained confidence in tackling data challenges,
making me well-prepared for industry roles in data science.

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