HKDSE Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 4A - Chapter 05 More About Polynomials - Full Solution

HKDSE Mathematics in Action (3rd edition) 4A Full Solutions
5 More about Polynomials 6. 16 x 2 40 x 25 (4 x) 2 2(4 x)(5) (5) 2

(4 x 5) 2
Basic Knowledge Review
7. 81a 2 121b 2 (9a)2 (11b) 2
Let’s try (p. 5.3)
(9a 11b)(9a 11b)
1. (a) g (1) 6(1) 3(1) 1
2
6 3 1
8 9b 2 12b 3b(3b 4)
8. (a)
3ab 4a a (3b 4)
2 3b
(b) §1· §1· §1·
g¨ ¸ 6 ¨ ¸ 3 ¨ ¸ 1 a
©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹
3 3
1 2m 4m 6m 4m
2 2
(b)
1 m 1 3(m 1) 3(m 1) 3(m 1)
2m
2. 2 x y 7 .......(1) 3(m 1)
®
¯ x 3 y 11 .......(2)
From (1), we have Review Exercise 5 (p. 5.6)
y 7 2 x ......(3) 1. (a) g (0) 2(0)2 3(0) 9
By substituting (3) into (2), we have 009
x 3(7 2 x) 11 9
x 21 6 x 11
5 x 10 (b) g (3) 2(3) 2 3(3) 9
x 2 18 9 9
By substituting x 2 into (3), we have 36
y 7 2(2)
3 (c) g (0.5) 2(0.5)2 3(0.5) 9
ɺ The solution is x = 2, y = 3.
0.5 1.5 9
Alternative Solution 8
(2) × 2: 2 x 6 y 22 ......(3)
(3) – (1): (2 x 6 y ) (2 x y ) 22 7 2. (a) f (1) 6(1)3 3(1) 1
5 y 15 6 3 1
y 3 4
By substituting y 3 into (1), we have
2 x (3) 7 (b) f (2) 6(2)3 3(2) 1
x 2 48 6 1
ɺ The solution is x = 2, y = 3. 41
3. 2( x 3) y (3 x) 3
§ 2· § 2· § 2·
2( x 3) y ( x 3) (c) f ¨ ¸ 6 ¨ ¸ 3¨ ¸ 1
© 3¹ © 3 ¹ © 3¹
( x 3)(2 y)
16
2 1
9
4. 6mn n 3m 2n 2 11
(6mn 3m) (2n 2 n) 9
3m(2n 1) n(2n 1)
(2n 1)(3m n) 3. ɻġ ġ ġ ġ ġ h(3) 14
ɺġ (3) 4(3) a 14
2
5. (a) 3x 7 x 2 (3x 1)( x 2)

2 9 12 a 14
a 7
(b) 6 y 2 y 2 (2 y 1)(3 y 2) 2 x y 5 ......(1)

4.
x 3 y 10 ......(2)
From (1), we have
y 5 2 x ......(3)
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5 More about Polynomials
By substituting (3) into (2), we have 9. (a) x 2 4 x 12

x 3(5 2 x) 10
( x 2)( x 6)
x 15 6 x 10
5 x 5
(b) 4a 2 7ab 15b 2
x 1
By substituting x 1 into (3), we have
(4a 5b)(a 3b)
y 5 2(1)
3 10. (a) 9 x 2 30 x 25
ɺ The solution is x 1, y 3. (3 x) 2 2(3 x)(5) 52
6 x 7 y 8 ......(1) (3 x 5) 2
5.
3 x 2 y 10 ......(2)
(2) u 2 : 6 x 4 y 20......(3) (b) 12 y 2 36 y 27
(3) (1) : (6 x 4 y ) (6 x 7 y ) 20 (8) 3(4 y 2 12 y 9)
3 y 12 3[(2 y ) 2 2(2 y )(3) 32 ]
y 4 3(2 y 3) 2
By substituting y = –4 into (2), we have
3x 2(4) 10
11. (a) 49 x 2 28 x 4
3x 10 8
(7 x) 2 2(7 x)(2) 2 2
x 6
ɺ The solution is x –6, y –4. (7 x 2) 2
6. 2 x 3 y 13 ......(1)
(b) 16a 2 80ab 100b 2
5 x 2 y 5 ......(2)
4(4a 2 20ab 25b 2 )
From (1), we have
2 x 13 4[(2a) 2 2(2a)(5b) (5b) 2 ]
y (3)
3 4(2a 5b) 2
By substituting (3) into (2), we have
§ 2 x 13 ·
5 x 2 ¨ ¸ 5 12. (a) 4m 2 81
© 3 ¹
(2m) 2 92
11x 11
(2m 9)(2m 9)
x 1
By substituting x 1 into (3), we have
2(1) 13 (b) 8 x 2 2
y
3 2(4 x 2 1)
5
2[(2 x)2 12 ]
ɺ The solution is x 1, y 5.
2(2 x 1)(2 x 1)
7. (a) 3ab 6a 2b
3ab(1 2a) 49a 2
13.
7 a 28ab
7 a (7 a )
(b) a(3 y 1) x 3xy
7 a (1 4b)
a(3 y 1) x(3 y 1)
7a
(3 y 1)(a x)
1 4b
8. (a) x3 4 x 2 2 x 8 2x2 ( y 1)2

x 2 ( x 4) 2( x 4) 14. u
3( y 1) 3
6x
( x 4)( x 2 2)
2x2 ( y 1) 2
u
3( y 1) 3 6x
(b) 4a 10bc 5c 8ab x 1
3
4a 8ab 5c 10bc u
3( y 1) 3
(4a 8ab) (5c 10bc) x
4a(1 2b) 5c(1 2b) 9( y 1)
(1 2b)(4a 5c)

x2 x x 1 Activity
15. y 2
y y y
x2 x y 2 y Activity 5.1 (p. 5.20)
u 1.
y x 1 Remainder
x ( x 1) y ( y 1) (by long Value of f(a)
u division)
y x 1
f (1) 3(1) 2 (1) 4
x( y 1) (a) 2
2
f (1) 3(1) 2 (1) 4
a 2 b2 a 2 2ab b 2 (b) 0
16. y 0
a 2ab b
2 2
a 2 ab
a b
2 2
a 2 ab f (2) 3(2) 2 (2) 4
u 2 (c) 6
a 2ab b a 2ab b 2
2 2
6
( a b) ( a b ) a ( a b ) f (2) 3(2) 2 ( 2) 4
u
( a b) 2 (a b) 2 (d) 10
10
a
a b 2. Yes, the remainder of f ( x) y ( x a) is equal to f (a).
5 Activity 5.2 (p. 5.32)

17. 4 1. (a) ma
x 1
4x 4 5 (b) nc

x 1 x 1
4x 1 2. (a) 1, 3
x 1
(b) r1, r 2
6 x2 18 x
18. 3. x 1, x 2, x 1, x 2, 3x 1, 3x 2, 3x 1, 3x 2
3 x x 3
6x2 18 x
4. x 1 or x 2 or 3x 1
3 x 3 x
6 x (3 x)
5. ( x 1)( x 2)(3x 1)
3 x
6x Maths Dialogue
7 5 Maths Dialogue (p. 5.15)

19.
3 7k 5k 2 1. (a) Angel
7(5k 2) 5(3 7 k )
1
(3 7 k )(5k 2) (b) x
2
35k 14 15 35k
(3 7 k )(5k 2) 2x 1 2x2 2x 1
1 2 x2 x
(3 7 k )(5k 2) x 1
1
x
4x 6x 2
20. 1
2 x 3 3x 2
4 x(3 x 2) 6 x(2 x 3) 2
(2 x 3)(3x 2) The coefficients of the terms in the quotient and the
remainder need not be integers.
12 x 2 8 x 12 x 2 18 x 1 1
(2 x 3)(3x 2) ɺ Quotient x , remainder
2 2
10 x
(2 x 3)(3 x 2)

1 5 Classwork (p. 5.12)

2. x
2 4 (a) 3x 2
x 3x 2 2 x
2 x 1 x 2 3x 2
1 3x 2
x2 x
2 2x
5 2 x
x2
2 ɺ Quotient 3x 2
5 5
x Remainder 0
2 4
3
(b) 2x2 x 3
4
x 5 3 x 2 x3 x 2 3x
ɺ Quotient , remainder
2 4 4 2 x3
x 2 3x
Maths Dialogue (p. 5.36) x2
1. The factor theorem is not applicable when the polynomial
has no linear factor(s). 3x
3x
2. (a) 4 x8 4 x 4 1 ɺ Quotient 2 x 2 x 3
(2 x ) 2(2 x ) 1
4 2 4
Remainder 0
(2 x 4 1) 2
(c) 3x 2 4 x 3
(b) x 5x 9
4 2
2x 6x 8x2 6 x 1
3
( x 4 6 x 2 9) x 2 6 x3
( x 3) x
2 2 2
8x2 6 x 1
( x 3 x)( x 3 x)
2 2
8x2
( x x 3)( x x 3)
2 2
6x 1
6x
To Learn More 1
To Learn More (p. 5.37) ɺ Quotient 3x2 4 x 3
(a) 8 x 125 (2 x) 5
3 3 3 Remainder 1
(2 x 5)[(2 x) (2 x)(5) 5 ]
2 2
Classwork (p. 5.16)

(2 x 5)(4 x 2 10 x 25) (a) By division algorithm, we have
f ( x) (2 x 3)(2 x 3) 4
(b) 64 x 27 y (4 x)3 (3 y )3
3 3
(2 x 3) 2 4
(4 x 3 y )[(4 x) 2 (4 x)(3 y ) (3 y) 2 ] 4 x 2 12 x 9 4
(4 x 3 y )(16 x 12 xy 9 y )
2 2
4 x 2 12 x 13
Classwork (b) By division algorithm, we have

f ( x) (3x 2 4)( x 2) ( x 10)
Classwork (p. 5.8) (3x 2 4)( x) (3x 2 4)(2) x 10
1
1. 2 x 2 , 3x3 xy, 0.6 3x3 4 x 6 x 2 8 x 10
2
3x3 6 x 2 5 x 2
2. Coefficient of Constant Degree of
x4 x3 x2 x term polynomial Classwork (p. 5.21)
(a) 4 –6 3 –1 5 4 (a) f (3)
(b) 5 0 –2 1 –7 4
(c) 0 2 0 4 –5 3 (b) f (4)
(d) 0 0 1 –2 0 2
(c) f (–1)
(d) f (–7)

Classwork (p. 5.22) Alternative Solution

§1· 3x3 8 x 2 x 0
(a) f¨ ¸
©3¹ ) 2 x 3 x 2 5 x 2
x3 7 x 2 6 x 2
§2·
(b) f¨ ¸
©5¹ Quick Practice 5.3 (p. 5.10)
(1 3d 4d 2 )( d 3)
§ 1·
(c) f ¨ ¸ (1 3d 4d 2 )( d ) (1 3d 4d 2 )(3)
© 4¹
d 3d 2 4d 3 3 9d 12d 2
§ 5· 4d 3 3d 2 12d 2 d 9d 3
(d) f ¨ ¸
© 2¹ 4 d 3 9 d 2 8d 3
Classwork (p. 5.42) Alternative Solution

(a) H.C.F. a 2 4d 2 3d 1
L.C.M. a5 u) d 3
4d 3 3d 2 d
(b) a5b a5 u b ) 12d 2 9d 3
a3b 2 a3 u b 2 4 d 3 9 d 2 8d 3
ɺ H.C.F. a u b
3
a3b Quick Practice 5.4 (p. 5.14)

2x2 x 2
L.C.M. a u b
5 2
x 3 2 x3 5 x 2 5 x 2
a 5b 2
2 x3 6 x 2
(c) ab 2c 2 a u b2 u c2 x2 5x 2
x 2 3x
a3c a3 uc
ɺ H.C.F. auc 2x 2
ac 2 x 6
L.C.M. a u b u c
3 2 2 8
3 2 2
abc ɺ Quotient 2 x x 2 , remainder 8
2
Quick Practice Quick Practice 5.5 (p. 5.14)

2 x2 5x 5
Quick Practice 5.1 (p. 5.8) 2 x 2 4 x3 6 x 2 0x 3
(3t 2 7t ) (2t 2 2t 9) 4 x3 4 x 2
3t 2 7t 2t 2 2t 9 10 x 2 0x 3
3t 2 2t 2 7t 2t 9 10 x 2 10 x
t 2 5t 9
10 x 3
10 x 10
Alternative Solution
7
3t 2 7t 0
ɺ Quotient 2 x2 5x 5 , remainder 7
) 2t 2 2t 9
t 2 5t 9 Quick Practice 5.6 (p. 5.14)
5x 3
Quick Practice 5.2 (p. 5.9) x 2 x 1 5 x3 2 x 2 4 x 3
(3 x3 8 x 2 x) ( x 2 2 x 3 5 x 2) 5 x3 5 x 2 5 x
3x 8 x x x 2 x 5 x 2
3 2 2 3
3x 2 9 x 3
3x3 2 x3 8 x 2 x 2 x 5 x 2 3 x 2 3 x 3
x 7x 6x 2
3 2
12 x 6
ɺ Quotient 5 x 3 , remainder 12 x 6

Quick Practice 5.7 (p. 5.15) Quick Practice 5.11 (p. 5.23)
x2 Let f ( x) 9 x3 3x2 4.
3x 2 0 x 2 3x3 6 x 2 x 1 (a) By the remainder theorem,
3x3 0 x 2 2 x § 1·
remainder f ¨ ¸
6 x2 x 1 © 3¹
3 2
6 x 2 0 x 4 § 1· § 1·
9 ¨ ¸ 3¨ ¸ 4
x3 © ¹3 © 3¹
ɺ Quotient x2 , remainder x3 1 1
4
3 3
Quick Practice 5.8 (p. 5.17) 4
Let p(x) be the required polynomial.
By division algorithm, we have (b) By the remainder theorem,
3 x3 8 x 2 6 p( x) (3x 2 2 x 4) 2 §2·
remainder f ¨ ¸
(3x3 8 x 2 6) 2 ©3¹
p ( x)
3x 2 2 x 4 §2·
3
§2·
2
9 ¨ ¸ 3¨ ¸ 4
3x 8 x 2 8
3
©3¹ ©3¹
3x 2 2 x 4 8 4
4
( x 2)(3x 2 2 x 4) 3 3
3x 2 2 x 4 0
x2
ɺ The required polynomial is x 2. Quick Practice 5.12 (p. 5.24)
By the remainder theorem,
Quick Practice 5.9 (p. 5.17) § 1·
By division algorithm, we have f ¨ ¸ 4
© 5¹
ax3 5 x 2 8 x (2 x 2 x 3)(3x 1) (bx 3) 3 2
§ 1· § 1· § 1·
(2 x 2 x 3)(3x) (2 x 2 x 3)(1) bx 3 25 ¨ ¸ s ¨ ¸ 10 ¨ ¸ 6 4
© 5¹ © 5¹ © 5¹
6 x 3x 9 x 2 x x 3 bx 3
3 2 2
1 s
6 x3 5 x 2 (b 10) x 26 4
5 25
By comparing the coefficient of x3 on both sides, s 1

a 6 25 5
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides, s 5
8 b 10
b 2 Quick Practice 5.13 (p. 5.24)
f ( p) 2
Quick Practice 5.10 (p. 5.22)
( p) 4 p( p)3 5( p) 17 2
Let f ( x) x3 x 2 6 x 5.
(a) By the remainder theorem, p 4 p 4 5 p 15
remainder f (2) 5 p 15
(2)3 (2) 2 6(2) 5 p 3
8 4 12 5
3 Quick Practice 5.14 (p. 5.25)
When f(x) is divided by x – 2,
remainder 14
(b) By the remainder theorem,
f (2) 14
remainder f (4)
(2)3 c(2) 2 d (2) 8 14
( 4)3 ( 4) 2 6( 4) 5
8 4c 2d 8 14
64 16 24 5
2c d 7 ......(1)
51
When f(x) is divided by x + 1,
remainder 17
f (1) 17
(1)3 c(1) 2 d (1) 8 17
1 c d 8 17
cd 8 ......(2)
(1) + (2): 3c 15
c 5

By substituting c –5 into (2), we have Quick Practice 5.18 (p. 5.31)

5 d 8 Let ax b be the required quotient, where a and b are constants.
d 3 By division algorithm, we have
f ( x) ( x2 1)(ax b) (7 x)
Quick Practice 5.15 (p. 5.29) ɻ f (x) is divisible by x – 2.
(a) f (2) 2(2)3 9(2) 2 12(2) 4 ɺ f (2) 0
16 36 24 4 (22 1)[a(2) b] (7 2) 0
0 5(2a b) 5 0
ɺ x – 2 is a factor of f (x). 2a b 1 ......(1)
When f ( x) is divided by x + 1,
(b) f (1) 2(1)3 9(1) 2 12(1) 4 remainder 24
2 9 12 4 f (1) 24
27 [(1) 2 1][a(1) b] [7 (1)] 24
z0 a b 16 ......(2)
ɺ x 1 is not a factor of f (x). (1) – (2): 3a 15
a 5
3 2
(c) §1· §1· §1· §1· By substituting a 5 into (1), we have
f¨ ¸ 2 ¨ ¸ 9 ¨ ¸ 12 ¨ ¸ 4
©2¹ ©2¹ © 2¹ © 2¹ 2(5) b 1
1 9 b 11
64 2
4 4 ɺ The quotient when f (x) is divided by x + 1 is 5x – 11.
0
ɺ 2x – 1 is a factor of f(x). Quick Practice 5.19 (p. 5.34)
ɻ f (1) (1)3 6(1)2 11(1) 6 0
Quick Practice 5.16 (p. 5.30) ɺ x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
Let f ( x) 2 x3 x 2 kx 3. By long division,
ɻ f (x) is divisible by 2x – 1, x2 5 x 6
i.e. 2x – 1 is a factor of f(x). x 1 x3 6 x 2 11x 6
§1·
ɺ f¨ ¸ 0 x3 x 2
©2¹
3 2 5 x 2 11x 6
§1· §1· §1·
2¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ k ¨ ¸ 3 0 5x2 5x
©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹
1 1 k 6x 6
3 0
4 4 2 6x 6
k 7 f ( x) ( x 1)( x 2 5 x 6)
ɺ
2 2
( x 1)( x 3)( x 2)
k 7

ɻ f (1) 2(1)3 13(1)2 13(1) 10 12 z 0
(a) f (3) 2(3)3 7(3) 2 2(3) 3
54 63 6 3 f (1) 2(1)3 13(1)2 13(1) 10 18 z 0
0 f (2) 2(2) 13(2) 13(2) 10 0
3 2
ɺ x – 2 is a factor of f(x).
By long division,
(b) ɻ f (3) 0
2x2 9x 5
ɺ By the factor theorem, x 3 is a factor of f (x).
By long division, x 2 2 x3 13x 2 13 x 10
2x2 x 1 2 x3 4 x 2
x 3 2x 7 x2 2x 3
3
9 x 2 13 x 10
2x 6x
3 2
9 x 2 18 x
x 2x 3
2
5 x 10
x 2 3x 5 x 10
x3 ɺ f ( x) ( x 2)(2 x 2 9 x 5)
x3 ( x 2)( x 5)(2 x 1)
ɺ f ( x) ( x 3)(2 x 2 x 1)
( x 3)( x 1)(2 x 1)

Quick Practice 5.21 (p. 5.35) (b) 4(2 x y )2 (3x 2 y ) 22 u (2 x y) 2 u (3x 2 y)

(a) 4 x3 6 x2 28x 30 2(2 x3 3x2 14 x 15)
6(3x 2 y) 2 2u3 u (3x 2 y )2
Let f ( x) 2 x 3x 14 x 15.
3 2
8(2 x y )3 (3x 2 y ) 23 u (2 x y )3 u (3x 2 y)
ɻ f (1) 2(1)3 3(1)2 14(1) 15 0
ɺ H.C.F. 2(3 x 2 y )
By long division, L.C.M. 2 u 3 u (2 x y ) u (3 x 2 y )
3 3 2
2 x 2 x 15 24(2 x y )3 (3x 2 y ) 2
x 1 2 x 3 x 14 x 15
3 2
2 x3 2 x 2 Quick Practice 5.24 (p. 5.44)

x 14 x 15
2 (a) 6 x 2 4 x 2 2(3 x 2 2 x 1)
x2 x 2(3 x 1)( x 1)
15 x 15 (1 3 x) 2 (3 x 3) 3(3 x 1) 2 ( x 1)
15 x 15 ɺ H.C.F. (3x 1)( x 1)
ɺ 4 x3 6 x 2 28 x 30 2(2 x3 3x 2 14 x 15) L.C.M. 6(3x 1) ( x 1)

2
2( x 1)(2 x x 15)
2
2( x 1)( x 3)(2 x 5) (b) x3 x x( x 2 1)

x( x 1)( x 1)
(b) 4 x3 6 x 2 28 x 30 0 x 2 3x 4 ( x 1)( x 4)
2( x 1)( x 3)(2 x 5) 0 (by (a)) x3 8 x 2 16 x x( x 2 8 x 16)
x 1 0 or x 3 0 or 2 x 5 0
x( x 4) 2
5 H.C.F. 1
x 1 or x 3 or x ɺ
2
L.C.M. x( x 1)( x 1)( x 4) 2
(a) 4a 3b 2c 22 u a3 u b2 u c Quick Practice 5.25 (p. 5.45)
6a 4c 2 2 u 3 u a4 u c2 (a) (i) f (3) (3)3 4(3) 2 4(3) 3
27 36 12 3
H.C.F. 2 u a u c
3
ɺ
0
2a 3c
(ii) ɻ f (3) 0 (by (a))
L.C.M. 2 u 3 u a u b u c
2 4 2 2
12a 4b 2c 2 By long division,
f ( x) ( x 3)( x 2 x 1)
(b) ( x 5)(5 x 1) 3
( x 5) u (5 x 1) 3
(5 x 1) ( x 5)
2 2
(5x 1)2 u ( x 5)2 (b) f ( x) ( x 3)( x2 x 1)
H.C.F. (5 x 1)
2
ɺ g ( x) 3 x3 3 x 2 3 x
3x( x 2 x 1)
L.C.M. ( x 5) u (5 x 1) u ( x 5)
3 2
( x 5)(5 x 1)3 ( x 5) 2 ɺ H.C.F. x2 x 1
L.C.M. 3x( x 3)( x x 1)

2

(a) 5(2 x 1)( x 1) 5 u (2 x 1) u ( x 1) Quick Practice 5.26 (p. 5.48)
10(2 x 1)3 2 u 5 u (2 x 1)3 16b 1 6b 9b 2
(a) u
25( x 1)3 (2 x 1) 52 u (2 x 1) u ( x 1) 3 1 2b 3b 2 2 6b
2
ɺ H.C.F. 5(2 x 1) 8
16 b (1 3b)
u
(1 b) (1 3b) 2 (1 3b)
L.C.M. 2 u 5 u (2 x 1) u ( x 1) u ( x 1)
2 3 3
8b
50(2 x 1)3 ( x 1)( x 1)3
1 b

x2 4 x 2 12 x Quick Practice 5.29 (p. 5.50)

(b) u 6 2x 1
x 7 x 12 2 x 2 8
2
(a)
x2 4 x( x 3) 6x 3 2x2 7 x 4
u 2( x 4) 2x 1
( x 3)( x 4) 2( x 2 4)
(2 x 1)( x 4) (2 x 1)( x 4)
x2
2
4 x ( x 3)
u 2( x 4) (2 x 1)
( x 3) ( x 4) 2 ( x 2) ( x 2)
(2 x 1)( x 4)
2x 2x 8 2x 1
( x 4)( x 2) (2 x 1)( x 4)
9
Quick Practice 5.27 (p. 5.48) (2 x 1)( x 4)
x 1 3x 2 2 x 1
(a) y
3x 2 x 3x 1
x 1 (3x 1)( x 1) (b) 4x 6 x2
y
x(3x 1) 3x 1 4 x 2 9 3x 2 5 x 2
x 1 3x 1 2 (2 x 3) x2
u
x (3x 1) (3x 1) ( x 1) (2 x 3) (2 x 3) ( x 2) (3x 1)
1 2 1

x(3x 1) 2 x 3 3x 1
2(3x 1) 2x 3

(2 x 3)(3x 1) (2 x 3)(3x 1)
3r 9 r 3 3r 2
(b) y 2 2(3 x 1) (2 x 3)
2 r 7 r 3 2 r 5r 3
2
(2 x 3)(3x 1)
3(r 3) r 2 ( r 3)
y 6x 2 2x 3
(2r 1)(r 3) (2r 1)(r 3)
(2 x 3)(3x 1)
3 (r 3) (2r 1) (r 3) 4x 1
u
(2r 1) (r 3) r 2 (r 3) (2 x 3)(3x 1)
3
r2 Quick Practice 5.30 (p. 5.51)
4x 2 1

Quick Practice 5.28 (p. 5.49) 4 x 2 25 y 2 2 x 5 y 2 x 5 y
1 6 4x 2 1
(a)
x 4 x2 6x 8 (2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y ) 2 x 5 y 2 x 5 y
1 6 4x 2(2 x 5 y ) 2x 5 y

x 4 ( x 2)( x 4) (2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y ) (2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y ) (2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y)
x2 6 4 x 2(2 x 5 y ) (2 x 5 y )

( x 2)( x 4) ( x 2)( x 4) (2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y )
x4 4 x 4 x 10 y 2 x 5 y
( x 2)( x 4) (2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y )
6 x 15 y
8 1 (2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y )
(b)
25 16 x 2 4 x 2 5 x 3 (2 x 5 y )
8 1
(2 x 5 y ) (2 x 5 y )
(5 4 x)(5 4 x) x(5 4 x)
3
8x 5 4x
2x 5 y
x(5 4 x)(5 4 x) x(5 4 x)(5 4 x)
5 4x
x (5 4 x) (5 4 x)
1
x(5 4 x)

Quick Practice 5.31 (p. 5.51) x2 1

1 4x 2 x4
2 u 2 (c) x 2x 3 x 2x 2x 5x 4
2 4 3 2
x 2x x 4 2x x
2
x 4 2 x3 3x 2
1 2 (2 x 1) x4
u x2 5x 4
x( x 2) ( x 2)( x 2) x (2 x 1)
1 2( x 4) x2 2x 3

x( x 2) x( x 2)( x 2) 7x 1
x2 2x 8 ɺ Quotient x 1 , remainder 7 x 1
2

x( x 2)( x 2) x( x 2)( x 2)
3x 6 2. By division algorithm, we have
x( x 2)( x 2) 6 x3 13x 2 7 x 25
3 ( x 2) (3x 2 ax 2)(2 x 5) (bx c)
x( x 2) ( x 2) (3x 2 ax 2)(2 x) (3 x 2 ax 2)(5) bx c
3 6 x3 2ax 2 4 x 15 x 2 5ax 10 bx c
x( x 2) 6 x3 (2a 15) x 2 (5a b 4) x (c 10)
By comparing the coefficient of x 2 on both sides,
Further Practice 2a 15 13
a 1
Further Practice (p. 5.10)
By comparing the constant term on both sides,
1. ( x2 2 x 1)(1 x) 3 c 10 25
( x 2 2 x 1)(1) ( x 2 2 x 1)( x) 3 c 35
x 2 2 x 1 x3 2 x 2 x 3
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides,
x3 x 2 2 x 2 2 x x 1 3 5(1) b 4 7
x3 x 2 3x 2 b 2
2. (3x3 4 x 5 x 2 ) ( x 2 1)(2 x 1) Further Practice (p. 5.25)

3 x3 4 x 5 x 2 [( x 2 1)(2 x) ( x 2 1)( 1)] 1. Let f ( x) x99 2 x 1.
3 x3 4 x 5 x 2 (2 x3 2 x x 2 1)
remainder f (1)
3x3 4 x 5 x 2 2 x3 2 x x 2 1
(1)99 2(1) 1
3x 2 x x x 4 x 2 x 5 1
3 3 2 2
1 2 1
x3 2 x 4 2

2. Let f ( x) 3x2 6 x 1.
1. (a) 3x 2
3x 2 0 x 1 9 x3 6 x 2 0 x 4 f (a) 1 a
9 x3 0 x 2 3x 3(a) 2 6( a) 1 1 a
6 x 3x 4
2
3a 2 6a 1 1 a
6x 0x 2
2
3a 2 5a 2 0
3x 2 (a 2)(3a 1) 0
ɺ Quotient 3x 2 , remainder 3x 2 1
a 2 or a
3
(b) 3 x 2 (2 3 x) 4
6 x 2 9 x3 4 3. By the remainder theorem,
§1· §1·
9 x3 6 x 2 4 f¨ ¸ g¨ ¸
3x 2 ©2¹ ©2¹
3 2 3 2
3x 2 9 x3 6 x 2 0 x 4 §1· §1· §1· §1· §1· §1·
k ¨ ¸ 4 ¨ ¸ 2 ¨ ¸ 7 4 ¨ ¸ 2 ¨ ¸ k ¨ ¸ 3
9 x3 6 x 2
2
© ¹ 2
© ¹ 2
© ¹ 2
© ¹ 2
© ¹ ©2¹
k 1 1 k
4 11 7 3
8 2 2 2
ɺ Quotient 3x 2 , remainder 4 5
k 5
8
k 8

Further Practice (p. 5.32) (c) f ( x) 0

1. Let f ( x) x2 2ax 4 . (3x 1)( x 2)( x 5) 0
ɻġ f (x) is divisible by x a, 1
x or x 2 or x 5
i.e. x a is a factor of f(x). 3
ɺ f (a) 0 1
ɻ , –2 and 5 are all rational numbers.
( a ) 2 2a ( a ) 4 0 3
a 2 2a 2 4 0 ɺ The claim is agreed.
a 4 2
0
(a 2)( a 2) 0 1. (a) 4 x 2 12 x 9 (2 x 3) 2
a 2 or a 2
(6 x 9)3 [3(2 x 3)]3
33 u (2 x 3)3
2. ɻ x – 2 is a common factor of f (x) and g(x).
ɺ f (2) 0 and g (2) 0 9 x 32 u x 44
f (2) 0 ɺ H.C.F. 1
L.C.M. 3 u x u (2 x 3)
3 4 3
(2) 2 p(2) q 0
4 2p q 0 27 x 4 (2 x 3)3
2 p q 4 ......(1)
g (2) 0 (b) 2 x 2 xy y 2 ( x y )(2 x y )
(2)3 p(2) q 0 4 x 2 4 xy y 2 (2 x y ) 2
8 2p q 0
2 x3 x 2 y 2 xy 2 y 3 x 2 (2 x y ) y 2 (2 x y)
2p q 8 ......(2)
( x 2 y 2 )(2 x y )
(1) (2) : 4 p 4
( x y )( x y )(2 x y)
p 1
ɺ H.C.F. 2x y
By substituting p = 1 into (1), we have
2(1) q 4 L.C.M. ( x y )( x y )(2 x y )
2
q 6
2. (a) f ( x) 4 x 2 14 x 12
§1· 2(2 x 2 7 x 6)
1. (a) f¨ ¸ 0
©3¹ 2( x 2)(2 x 3)
§1·
3
§1· §1·
2 ɻ g (1) 2(1)3 9(1)2 13(1) 6 30 z 0
3 ¨ ¸ 10 ¨ ¸ k ¨ ¸ 10 0
© 3¹ © 3¹ © 3¹ g (1) 2(1)3 9(1)2 13(1) 6 0
1 10 k ɺġ x + 1 is a factor of g(x).
10 0 By long division,
9 9 3
k g ( x) ( x 1)(2 x 2 7 x 6)
9
3 ( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 3)
k 27 ɺ H.C.F. ( x 2)(2 x 3)
L.C.M. 2( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 3)

(b) By long division,
x 3x 10
2
(b) L.H.S. f ( x) u g ( x)
3x 1 3x 10 x 27 x 10
3 2
2( x 2)(2 x 3) u ( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 3)

3x3 x2
2( x 1)( x 2) 2 (2 x 3) 2
9 x 2 27 x 10 R.H.S. H.C.F. u L.C.M.
9 x 2 3x ( x 2)(2 x 3) u 2( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 3)
30 x 10 2( x 1)( x 2)2 (2 x 3) 2
30 x 10 ɻ L.H.S. R.H.S.
f ( x) (3x 1)( x 2 3x 10) ɺ f ( x) u g ( x) H.C.F. u L.C.M.
(3x 1)( x 2)( x 5)

Further Practice (p. 5.51) 3. ( x3 2 x2 5x 18) (4 x3 12 x2 9 x 5)

5x 3 y xy y
1. y u x3 2 x 2 5 x 18 4 x3 12 x 2 9 x 5
5 x 2 8 x 3 x 2 2 xy x 2 y
x3 4 x3 2 x 2 12 x 2 5 x 9 x 18 5
5x 3 y y ( x 1)
y u 5 x3 10 x 2 4 x 13
( x 1) (5 x 3) x( x 2 y ) x 2 y
x ( x 2 y) y 4. (4 x 2 9 x 2) (5x 7)
1u u
y x 2y
4 x2 9 x 2 5x 7
x
4x2 9x 5x 2 7
4x2 4x 5
3x 9 § 2 10 ·
2. ¨ ¸
x2 6x 9 © 2 x x2 x 6 ¹
5. (4 x2 x 8) (3x 2 x 2)
3 ( x 3) ª 2 10 º
« » 4 x 2 x 8 3x 2 x 2
( x 3) 2
¬ x 2 ( x 2)( x 3) ¼
4 x 2 3x 2 x x 8 2
3 ª 2( x 3) 10 º
« » x2 2x 6
x 3 ¬ ( x 2)( x 3) ( x 2)( x 3) ¼
3 2 x 4
6. ( x3 x2 3x 10) (2 x3 5x2 2 x 6)
x 3 ( x 2)( x 3)
2 ( x 2) x3 x 2 3x 10 2 x3 5 x 2 2 x 6
3
x3 2 x3 x 2 5 x 2 3x 2 x 10 6
x 3 ( x 2) ( x 3)
3 2 x3 4 x 2 5 x 4

x3 x3
5 7. (5x2 10 3x) (14 x 2 x3 2 x2 8)
x3 5 x 2 10 3x 14 x 2 x3 2 x 2 8
2 x3 5 x 2 2 x 2 3x 14 x 10 8
§ x 3x 1 · 2 x 10 2 x3 7 x 2 11x 2
3. ¨ 2 ¸u
© x 5 x 10 x 25 ¹ x 1
ª x 3x 1 º 2( x 5) 8. (3x3 7 x 6 x 2 9) (18 5x3 7 x 6 x2 )
« »u
¬ x 5 ( x 5) 2 ¼ x 1
3x3 7 x 6 x 2 9 18 5 x3 7 x 6 x 2
ª x( x 5) 3x 1 º 2( x 5)
« »u 3x3 5 x3 6 x 2 6 x 2 7 x 7 x 9 18
¬ ( x 5) ( x 5) 2 ¼ x 1
2
2 x3 9
x 2 x 1 2 ( x 5)
2
u
( x 5) 2 x 1 9. (2 x 8x2 5) ( x3 6 x2 20 2 x)
( x 1) 2
2 2 x 8 x 2 5 x3 6 x 2 20 2 x
u
x5 x 1 x3 8 x 2 6 x 2 2 x 2 x 5 20
2( x 1)
x3 14 x 2 4 x 15
x5
10. (25 x3 5x2 3x) (12 x 5x2 3x3 7)

Exercise
25 x3 5 x 2 3x 12 x 5 x 2 3 x3 7
Exercise 5A (p. 5.10) x3 3x3 5 x 2 5 x 2 3x 12 x 25 7
Level 1
4 x3 15 x 18
1. (2 x2 5x 4) (3x 7)
2 x 2 5 x 4 3x 7
11. (2 x 7)(5 x)
2 x 2 3x 5 x 4 7 (2 x 7)(5) (2 x 7)( x)
2 x 2 2 x 11 2 x 2 3x 35
2. (3x2 4 x 12) (2 x2 4 x 12) 12. (2 3x)(6 x 2 )

3x 4 x 12 2 x 4 x 12
2 2
(2 3x)(6) (2 3x)( x 2 )
3x 2 x 4 x 4 x 12 12
2 2
3x3 2 x 2 18 x 12
5 x 242

13. ( x 2 x 1)( x 1) 21. (2 x 1)(1 2 x)(2 2 x)

( x x 1)( x) ( x x 1)(1)
2 2 [(2 x 1)(1) (2 x 1)( 2 x)](2 2 x)
x3 x 2 x x 2 x 1 (2 x 1 4 x 2 2 x)(2 2 x)
x3 1 (4 x 2 4 x 1)(2 2 x)
(4 x 2 4 x 1)(2) ( 4 x 2 4 x 1)( 2 x)
14. (5 2 x)(6 2 x x2 ) 8 x 2 8 x 2 8 x3 8 x 2 2 x
(5 2 x)(6) (5 2 x)( 2 x) (5 2 x)( x 2 ) 8 x3 8 x 2 8 x 2 8 x 2 x 2
30 12 x 10 x 4 x 5 x 2 x 2 2 3
8 x3 16 x 2 10 x 2
2 x3 x 2 2 x 30
22. ( x 2)(2 x 5) ( x2 3)
15. (2 x x2 3)(3 x) [( x 2)(2 x) ( x 2)( 5)] ( x 2 3)
(2 x x 3)(3) (2 x x 3)( x)
2 2
(2 x 2 4 x 5 x 10) x 2 3
6 x 3x 2 9 2 x 2 x3 3x 2 x 2 x 10 x 2 3
x3 3x 2 2 x 2 6 x 3x 9 2 x 2 x 2 x 10 3
x3 x 2 9 x 9 x2 x 7
16. ( x2 8)(1 4 x 2 x2 ) 23. (3x 2)2 3x(1 2 x)

( x 8)(1) ( x 8)(4 x) ( x 8)(2 x )
2 2 2 2
(9 x 2 12 x 4) 3x 6 x 2
x 2 8 4 x3 32 x 2 x 4 16 x 2 9 x 2 6 x 2 12 x 3x 4
2 x 4 4 x3 x 2 16 x 2 32 x 8 3x 2 15 x 4
2 x 4 4 x3 15 x 2 32 x 8
24. ( x 3)( x 3) 2( x3 x 2 3x 3)
Level 2 ( x 2 9) 2( x3 x 2 3x 3)
17. (1 x 3x2 ) (1 3x x2 ) (3 x2 ) x 2 9 2 x3 2 x 2 6 x 6
1 x 3x 1 3x x 3 x
2 2 2
2 x3 x 2 2 x 2 6 x 9 6
1 1 3 x 3x 3x x x 2 2 2
2 x3 3x 2 6 x 3
1 4 x 5 x 2
25. (2 x 1)( x2 3x 1) (1 x 2 )
18. (5 5x x ) (4 x 6 x 1) (2 5x 4 x )
2 3 2 3
[(2 x 1)( x 2 ) (2 x 1)( 3 x) (2 x 1)( 1)] (1 x 2 )
5 5x x 4 x 6 x 1 2 5x 4 x
2 3 2 3
(2 x3 x 2 6 x 2 3 x 2 x 1) 1 x 2
5 1 2 6 x 5 x 5 x 2 4 x 2 x3 4 x3 (2 x3 7 x 2 x 1) 1 x 2
6 x 9 x 5x 2 3
2 x3 7 x 2 x 1 1 x 2
2 x3 7 x 2 x 2 x 1 1
19. (2 x3 x2 x 1) (3x 5x3 4) (3x 3 5x 2 )
2 x3 8 x 2 x 2
2 x3 x 2 x 1 3x 5 x3 4 3x 3 5 x 2
1 4 3 x 3x 3x x 2 5 x 2 2 x3 5 x3
26. (2 x2 3x 1)(5 x) x(5x 4)
7 x 6 x 2 7 x3
[(2 x 2 )(5 x) (3 x)(5 x) (1)(5 x)] x(5 x 4)
(10 x 2 2 x3 15 x 3 x 2 5 x) 5 x 2 4 x
20. ( x 2)( x 4)(3x 4)
[( x 2)( x) ( x 2)(4)](3x 4) 10 x 2 2 x3 15 x 3 x 2 5 x 5 x 2 4 x
( x 2 2 x 4 x 8)(3x 4) 2 x3 10 x 2 3x 2 5 x 2 15 x x 4 x 5
( x 2 2 x 8)(3x 4) 2 x3 8 x 2 12 x 5
( x 2 2 x 8)(3x) ( x 2 2 x 8)( 4)

27. (3x2 1)(3x 1) (1 x)(2 x 2 x 1)
3x3 6 x 2 24 x 4 x 2 8 x 32
[(3 x 2 1)(3 x) (3 x 2 1)(1)]
3x3 6 x 2 4 x 2 24 x 8 x 32
[(1 x)(2 x 2 ) (1 x)( x) (1 x)(1)]
3x3 10 x 2 16 x 32
(9 x3 3 x 3 x 2 1) (2 x 2 2 x3 x x 2 1 x)
9 x3 3x 3x 2 1 2 x 2 2 x3 x x 2 1 x
9 x3 2 x3 3x 2 2 x 2 x 2 3x x x 1 1
7 x3 5 x 2

28. (2 x2 x 1)( x 1) 2 x 2 (3 x) 2. 2x2 x3

[(2 x x 1)( x) (2 x x 1)( 1)] 2 x (3 x)
2 2 2
4 x 8 x 4 x 12 x 7
3 2
(2 x x x 2 x x 1) 6 x 2 x
3 2 2 2 3
8 x3
2 x3 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 1 6 x 2 2 x3 4 x 2 12 x 7
2 x3 2 x3 x 2 2 x 2 6 x 2 x x 1 4x2
3x 2 2 x 1 12 x 7
ɻġ The degree of the polynomial is 2. 12 x
ɺ The claim is disagreed.
7
29. (a) ( x ax) ( x 6) (3x b)
2 2
ɺ Quotient 2 x x 3 , remainder 7
2
x ax x 6 3x b
2 2
x 2 x 2 ax 3x 6 b 3. 2x2 7
x 2x 0x2 7 x 2
3
2 x 2 (a 3) x (6 b)
2 x3
7x 2
(b) ɻ Coefficient of x 5
a 3 5 7 x
ɺ
a 8 2
ɻ Constant term = –12 ɺ Quotient 2 x 7 , remainder 2

2
ɺ 6 b 12
b 18 1
x 2 3x
4. 2
30. (a) (2 x a)(bx 1) 2( x 3) 4 x 2 x3 12 x 2 0 x 5
[(2 x a )(bx) (2 x a)( 1)] 2( x 3) 2 x3
(2bx 2 abx 2 x a ) 2 x 6 12 x 2 0 x 5
2bx abx 2 x a 2 x 6
2
12 x 2
2bx abx 2 x 2 x a 6
2
5
2bx (ab 4) x (6 a )
2
1
ɺ Quotient x 2 3x , remainder 5
2
2
(b) ɻ Coefficient of x 6
ɺ 2b 6 5. 6x 7
b 3 x 2 6 x 2 5 x 14
ɻ Constant term = –2 6 x 2 12 x
ɺ 6 a 2
7 x 14
a 8
ɺ The coefficient of x (8)(3) 4 7 x 14
20 ɺ Quotient 6 x 7 , remainder 0
Exercise 5B (p. 5.18) 6. x2 4 x 1

Level 1 x 3 x x 2 11x 6
3
1. x2
x3 3x 2
2x 2x2 4x 3
2x2 4 x 2 11x 6
4x 3 4 x 2 12 x
4 x x6
3 x3
ɺ Quotient x 2 , remainder 3
3
ɺ Quotient x 2 4 x 1 , remainder 3

7. 3x 2 1 12. x 2 3x 2
x 4 3x 12 x x 3
3 2 3x 1 3x 8 x 2 9 x 1
3
3x3 12 x 2 3x3 x 2
x3 9 x2 9 x 1
x4 9 x 2 3x
1 6x 1
ɺ Quotient 3 x 2 1 , remainder 1 6 x 2
3
8. 2x2 x 1 ɺ Quotient x 2 3 x 2 , remainder 3
x 4 2 x 9 x 5 x 15
3 2
2 x3 8 x 2 13. 2 x 2 3x 4
x 2 5 x 15 2x 3 4x 0x2 x 5
3
x2 4x 4 x3 6 x 2
x 15 6x2 x 5
x 4 6 x 2 9 x
19 8x 5
ɺ Quotient 2 x x 1 , remainder
2
19 8 x 12
17
9. x 4 ɺ Quotient 2 x2 3x 4 , remainder 17
3 x 5 3 x 7 x 16
2
3x 2 5 x 14. 3x 2 2 x 1
12 x 16 4 x 2 12 x 2 x 2 0 x 9
3
12 x 20 12 x3 6 x 2
4 8x2 0x 9
ɺ Quotient x 4 , remainder 4 8 x 2 4 x
4x 9
10. 2x 1
4x 2
2x 1 4x2 0x 1
7
4x2 2x
ɺ Quotient 3 x 2 2 x 1 , remainder 7
2x 1
2x 1 15. By division algorithm,
2 the required dividend
ɺ Quotient 2 x 1 , remainder 2 (2 x 3)(3 x 2) 18
(2 x 3)(3 x) (2 x 3)(2) 18
11. 2x2 3 6 x 2 9 x 4 x 6 18
2x 3 4x 6x 6x 1
3 2
6 x 2 5 x 12
4 x3 6 x 2
6x 1 16. By division algorithm,
the required dividend
6 x 9 (3x 4)(2 x 5) (6)
8 (3x 4)(2 x) (3 x 4)(5) 6
ɺ Quotient 2 x2 3 , remainder 8 6 x 2 8 x 15 x 20 6
6 x 2 23x 14
17. By division algorithm,

the required dividend
(6 x 5)( x 2 3 x 2) 7
(6 x 5)( x 2 ) (6 x 5)( 3 x) (6 x 5)(2) 7
6 x3 5 x 2 18 x 2 15 x 12 x 10 7
6 x3 23x 2 27 x 3

18. By division algorithm, 23. 3x 5

the required dividend 3 x 2 2 x 1 9 x3 9 x 2 16 x 4
(2 x 2 5 x 11)(2 3 x) ( 5 x 13)
9 x3 6 x 2 3x
(2 x 2 5 x 11)(2) (2 x 2 5 x 11)(3 x) 5 x 13
15 x 2 13 x 4
4 x 2 10 x 22 6 x3 15 x 2 33x 5 x 13
15 x 2 10 x 5
6 x3 11x 2 48 x 35
3x 1
ɺ Quotient 3x 5 , remainder 3x 1
19. Let p(x) be the divisor.
By division algorithm, we have
3 x 2 4 x 7 p( x) ( x 2) (3) 24. 7x 9
x 2 2 x 7 x3 5 x 2 12 x 3
(3x 4 x 7) (3)
2
p ( x) 7 x3 14 x 2
x2
3x 2 4 x 7 3 9 x 2 12 x 3
x2 9 x 2 18 x
3x 2 4 x 4 6x 3
x2 ɺ Quotient 7 x 9 , remainder 6 x 3
(3x 2)( x 2)
x2
25. 2x
3x 2
ɺ The required divisor is 3x – 2. x 0 x 2 2 x 0 x 5 x 11
2 3 2
2 x3 0 x 2 4 x
20. Let p(x) be the divisor.
x 11
4 x 2 12 x 2 p( x) (2 x 1) 3 ɺ Quotient 2x , remainder x 11
(4 x 12 x 2) 3
2
p( x) 26. x 1
2x 1
x 2 x 1 x3 0 x 2 0 x 1
4 x 12 x 5
2
2x 1 x3 x 2 x
(2 x 1)(2 x 5) x2 x 1
2x 1 x2 x 1
(2 x 5)
2
2 x 5
ɺ Quotient x 1 , remainder 2
ɺ The required divisor is –2x 5.
21. Let p(x) be the divisor. 27. 5x 1

By division algorithm, we have 3x 2 x 1 15 x3 8 x 2 0 x 4
x3 3 x 2 3 x 2 p ( x) ( x 2) 28 15 x3 5 x 2 5 x
( x 3 x 3 x 2) 28
3 2
p( x) 3x 2 5 x 4
x2
3x 2 x 1
x3 3 x 2 3 x 26
x2 4x 3
( x 2)( x 2 5 x 13) ɺ Quotient 5 x 1 , remainder 4 x 3
x2
x 2 5 x 13 28. x 2 3x 2
2
ɺ The required divisor is x 5x 13. x 2 2 x 3 x 4 x3 11x 2 5 x 4
x 4 2 x3 3x 2
Level 2
22. 2x 5 3x3 8 x 2 5 x
x 2 3x 4 2 x3 x 2 24 x 18 3x3 6 x 2 9 x
2 x3 6 x 2 8 x 2 x 2 14 x 4
5 x 2 16 x 18 2 x 2 4 x 6
5 x 15 x 20
2
10 x 2
x 2
ɺ Quotient x 3x 2 , remainder 10 x 2
2
ɺ Quotient 2 x 5 , remainder x 2

29. 3x 2 2 x 4 (b) 2x2 2x 1

2x x 2 6x x 0x 8x 9
2 4 3 2
2x 1 4x 2x2 4x 6
3
6 x 4 3x3 6 x 2 4 x3 2 x 2
4 x3 6 x 2 8 x 9 4x2 4x 6
4 x3 2 x 2 4 x 4 x 2 2 x
8x2 4 x 9 2x 6
8x 4 x 8
2 2 x 1
5
1
ɺ Quotient 2 x 2 2 x 1 , remainder 5
Quotient 3x 2 x 4 , remainder
2
ɺ 1
33. (a) By division algorithm, we have

30. ( x3 4 x 2 5) ( 5 x3 8 x 2 5) x3 2 x 5 p( x) ( x 3) (13x 1)
x3 4 x 2 5 5 x3 8 x 2 5 ( x3 2 x 5) (13 x 1)
p( x)
x 5x 4x 8x 5 5
3 3 2 2
x3
4 x3 12 x 2 x3 2 x 5 13x 1
2 x 6 x3
2 x 2 0 x 1 4 x3 12 x 2 0 x 0 x 11x 6
3
4 x3 0 x2 2 x x3
( x 3)( x 2 3x 2)
12 x 2 2 x 0
x3
12 x 2 0 x 6
x 2 3x 2
2x 6
ɺ Quotient 2 x 6 , remainder 2 x 6 (b) 2x 6
x 2 3x 2 2 x3 12 x 2 19 x 7
31. (4 x 3)(1 x)
2 x3 6 x2 4 x
4 x 3 4 x 2 3x
6 x 2 23x 7
4 x 2 x 3
6 x 2 18 x 12
x2 x 2
5 x 19
4 x 2 x 3 4 x 4 3 x3 12 x 2 x 6
ɺ Quotient 2 x 6 , remainder 5 x 19
4 x 4 x3 3x 2
4 x3 9 x 2 x 6 34. By division algorithm, we have
4 x3 x 2 3x 3x3 5 x 2 x p
8x2 4 x 6 ( x 2 x 6)(3x 2) (qx 18)
8 x 2 2 x 6 ( x 2 x 6)(3x) ( x 2 x 6)(2) (qx 18)
2x 3x3 3x 2 18 x 2 x 2 2 x 12 qx 18
3x3 5 x 2 (q 16) x 6
Quotient x x 2 , remainder
2
ɺ 2x
p 6
f ( x) ( x 2 x 1)(4 x 6) (6 x 12) 1 q 16
( x 2 x 1)(4 x) ( x 2 x 1)( 6) (6 x 12) q 17
4 x3 4 x 2 4 x 6 x 2 6 x 6 6 x 12
4 x3 4 x 2 6 x 2 4 x 6 x 6 x 6 12 35. By division algorithm, we have
4 x3 2 x 2 4 x 6 x3 px 2 qx 13
( x 2 4 px 6)( x 3) ( x 5)
( x 2 4 px 6)( x) ( x 2 4 px 6)(3) ( x 5)
x3 4 px 2 6 x 3x 2 12 px 18 x 5
x3 (4 p 3) x 2 (12 p 7) x 13
p 4p 3
3 p 3
p 1

By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides, (b) g ( x)f ( x) (3x 1)

q 12(1) 7 (3x 1)(2 x 3) (k 9) (3x 1)
5 (3x 1)(2 x 3 1) (k 9)
(3x 1)(2 x 2) (k 9)
36. By division algorithm, we have
By division algorithm,
2 x3 3x 2 ax 4 quotient 2 x 2 , remainder k 9
( x 2 bx 2)(2 x 3) (12 x c) Alternative Solution
( x 2 bx 2)(2 x) ( x 2 bx 2)(3) (12 x c) g ( x) f ( x) (3 x 1)
2 x3 2bx 2 4 x 3x 2 3bx 6 12 x c (6 x 2 11x k 6) (3 x 1)
2 x3 (2b 3) x 2 (3b 8) x (c 6) 6 x 2 11x k 6 3x 1
By comparing the coefficient of x2 on both sides, 6 x2 8x k 7
3 2b 3 2x 2
b 3 3x 1 6 x 2 8 x k 7
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides, 6x2 2x
a 3(3) 8
6x k 7
1
6 x 2
k 9
4 c6
ɺ Quotient 2 x 2 , remainder k 9
c 10
40. Let Q(x) be the quotient.

x( x 1) 2 ax b ( x 2)( x 2 2) (2b 5) 3 2
3x – 16x ax b (x – 1)(x – 3)ԫQ(x) (x 2)
x( x 2 2 x 1) ax b x3 2 x 2 2 x 4 2b 5 Put x = 1.
x 2 x (a 1) x b x3 2 x 2 2 x (2b 9)
3 2
3(1)3 16(1) 2 a(1) b (1 1)(1 3) Q(1) (1 2)
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides, 13 a b 3
a 1 2 a b 16......(1)
a 1 Put x = 3.
By comparing the constant term on both sides, 3(3)3 16(3)2 a(3) b (3 1)(3 3) Q(3) (3 2)
b 2b 9 63 3a b 5
b 9 3a b 68......(2)
(2) – (1):
38. By division algorithm, we have (3a b) (a b) 68 16
6 x3 x 2 14 x 5 2a 52
(2 x ax 1)(bx c) (5 x 1)
2
a 26
2bx3 abx 2 bx 2cx 2 acx c 5 x 1 By substituting a = 26 into (1), we have
26 b 16
2bx (ab 2c) x (ac b 5) x (c 1)
3 2
By comparing the coefficient of x3 on both sides, b 10

6 2b
b 3 41. Let Q(x) and R be the quotient and the remainder
respectively.
By comparing the constant term on both sides, By division algorithm, we have
5 c 1 ax3 bx 2 1 ( x 2 3x) Q( x) R
c 4 ax3 bx 2 1 R x( x 3) Q( x)
2
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides, Put x 0.
1 a(3) 2(4) a(0)3 b(0) 2 1 R 0
a 3 0 0 1 R 0
R 1 ......(1)
Put x –3.
f ( x) (3x 1)(2 x 3) ( k 9)
a(3)3 b(3) 2 1 R0
(3x 1)(2 x) (3 x 1)( 3) ( k 9)
27a 9b 1 R 0 ......(2)
6x 2x 9x 3 k 9
2
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
6 x 2 11x k 6 27a 9b 1 1 0
b 3a

When a 2, b 3(2) 6 ; 5. Let f ( x) 3x3 3x 2 x 1.

when a 1, b 3(1) 3 ; By the remainder theorem,
when a 1, b 3(1) 3 . remainder f (2)
ɺ Possible values of a and b are ‘a –2, b –6’ or 3(2)3 3(2) 2 (2) 1
‘a –1, b –3’ or ‘a 1, b 3’ (or any other 24 12 2 1
reasonable answers with b 3a). 39

6. Let f ( x) 7 x3 2 x 2 6 x 13.
f ( x) (5 x 4) Q1 ( x) (1) (1)
® By the remainder theorem,
¯ f ( x ) g ( x ) (5 x 4) Q2 ( x ) (2)
remainder f (0)
where Q1(x), Q2(x) are polynomials in x.
7(0)3 2(0) 2 6(0) 13
(1) – (2):
f ( x) [ f ( x) g ( x)] [(5 x 4) Q1 ( x) ( 1)] 0 0 0 13
(5 x 4) Q2 ( x) 13
g ( x) (5 x 4)[Q1 ( x) Q2 ( x)] 1
(5 x 4) h( x) 1 7. Let f ( x) 3x3 7 x 4.
where h(x) Q1(x) – Q2(x). By the remainder theorem,
remainder f (1)
Let h(x) –1,
then g(x) (5x – 4)(–1) – 1 –5x 3. 3(1)3 7(1) 4
Let h(x) 0, 37 4
then g(x) (5x – 4)(0) – 1 –1. 8
Let h(x) 1,
then g(x) (5x – 4)(1) – 1 5x – 5.
The possible polynomials g(x) are –5x 3 or –1 or 8. Let f ( x) 8x3 2 x 1.
5x – 5 (or any other reasonable answers with By the remainder theorem,
g ( x) (5 x 4) h( x) 1 , where h(x) is a polynomial in x.) remainder f §¨ ·¸
1
©2¹
Exercise 5C (p. 5.26) 3
§1· §1·
Level 1 8¨ ¸ 2¨ ¸ 1
©2¹ ©2¹
1. Let f ( x) x3 8x 7.
111
remainder f (3) 1
(3)3 8(3) 7
27 24 7 9. Let f ( x) 12 x3 9 x 2 x 1.
4 By the remainder theorem,
remainder f §¨ ·¸
2
©3¹
2. Let f ( x) x3 7 x 2 5x 1. 3 2
By the remainder theorem, §2· §2· §2·
12 ¨ ¸ 9 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 1
remainder f (2) ©3¹ ©3¹ ©3¹
(2)3 7(2) 2 5(2) 1 32 2
4 1
8 28 10 1 9 3
7
27
9
3. Let f ( x) 2 x3 x 2 7 x 1.
By the remainder theorem, 10. Let f ( x) 9 x3 3x2 1.
remainder f (1) By the remainder theorem,
§ 1·
2(1)3 (1)2 7(1) 1 remainder f ¨ ¸
© 3¹
2 1 7 1 3 2
9 § 1· § 1·
9 ¨ ¸ 3¨ ¸ 1
© 3¹ © 3¹
4. Let f ( x) 2 x3 3x2 4 x 5.
1 1
1
By the remainder theorem, 3 3
remainder f (3) 1
2(3)3 3(3) 2 4(3) 5
54 27 12 5
20

11. Let f ( x) 4 x3 x 2 x 2. 16. Let f ( x) 2 x3 7 x2 5x k.

By the remainder theorem, By the remainder theorem,
f (0) 3
remainder f §¨ 1 ·¸
© 4¹ 2(0)3 7(0)2 5(0) k 3
3
§ 1· § 1· § 1·
2
k 3
4¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 2
© 4¹ © 4¹ © 4¹
1 1 1 17. Let f ( x) 2 x3 kx 2 5x 4.
2
16 16 4 By the remainder theorem,
19 f (2) 6

8 2(2)3 k (2) 2 5(2) 4 6
16 4k 10 4 6
12. Let f ( x) 16 x3 8x2 4 x. 4k 24
By the remainder theorem, k 6
remainder f §¨ ·¸
1
© 2¹ 18. Let f ( x) 3x3 7 x2 kx 5.
3 2
§ 1· § 1· § 1· By the remainder theorem,
16 ¨ ¸ 8 ¨ ¸ 4 ¨ ¸
© 2¹ © 2¹ © 2¹ f (3) 4
2 2 2 3(3) 7(3) k (3) 5
3 2
4
2 81 63 3k 5 4
3k 27
13. Let f ( x) 27 x3 18x 2 6 x 5. k 9
§ 4· 19. Let f ( x) 8x3 2 x 2 5x k.
remainder f ¨ ¸
© 3¹ By the remainder theorem,
3 2
§ 4· § 4· § 4· §1·
27 ¨ ¸ 18 ¨ ¸ 6 ¨ ¸ 5 f¨ ¸ 5
© 3¹ © 3¹ © 3¹ ©2¹
64 32 8 5 §1·
3
§1·
2
§1·
8 ¨ ¸ 2 ¨ ¸ 5 ¨ ¸ k 5
19 ©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹
1 5
1 k 5
14. Let f ( x) 4 x3 3x2 1. 2 2
§1·
remainder f ¨ ¸
©2¹ 20. Let f ( x) kx3 3x 2 3x 4.
3 2
§1· §1· By the remainder theorem,
4 ¨ ¸ 3¨ ¸ 1
©2¹ ©2¹ § 2·
f ¨ ¸ 2
1 3 © 3¹
1 3 2
2 4 § 2· § 2· § 2·
k ¨ ¸ 3 ¨ ¸ 3 ¨ ¸ 4 2
9 © 3¹ © 3¹ © 3¹
4 8 4
k 2 4 2
27 3
15. Let f ( x) x3 2 x2 x 1. 8 16
k
§3· k 18
remainder f ¨ ¸
©2¹
§3·
3
§3· §3·
2
21. Let f ( x) 2 x3 ax2 11.
¨ ¸ 2¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 1 By the remainder theorem,
©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹
f (a) 3
27 9 3
1 2(a)3 a(a) 2 11 3
8 2 2
5 2a3 a3 11 3

8 a3 8
a 2

22. Let f ( x) x3 ax 2 2 x 2. 27. Let f ( x) x2025 3x2012 4.

By the remainder theorem, By the remainder theorem,
f (a) a remainder f (1)
( a) a( a) 2( a) 2
3 2
a (1) 2025 3(1) 2012 4
a 3 a 3 2a 2 a 1 3 4
a 2 2
23. By the remainder theorem, 28. Let f ( x) x2 5x 4.

f (1) 3 By the remainder theorem,
(1)3 2(1) 2 k (1) c 3 f (k ) 2
1 2 k c 3 (k ) 2 5( k ) 4 2
k c 2 k 5k 6
2
0
When k 1, ( k 1)(k 6) 0
1 c 2 k 1 or k 6
c 3
When k = –1,
(1) c 2 29. Let f ( x) x2 2 x 3.
c 1
When k = –3, §k·
f ¨ ¸ 11
(3) c 2 ©2¹
2
c 1 §k· §k·
ɺ The possible values of k and c are ‘k 1, c 3’ or ¨ ¸ 2¨ ¸ 3 11
©2¹ ©2¹
‘k –1, c 1’ or ‘k –3, c –1’ (or any other
k2
reasonable answers with –k c 2). k 8 0
4
Level 2 k 2 4k 32 0
24. Let f ( x) 4 x2 ( x 2) 10 x 9. (k 8)(k 4) 0
By the remainder theorem, k 8 or k 4
§5·
remainder f ¨ ¸
©2¹ 30. Let f ( x) 2 x3 kx 2 8x 3.
2
§5· §5 · §5· By the remainder theorem,
4 ¨ ¸ ¨ 2 ¸ 10 ¨ ¸ 9
©2¹ ©2 ¹ ©2¹ § 3·
f (2) f ¨ ¸
25 © 2¹
25 9 3 2
2 § 3· § 3· § 3·
7 2(2)3 k ( 2) 2 8( 2) 3 2 ¨ ¸ k ¨ ¸ 8 ¨ ¸ 3
© 2¹ © 2¹ © 2¹
2 27 9
16 4k 16 3 k 12 3
25. Let f ( x) ( x 1)(2 x 1)(4 x 5) 2. 4 4
k
remainder f § 3 · 4 4
¨ ¸ k 3
© 4¹
§ 3 ·ª § 3 · ºª § 3 · º
¨ 1¸ « 2 ¨ ¸ 1» « 4 ¨ ¸ 5» 2 31. Let f ( x) 2(3x k )2 (5x 2) 7 x k .
© 4 ¹¬ © 4 ¹ ¼¬ © 4 ¹ ¼
§ 1 ·§ 5 · By the remainder theorem,
¨ ¸¨ ¸ (8) 2 § 2· 1
© 4 ¹© 2 ¹ f ¨ ¸
3 © 5¹ 5
2
ª § 2· º ª § 2· º § 2· 1
2 «3 ¨ ¸ k » «5 ¨ 5 ¸ 2 » 7 ¨ 5 ¸ k
26. Let f ( x) x 7 x 3.
2022 ¬ © 5¹ ¼ ¬ © ¹ ¼ © ¹ 5
k
remainder f (1) 5 5
12022 7(1) 3 k 3
1 7 3
3

2 2
32. Let f ( x) ax(3x 4)2 bx 6 . 36. Let f (x) ax bx – 7 and g(x) 2x ax b.
By the remainder theorem, When f (x) is divided by x – 3,
remainder 14
§4·
f¨ ¸ 2 f (3) 14
©3¹
2 a(3) 2 b(3) 7 14
§ 4 ·ª § 4 · º §4·
a ¨ ¸ «3 ¨ ¸ 4 » b ¨ ¸ 6 2 9a 3b 21
© 3 ¹¬ © 3 ¹ ¼ ©3¹
3a b 7 ...... (1)
4b
8 When g(x) is divided by x 3,
3
b 6 remainder 1
g (3) 1
f (2) 18
2(3) 2 a(3) b 1
a(2)[3(2) 4]2 (6)(2) 6 18
3a b 17 ...... (2)
8a 24
(1) – (2): 6a 24
a 3
a 4
33. Let f ( x) 2kx2002 3kx1001 4 . By substituting a 4 into (1), we have

3(4) b 7
f (1) 6 b 5
2k (1) 2002
3k (1) 4 6
1001
37. (a) When f(x) is divided by x + 1, the remainder is –12.

2k 3k 4 6
f (1) 12
5k 10
6(1)3 (1) 2 p (1) q 12
k 2
6 1 p q 12
pq 5 ......(1)
34. Let f ( x) kx12 13x3 7k .
When f(x) is divided by 3x – 1,
By the remainder theorem, 8
f (1) 3 2k remainder
9
k (1)12 13(1)3 7 k 3 2k §1· 8
k 13 7 k 3 2k f¨ ¸
© 3¹ 9
10k 10 3 2
§1· §1· §1· 8
k 1 6¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ p ¨ ¸ q
© 3¹ © 3¹ ©3¹ 9
Remainder when f(x) is divided by x – 1
f (1) 2 1 p 8
q
9 9 3 9
(1)12 13(1)3 7
p
1 13 7 q 1
3
21 p 3q 3 ......(2)
(2) – (1): 4q 8
35. Let f ( x) x15 ax12 b . q 2
f (1) 2 By substituting q –2 into (1), we have
p (2) 5
(1)15 a (1)12 b 2
p 3
1 a b 2
ab 3
(b) f ( x) 6 x 3 x 2 3 x 2
Remainder when f ( x) is divided by x 1
f (1) remainder f (2)
(1)15 a (1)12 b 6(2)3 (2) 2 3(2) 2
1 a b 48 4 6 2
1 3 48
4
38. (a) When f(x) is divided by x + 1,
remainder 2
f (1) 2
3(1) m(1) (1) 3 2
3 2
3 m 1 3 2
m 3

ɺ g ( x) 3 x 3 5 x 2 3 x n (b) Let h( x) f ( x) kg ( x) .
When g(x) is divided by x + 1, h( x) f ( x) kg ( x)
remainder 3 (2 x3 3x 2 18 x 3) k (2 x3 9 x 2 3x 9)
g (1) 3
(2 2k ) x3 (3 9k ) x 2 (3k 18) x (3 9k )
3(1) 5(1) 3(1) n
3 2
3 By the remainder theorem,
3 5 3 n 3 h(4) 0
n 2 (2 2k )( 4)3 (3 9k )( 4) 2 (3k 18)( 4) (3 9 k ) 0
(2 2k )( 64) (3 9k )(16) 12k 72 3 9k 0
(b) f ( x) g ( x) 1 128 128k 48 144k 12k 72 3 9k 0
(3x 3x x 3) (3 x 5 x 2 3 x 2) 1
3 2 3
5k 5
3x3 3x 2 x 3 3x3 5 x 2 3x 2 1 k 1
8x2 4 x 0
4 x(2 x 1) 0 41. (a) ɻ The degree of (x – 1)(x 2) is 2.
ɺ The highest possible degree of the remainder
1
x 0 or x when P(x) is divided by (x – 1)(x 2) is 1.
2
(b) Let Q(x) and ax b be the quotient and the remainder
39. (a) ɻ f (3) 4 respectively when P(x) is divided by (x – 1)(x 2).
ɺ The remainder when f(x) is divided by x – 3 is 4. P(x) (x – 1)(x 2) Q(x) (ax b)
By division algorithm, we have When P(x) is divided by x – 1,
remainder 4
f ( x) ( x 3)(2 x 2 10 x 1) 4
P(1) 4
( x 3)(2 x 2 ) ( x 3)(10 x) ( x 3)(1) 4
(1 1)(1 2) Q(1) [a(1) b] 4
2 x3 6 x 2 10 x 2 30 x x 3 4
a b 4 (1)
2 x3 4 x 2 31x 7
When P(x) is divided by x + 2,
remainder 28
(b) By the remainder theorem, P(2) 28
§1·
remainder f ¨ ¸ (2 1)(2 2) Q( 2) [ a( 2) b] 28
©2¹
3 2
2a b 28 (2)
§1· §1· §1· (1) – (2): 3a 24
2 ¨ ¸ 4 ¨ ¸ 31¨ ¸ 7
2
© ¹ 2
© ¹ © 2¹ a 8
1 31 By substituting a 8 into (1), we have
1 7
4 2 8 b 4
29 b 12

4 ɺ The remainder when P(x) is divided by
(x – 1)(x 2) is 8x – 12.
40. (a) By the remainder theorem,
42. (a) Let f (x) x99 + k.
§1· §1· By the remainder theorem,
f¨ ¸ g¨ ¸ f ( 1) 1
©2¹ ©2¹
3 2 3 2 ( 1)99 k 1
§1· §1· §1· §1· §1· §1·
a ¨ ¸ b ¨ ¸ 18 ¨ ¸ 3 a ¨ ¸ 9 ¨ ¸ b ¨ ¸ 9 1 k 1
2
© ¹ 2
© ¹ 2
© ¹ 2
© ¹ 2
© ¹ ©2¹
k 2
a b a 9 b
93 9
8 4 8 4 2
b 3 (b) From (a), when x 9, the remainder when 999 2 is
divided by 9 + 1 is 1.
4 4
ɺ Let Q be the quotient when 999 2 is divided by
b 3
10.
f (2) 5 999 2 10Q 1
a (2)3 3(2)2 18(2) 3 5 10Q 1
999
8a 12 36 3 5 10(Q 1) 9
8a 16 ɺ The remainder when 999 is divided by 10 is 9.
a 2

Exercise 5D (p. 5.38) §1· §1·

3
§1·
2
§1·
Level 1 6. (a) f¨ ¸ 4 ¨ ¸ 3 ¨ ¸ 25 ¨ ¸ 6
©4¹ ©4¹ © 4¹ © 4¹
1. (a) mx – n x–1 x+1 2x – 1 2x + 1
1 3 25
Value of 6
5 16 16 4
§n· 0 2 0
f¨ ¸ 2 0
©m¹ ɺġ 4x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
(b) By the factor theorem, x – 1 and 2x 1 are factors of 3 2

§ 3· § 3· § 3· § 3·
f (x). (b) f ¨ ¸ 4 ¨ ¸ 3 ¨ ¸ 25 ¨ ¸ 6
© 4¹ © 4 ¹ © 4 ¹ © 4¹
2. (a) f (2) (2)3 8 27 27 75
6
8 8 16 16 4
99
16
4
z0
z0
ɺ x 2 is not a factor of f (x). ɺġ 4x 3 is not a factor of f(x).
(b) (2)3 8
f (2) 7.
3 2
Let f (x) 3x kx – 8x – 4.
88 ɻġ x – 2 is a factor of f (x).ġ
0 ɺ f (2) 0
ɺ x – 2 is a factor of f (x). 3(2)3 k (2) 2 8(2) 4 0
ġ 24 4k 16 4 0
3. (a) f (1)
(1)3 2(1) 2 5(1) 6
4k 4
1 2 5 6
k 1
0
ɺ x 1 is a factor of f (x). 3 2
8. Let f (x) 6x 13x – 2kx 3.
ɻ x 3 is a factor of f(x).
(b) f (3) (3)3 2(3) 2 5(3) 6
ɺ f (3) 0
27 18 15 6
6(3) 13(3) 2k (3) 3
3 2
0
24
162 117 6k 3 0
z0
ġ ġ ɺ x – 3 is not a factor of f (x). 6k 42
k 7
4. (a) f (4) (4)3 5(4) 2 3(4) 15
3 2
64 80 12 15 9. Let f (x) kx – x – 7x 6.
ɻ f (x) is divisible by 2x – 3,
19
i.e. 2x – 3 is a factor of f (x).
z0 §3·
ɺ x 4 is not a factor of f(x). ɺ f¨ ¸ 0
©2¹
3 2
f (5)
( 5)3 5( 5) 2 3( 5) 15 §3· §3· §3·
(b) k ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 7¨ ¸ 6 0
125 125 15 15 ©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹
27 9 21
0 k 6 0
ɺ x 5 is a factor of f(x). 8 4 2
27 27
k
3 2 8 4
§ 1· § 1· § 1· § 1·
5. (a) f ¨ ¸ 16 ¨ ¸ 4 ¨ ¸ 24 ¨ ¸ 9 k 2
© 2¹ © 2¹ © 2¹ © 2¹
2 1 12 9
0
ɺ 2x 1 is a factor of f(x).
3 2
§3· §3· §3· §3·
(b) 16 ¨ ¸ 4 ¨ ¸ 24 ¨ ¸ 9
f¨ ¸
©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹
54 9 36 9
0
ġ ġ ɺ 2x – 3 is a factor of f(x).

3 2
10. Let f (x) 3x 7x – 4kx – 2k. 14. Let f (x) 3x 4 ax3 9 x 2 6 x 35 .
ɻ f (x) is divisible by 3x 1, ɻ f (x) is divisible by 3x a,
i.e. 3x 1 is a factor of f (x). i.e. 3x a is a factor of f (x).
§ 1· § a·
ɺ f ¨ ¸ 0 f ¨ ¸ 0
© 3¹ © 3¹
3 2
§ 1· § 1· § 1· § a·
4
§ a·
3
§ a· § a·
2
3 ¨ ¸ 7 ¨ ¸ 4k ¨ ¸ 2k 0 3 ¨ ¸ a ¨ ¸ 9 ¨ ¸ 6 ¨ ¸ 35 0
© 3¹ © 3¹ © 3¹ © 3¹ © 3¹ © 3¹ © 3¹
1 7 4k
2k 0 a4 a4
9 9 3 a 2 2a 35 0
27 27
2 2
k a 2 2a 35 0
3 3
k 1 (a 7)(a 5) 0
a 7 or a 5
3 2
11. Let f (x) 9kx – x 2kx 4.
ɻ f(x) is divisible by 3x + 2, 15. (a) g (5)
(5)3 8(5) 2 17( 5) 10
i.e. 3x + 2 is a factor of f(x). 125 200 85 10
§ 2· 0
ɺ f ¨ ¸ 0
© 3¹ ɺ x 5 is a factor of g(x).
3 2
§ 2· § 2· § 2·
9k ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 2k ¨ ¸ 4 0 (b) By long division,
© 3¹ © 3¹ © 3¹
x 2 3x 2
8 4 4k
k 4 0 x 5 x 8 x 2 17 x 10
3
3 9 3
32 x3 5 x 2
4k
9 3 x 2 17 x 10
8 3 x 2 15 x
k
9
2 x 10
2 x 10
12. Let f ( x) x3 ax 2 x 4.
ɺ g ( x) ( x 5)( x 2 3x 2)
ɻ x – a is a factor of f(x).
f (a) 0 ( x 5)( x 1)( x 2)
ɺ
( a )3 a ( a ) 2 ( a ) 4 0
16. (a) f (2) 3(2)3 5(2) 2 4(2) 4
a3 a3 a 4 0
a 4 24 20 8 4
0
13. Let f ( x) 2 x3 ax 2 4 x 10.

(b) ɻ f (2) 0
ɻ f (x) is divisible by 2x – a,
i.e. 2x – a is a factor of f (x). ɺġ x – 2 is a factor of f(x).
By long division,
§a·
ɺ f¨ ¸ 0 3x 2 x 2
©2¹
3 2 x 2 3x3 5 x 2 4 x 4
§a· §a· §a·
2 ¨ ¸ a ¨ ¸ 4 ¨ ¸ 10 0 3x3 6 x 2
©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹
a 3
a 3 x2 4x 4
2a 10 0
4 4 x2 2x
2a 10 2x 4
a 5 2 x 4
ɺ f ( x) ( x 2)(3x 2 x 2)
( x 2)( x 1)(3x 2)
3 2
§ 4· § 4· § 4· § 4·
17. (a) h ¨ ¸ 3 ¨ ¸ 4 ¨ ¸ 75 ¨ ¸ 100
© 3 ¹ © 3 ¹ © 3 ¹ © 3¹
64 64
100 100
9 9
0

§ 4· By long division,
(b) ɻ h¨ ¸ 0 x2 2 x 8
© 3¹
ɺġ 3x + 4 is a factor of h(x). x 1 x3 3x 2 6 x 8
By long division, x3 x 2
x2 25
2x2 6 x 8
3x 4 3x 4 x 2 75 x 100
3
2 x 2 2 x
3x3 4 x 2
8x 8
75 x 100
8 x 8
75 x 100
ɺ x3 3x 2 6 x 8 ( x 1)( x 2 2 x 8)
ɺġ h( x) (3x 4)( x 2 25)
( x 1)( x 4)( x 2)
(3x 4)( x 5)( x 5)
3 2
3
21. Let f (x) x – 9x 15x 25.
§ 3· § 3· ġ ɻ f (1) (1)3 9(1)2 15(1) 25 32 z 0
18. (a) f ¨ ¸ 8 ¨ ¸ 27
© 2¹ © 2¹ f (1) (1)3 9(1)2 15(1) 25 0
27 27 ɺ x 1 is a factor of f(x).
0 By long division,
ɺ 2x 3 is a factor of f(x). x 2 10x 25
x 1 x3 9 x 2 15 x 25
4x2 6 x 9 x3 x2
2 x 3 8 x 0 x 2 0 x 27
3
10 x 2 15 x 25
8 x 12 x
3 2
10 x 2 10 x
12 x 0 x 27
2
25x 25
12 x 18 x
2
25 x 25
18 x 27 ɺ x3 9 x 2 15 x 25 ( x 1)( x 2 10 x 25)
18 x 27 ( x 1)( x 5) 2
ɺ f ( x) (2 x 3)(4 x 2 6 x 9)
3 2
22. Let f (x) x 4x – 11x – 30.
3 2
19. Let f (x) x – 4x 5x – 2. ġ ɻġ f (1) (1)3 4(1)2 11(1) 30 36 z 0
3 2
ɻ f (1) (1) – 4(1) 5(1) – 2 0 f (1) (1)3 4(1)2 11(1) 30 16 z 0
ɺ x – 1 is a factor of f (x). f (2) (2) 4(2) 11(2) 30
3 2
28 z 0
By long division,
f (2) (2) 4(2) 11(2) 30 0
3 2
x 2 3x 2
ġ ɺ x 2 is a factor of f (x).
x 1 x3 4 x 2 5 x 2
By long division,
x3 x 2 x 2 2 x 15
3x 2 5 x 2 x 2 x3 4 x 2 11x 30
3 x 2 3 x x 3 2x 2
2x 2 2 x 2 11x 30
2x 2 2x2 4 x
ɺ x 4 x 5 x 2 ( x 1)( x 3x 2)
3 2 2
15 x 30
( x 1)( x 2)( x 1) 15 x 30
( x 2)( x 1) 2 ɺ x3 4 x 2 11x 30 ( x 2)( x 2 2 x 15)
ġ
( x 2)( x 3)( x 5)
3 2
20. Let f (x) x – 3x – 6x 8.
3 2
ɻ f (1) (1) – 3(1) – 6(1) 8 0 3 2
23. Let f (x) x ax – x – b.
ɺ x – 1 is a factor of f (x).
ɻ x 2 is a factor of f (x).
ɺ f (2) 0
(2) a( 2) ( 2) b 0
3 2
8 4a 2 b 0
4a b 6

When a –3, (b) By long division,

4(3) b 6 2x 2 x6
b 18 4 x 1 8 x 2 x 25 x 6
3 2
When a –1,
4(1) b 6 8 x3 2 x 2
b 10 4 x 2 25 x 6
When a 1, 4x2 x
4(1) b 6
24 x 6
b 2
24 x 6
ɺ The possible values of a and b are ‘a –3, b –18’
or ‘a –1, b –10’ or ‘a 1, b –2’ (or any other ɺ 8 x3 2 x 2 25 x 6 (4 x 1)(2 x 2 x 6)
reasonable answers with 4a – b 6). (4 x 1)( x 2)(2 x 3)
Level 2
24. ɻ x 2 is a factor of f (x). 27. Let f ( x) 2 x3 13x2 8x 7.
ɺ f (2) 0 ɻ f (1) 2(1)3 13(1)2 8(1) 7 0
k (2)3 3k ( 2) 28 0 ɺ x – 1 is a factor of f (x).
8k 6k 28 0 By long division,
2x 2 15x 7
14k 28
k 2 x 1 2 x3 13 x 2 8 x 7
ɺġ f (1) 2(1)3 3(2)(1) 28 2 x3 2 x2
36 15x 2 8 x 7
15 x 2 15 x
3 2
25. Let f (x) x – 4x kx 6. 7x 7
(a) ɻ x – 3 is a factor of f (x).
7x 7
ɺ f (3) 0
ɺ 2 x3 13 x 2 8 x 7 ( x 1)(2 x 2 15 x 7)
(3)3 4(3) 2 k (3) 6 0
( x 1)( x 7)(2 x 1)
27 36 3k 6 0
3k 3
k 1 28. Let f ( x) 5x3 4 x2 11x 2.
ɻ f (1) 5(1)3 4(1)2 11(1) 2 12 z 0
(b) By long division, f (1) 5(1) 4(1) 11(1) 2 0
3 2
x2 x 2 ɺ x 1 is a factor of f(x).
x 3 x3 4 x 2 x 6 By long division,
5x 2 9 x 2
x3 3x 2
x 1 5 x3 4 x 2 11x 2
x2 x 6
5 x3 5 x 2
x2 3x
2x 6 9x 2 11x 2
2 x 6 9 x 2 9 x
ɺ x3 4 x 2 x 6 ( x 3)( x 2 x 2) 2x 2
( x 3)( x 2)( x 1) 2x 2
ɺ 5 x3 4 x 2 11x 2 ( x 1)(5 x 2 9 x 2)
3
26. Let f (x) 8x mx – 25x 6.
2 ( x 1)( x 2)(5 x 1)
(a) ɻ f(x) is divisible by 4x – 1, ġ
i.e. 4x – 1 is a factor of f (x). 29. Let f(x) = 5x3 – 6x2 – 29x + 6.
§1· ɻ f (1) 5(1)3 6(1)2 29(1) 6 24 z 0
ɺ f¨ ¸ 0
©4¹ f (1) 5(1)3 6(1)2 29(1) 6 24 z 0
3 2
§1· §1· §1· f (2) 5(2) 6(2) 29(2) 6
3 2
36 z 0
8 ¨ ¸ m ¨ ¸ 25 ¨ ¸ 6 0
©4¹ ©4¹ ©4¹ f (2) 5(2)3 6(2)2 29(2) 6 0
1 m 25
6 0 ɺ x 2 is a factor of f (x).
8 16 4
m 1
16 8
m 2

By long division, By long division,

5x 2 16 x 3 x2 x 6
x 2 5 x3 6 x 2 29 x 6 x 2 x3 x 2 8x 12
5 x3 10 x 2 x3 2 x 2
16 x 2 29 x 6 x 2 8x 12
16 x 2 32 x x2 2x
3x 6 6x 12
3x 6 6 x 12
ɺ 5 x3 6 x 2 29 x 6 ( x 2)(5 x 2 16 x 3) ɺ 3x3 3x 2 24 x 36 3( x3 x 2 8 x 12)
( x 2)( x 3)(5 x 1) 3( x 2)( x 2 x 6)
3( x 3)( x 2) 2
30. Let f ( x) 3x3 13x 2 51x 35.
ɻ f (1) 3(1)3 13(1)2 51(1) 35 0 33. (a) 6 x3 14 x2 8 2(3x3 7 x2 4)
ɺ x – 1 is a factor of f (x). Let f ( x) 3x3 7 x 2 4.
By long division, ɻ f (1) 3(1)3 7(1)2 4 6 z 0
3x 2 16 x 35
f (1) 3(1)3 7(1)2 4 0
x 1 3 x 13 x 51x 35
3 2
ɺ x 1 is a factor of f (x).
3x3 3x 2 By long division,
16 x 2 51x 35 3x 2 4 x 4
16 x 2 16 x x 1 3x3 7 x 2 0 x 4
35x 35 3x3 3x 2
35 x 35 4x 2 0 x 4
ɺ 3x3 13x 2 51x 35 ( x 1)(3x 2 16 x 35) 4x2 4x
( x 1)( x 7)(3x 5) 4x 4
4 x 4
31. Let f ( x) x3 4 x2 x 6. ɺ 6 x3 14 x 2 8 2(3 x3 7 x 2 4)
ɻ f (1) (1) 4(1) (1) 6 0
3 2
2( x 1)(3x 2 4 x 4)
ɺ x – 1 is a factor of f (x). 2( x 1)( x 2)(3x 2)
By long division,
x 2 5x 6
(b) 6 x3 14 x 2 8 0
x 1 x 4x x 6
3 2
2( x 1)( x 2)(3 x 2) 0 (by (a))
x3 x 2 x 1 0 or x 2 0 or 3x 2 0
5x 2 x 6 2
x 1 or x 2 or x
5x 2 5x 3
6x 6
6 x 6 34. (a) 4 x 4 3 x3 2 x 2 x x(4 x3 3x 2 2 x 1)
ɺ x3 4 x 2 x 6 ( x 1)( x 2 5 x 6) Let f ( x) 4 x3 3x2 2 x 1.
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) ɻ f (1) 4(1)3 3(1)2 2(1) 1 0
By long division,
32. 3x3 3x2 24 x 36 3( x3 x2 8x 12)
4x 2 x 1
Let f ( x) x3 x 2 8x 12.
x 1 4 x3 3x 2 2 x 1
ɻ f (1) (1)3 (1)2 8(1) 12 4z0
4 x3 4 x 2
f (1) (1)3 (1)2 8(1) 12 18 z 0
x2 2 x 1
f (2) (2)3 (2)2 8(2) 12 0
ɺ x – 2 is a factor of f (x). x2 x
x 1
x 1
ɺ 4 x 4 3x3 2 x 2 x x(4 x 3 3x 2 2 x 1)
x( x 1)(4 x 2 x 1)

(b) 4 x 4 3x3 2 x 2 x 0 (b) f ( x) 0

x( x 1)(4 x x 1)
2
0 (by (a)) ( x 1)( x 2 2 x 6) 0
x 0 or x 1 0 or 4 x 2 x 1 0 x 1 or x2 2x 6 0
2
For x – 2x + 6 0,
1 r 12 4(4)(1)
x 0 or x 1 or x ' ( 2) 2 4(1)(6)
2(4)
20
1 r 17
0
8 2
i.e. x – 2x + 6 0 has no real roots.
ɺ Not all the roots of the equation f (x) 0 are
35. (a) Let f ( x) 3x3 11x2 2 x 24. rational numbers.
ɻ f (2) 3(2)3 11(2) 2 2(2) 24
24 44 4 24
37. (a) f ( x) 2 x 4 5 x 3 3x 2 x 3
0
f (1) 2(1) 4 5(1)3 3( 1) 2 ( 1) 3
By long division, 2 5 3 1 3
3x 2 5 x 12 0
f (3) 2(3) 4 5(3)3 3(3) 2 (3) 3
x 2 3 x 3 11x 2 2 x 24
162 135 27 3 3
3x3 6 x 2
0
5x 2 2 x 24 ɺ x 1 and x – 3 are factors of f (x).
5 x 2 10 x
12 x 24
2 x3 7 x 2 4 x 3
12 x 24
3x3 11x 2 2 x 24 ( x 2)(3x 2 5 x 12) x 1 2 x 4 5 x3 3x 2 x 3
ɺ
( x 2)( x 3)(3x 4) 2 x 4 2 x3
7 x 3 3x 2 x 3
(b) f ( x) 0 7 x3 7 x 2
( x 2)( x 3)(3x 4) 0 4x 2 x 3
3
x 2 or x 3 or x 4x2 4x
4
3 3x 3
ɻ is not an integer. 3 x 3
4
ɺ The claim is disagreed. 2x2 x 1
x 3 2 x3 7 x 2 4 x 3
36. (a) Let f ( x) x3 x 2 4 x 6.
2 x3 6 x 2
ɻ f (1) (1)3 (1) 2 4(1) 6
1 1 4 6 x2 4 x 3
0 x 2 3x
ɺ x 1 is a factor of f (x). x3
By long division, x3
x2 2 x 6 2
ɺ f (x) (x 1)(x – 3)(2x – x 1)
x 1 x x 4x 6
3 2
f ( x) 0
x3 x 2 2 x 4 5 x3 3x 2 x 3 0
2x 2 4 x 6 ( x 1)( x 3)(2 x 2 x 1) 0
2 x 2 x
2 x 1 or x 3 or 2 x 2 x 1 0
2
6x 6 For 2x – x 1 0,
6x 6 ' (1) 2 4(2)(1)
7
ɺ x3 x 2 4 x 6 ( x 1)( x 2 2 x 6)
0
2
ɺ 2x – x 1 0 has no real roots.
ɺ Not all the roots of the equation f (x) 0 are real
numbers.

38. ɻ f (x) is divisible by x 1, 41. Let f ( x) x3 px q.

i.e. x 1 is a factor of f (x).
x2 x 2 ( x 1)( x 2)
ɺ f (1) 0
ɻ x 2 x 2 is a factor of f (x),
a(1) 201 2a(1)102 2b 0
ġ ɺ x 1 and x – 2 are factors of f (x).
a 2a 2b 0
ɺ f (1) 0 and f (2) 0
a 2b
f (1) 0
Remainder when f (x) is divided by x – 1
f (1) (1)3 p (1) q 0
a(1) 201 2a(1)102 2b 1 p q 0
a 2a a p q 1 ......(1)
2a f (2) 0
(2)3 p(2) q 0
39. Let f ( x) x 4 x ax b.
3 2 8 2p q 0
ɻ x – 2 and x + 5 are factors of f (x). 2p q 8 ......(2)
ɺ f (2) 0 (1) + (2): 3 p 9
(2)3 4(2)2 a (2) b 0 p 3
8 16 2a b 0 By substituting p –3 into (1), we have
2a b 24 ......(1) 3 q 1
f (5) 0 q 2
(5) 4(5) a(5) b
3 2
0
125 100 5a b 0 42. (a) Let f ( x) 2 x3 px 2 25x q.
5a b 25 ......(2) 2 x 7 x 4 ( x 4)(2 x 1)
2
(1) + (2): 7 a 49 ɻ f (x) is divisible by 2 x 7 x 4 ,

2
a 7 ɺ x 4 and 2x – 1 are factors of f (x).

By substituting a –7 into (1), we have §1·
ɺ f (4) 0 and f ¨ ¸ 0
2(7) b 24 ©2¹
b 10 f (4) 0
2(4)3 p(4) 2 25(4) q 0
40. Let f ( x) ax 5x bx 6.
3 2
128 16 p 100 q 0
ɻ f (x) is divisible by x – 1 and 2x 3, 16 p q 28 ......(1)
i.e. x – 1 and 2x 3 are factors of f (x). §1·
f¨ ¸ 0
§ 3· ©2¹
ɺġ f (1) 0 and f ¨ ¸ 0
© 2¹ 3 2
§1· §1· §1·
f (1) 0 2 ¨ ¸ p ¨ ¸ 25 ¨ ¸ q 0
© ¹
2 © ¹
2 ©2¹
a(1) 5(1) b(1) 6 0
3 2
1 p 25
a5b6 0 q 0
4 4 2
a b 1 ......(1) p 49
q
§ 3· 4 4
f ¨ ¸ 0
© 2¹ p 4q 49 ......(2)
§ 3·
3
§ 3· § 3·
2 4 u (1) – (2): 63 p 63
a ¨ ¸ 5¨ ¸ b ¨ ¸ 6 0 p 1
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹ © 2¹
27 45 3 By substituting p = 1 into (1), we have
a b6 0 16(1) q 28
8 4 2
27 3 21 q 12
a b
8 2 4
27 a 12b 42 ......(2) (b) By long division,
x 3
(2) – 12 u (1): 15a 30
2 x 2 7 x 4 2 x3 x 2 25 x 12
a 2
2 x3 7 x 2 4 x
By substituting a 2 into (1), we have
2b 1 6 x 2 21x 12
b 1 6 x 2 21x 12
ɺ Quotient x3

43. ɻ f (x) is divisible by x 2, f (2) 15

i.e. x 2 is a factor of f (x). [(2) 3][ a(2) 2 b(2) 1] 15
ɺ f (2) 0
4a 2b 1 3
7(2) 2 a(2) b 0
4a 2b 2
28 2a b 0
2a b 1 ......(1)
2a b 28 ......(1)
f (1) 12
When f (x) is divided by x 3,
remainder 23 [(1) 3][a(1) b( 1) 1] 12
2
f (3) 23 a b 1 6
7(3) 2 a(3) b 23 a b 5 ......(2)
63 3a b 23 (1) (2) : 3a 6
3a b 40 ......(2) a 2
(2) – (1): a 12 By substituting a 2 into (2), we have
By substituting a 12 into (1), we have 2–b 5
2(12) b 28 b –3
2
b 4 ɺ f (x) (x 3)(2x – 3x 1)
f ( x) 0
44. Let ax b be the quotient when f (x) is divided by ( x 3)(2 x 2 3 x 1) 0
2x x 7 .
2 ( x 3)(2 x 1)( x 1) 0
By the division algorithm, 1
x 3 or x or x 1
f ( x) (2 x 2 x 7)(ax b) (2 4 x) 2
ɻ f ( x) is divisible by 2x + 1, 1
ɻ –3, and 1 are all rational numbers.
i.e. 2x + 1 is a factor of f ( x) . 2
ɺ All the roots of the equation f (x) 0 are rational
§ 1·
ɺ f ¨ ¸ 0 numbers.
© 2¹ ɺ The claim is agreed.
ª § 1 ·2 § 1 · ºª § 1· º ª § 1 ·º
«2 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 7 » «a ¨ ¸ b» «2 4 ¨ ¸» 0 46. (a) ɻ x 5 is a factor of g(x).
¬« © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹ ¼» ¬ © 2 ¹ ¼ ¬ © 2 ¹¼
ɺ g (5) 0
§ 1 ·
8¨ a b ¸ 4 s (5)3 9(5) 2 t (5) 5 0
© 2 ¹
125s 225 5t 5 0
a 2b 1 ......(1)
25s t 44 ...... (1)
When f ( x) is divided by x – 2,
When g(x) is divided by x 1,
remainder = 150
remainder 8
f (2) 150
g (1) 8
[2(2) (2) 7][ a(2) b] [2 4(2)] 150
2
s (1) 9(1) t (1) 5 8
3 2
13(2a b) 156
s 9 t 5 8
2a b 12 ......(2)
s t 4 ...... (2)
(1) u 2 : 2a 4b 2 ......(3)
(1) – (2): 24 s 48
(2) (3) : 5b 10
s 2
b 2
By substituting s 2 into (2), we have
By substituting b 2 into (2), we have 2 t 4
2a 2 12
t 6
a 5
ɺ Quotient 5 x 2
2x 2 x 1
45. Let ax bx c be the quotient when f (x) is divided by
2
x 5 2 x3 9 x 2 6 x 5
x 3.
By the division algorithm, f ( x) ( x 3)(ax 2 bx c) . 2 x 3 10 x 2
By remainder theorem, x2 6x 5
f (0) 3 x2 5x
[(0) 3][a(0) b(0) c] 3
2
x5
c 1 x5
ɺ g ( x) ( x 5)(2 x 2 x 1)
( x 5)( x 1)(2 x 1)

( x 5)( x 1) x2 4x 5 (b) f ( x) g ( x) 0
( x 1)(2 x 1) 2 x x 1
2 [ x 3x (6) x 8] [ x 3x 10 x 4(6)] 0
3 2 3 2
( x 5)(2 x 1) 2 x 11x 5
2 x3 3x 2 6 x 8 x3 3x 2 10 x 24 0
ɺ The possible quadratic polynomials such that 2 x3 16 x 16 0
g(x) is divisible by the polynomials are x3 8 x 8 0
2 2 2
x 4x – 5, 2x – x – 1 and 2x 11x 5. By long division,
x2 2x 4
47. (a) ɻ f (x) is divisible by x – 4,
x 2 x 0x2 8x 8
3
i.e. x – 4 is a factor of f (x).
ɺ f (4) 0 x3 2 x 2
2(4)3 a(4)2 5(4) b 0 2x2 8x 8
128 16a 20 b 0 2 x 2 4 x
16a b 148 ......(1) 4x 8
When g(x) is divided by 2x – 3,
4 x 8
remainder 10
ɺġ f ( x) g ( x) x3 8x 8 ( x 2)( x2 2 x 4)
§3·
g¨ ¸ 10 ( x 2)( x 2 2 x 4) 0
©2¹
3 2 x2 0 or x 2 2 x 4 0
§3· §3· §3·
b ¨ ¸ 8¨ ¸ a ¨ ¸ 8 10
©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ (2) r (2) 2 4(1)(4)
x 2 or x
27 3 2(1)
b 18 a 8 10
8 2 2 20
27 3 (or 1 5)
b a 0 2
8 2
4a 9b 0 ......(2) 2 20
or (or 1 5)
2
(1) – 4 u (2): 37b 148
b 4
Exercise 5E (p. 5.45)
By substituting b 4 into (2), we have Level 1
4a 9(4) 0 1. a 3b5 a 3 u b5
a 9 a 4b a4 u b
ɺ H.C.F. a3 u b
§3· §3·
(b) f ¨ ¸ g ¨ ¸ a3b
© ¹2 ©2¹
L.C.M. a u b
4 5
ª §3· 3
§3·
2
§3· º
« 2 ¨ ¸ 9 ¨ ¸ 5 ¨ ¸ 4 » (10) a 4b 5
«¬ © 2 ¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ »¼
27 81 15
4 10 2. 2 x2 y 4 z 2 u x2 u y 4 u z
4 4 2
0
2 2
y z y2 u z2
ɺ 2x – 3 is a factor of f (x) – g(x). ɺ H.C.F. y2 u z
48. (a) ɻ x 2 is a common factor of f (x) and g(x).

y2z
ɺ f (–2) 0 and g(–2) 0 L.C.M. 2 u x u y u z
2 4 2
f (2) 0
2x2 y 4 z 2
(2) p(2) q(2) 8 0
3 2
8 4 p 2q 8 0
3. 3a 4bc 2 3 u a4 u bu c2
2 p q 0 ......(1)
g (2) 0 12a3b2c 22 u 3 u a 3 u b 2 u c
H.C.F. 3 u a u b u c
3
ɺ
(2)3 p(2) 2 10(2) 4q 0
3a 3bc
8 4 p 20 4q 0
pq 3 ......(2) L.C.M. 22 u 3 u a 4 u b 2 u c 2
(1) – (2): p 3 12a 4b 2c 2
By substituting p 3 into (2), we have
3 q 3
q 6

4. 6x2 y 4 z 2 u 3 u x2 u y 4 u z 10. ( x 3)( x 2)3 ( x 3) u ( x 2)3

8 x 2 yz 3 23 u x 2 u y u z 3 ( x 3) 2 ( x 2) ( x 3) 2 u ( x 2)
ɺ H.C.F. 2 u x u y u z
2
ɺ H.C.F. ( x 3) u ( x 2)
2
2 x yz ( x 3)( x 2)
L.C.M. 23 u 3 u x 2 u y 4 u z 3 L.C.M. ( x 3) 2 u ( x 2)3
24 x 2 y 4 z 3 ( x 3) 2 ( x 2)3
5. 2 pqr 2 2 u p u q u r2 11. 12( x y ) 2 ( x 2 y ) 22 u 3 u ( x y ) 2 u ( x 2 y )
4 pq 22 u p u q 15( x y )( x 2 y ) 3
3 u 5 u ( x y ) u ( x 2 y )3
8 pqr 23 u p u q u r ɺ H.C.F. 3 u ( x y) u ( x 2 y)
ɺ H.C.F. 2 u p u q 3( x y)( x 2 y )
2 pq L.C.M. 22 u 3 u 5 u ( x y ) 2 u ( x 2 y )3
L.C.M. 23 u p u q u r 2 60( x y ) 2 ( x 2 y )3
8 pqr 2
12. (3 x 1)( x 3) 2 (3 x 1) (3 x 1) u ( x 3) 2 u (3 x 1)
6. 12 x3 y 2 z 2 22 u 3 u x3 u y 2 u z 2 ( x 3)(3 x 1) 2 (3 x 1)3 (3 x 1)3 u ( x 3) u (3 x 1) 2
16 xy 3 z 24 u x u y 3 u z ɺ H.C.F. (3x 1) u ( x 3) u (3x 1)
20 xy 2 z 3 22 u 5 u x u y 2 u z 3 (3x 1)( x 3)(3x 1)
ɺ H.C.F. 2 u x u y u z
2 2
L.C.M. (3 x 1)3 u ( x 3) 2 u (3 x 1) 2
4 xy 2 z (3 x 1)3 ( x 3) 2 (3 x 1) 2
L.C.M. 24 u 3 u 5 u x 3 u y 3 u z 3
240 x3 y 3 z 3
13. (2 x 5) 2 (2 x 5) 2
(2 x 5)(2 x 5) (2 x 5) u (2 x 5)
(2 x 5)(4 x 2 10 x 25) (2 x 5) u (4 x 2 10 x 25)
7. 4 x2 y5 z 22 u x 2 u y 5 u z
ɺġ H.C.F. 2 x 5
6x4 y 2 z 2 u 3 u x4 u y 2 u z
L.C.M. (2 x 5) 2 u (2 x 5) u (4 x 2 10 x 25)
3xy 3 3 u x u y3
(2 x 5) 2 (2 x 5)(4 x 2 10 x 25)
ɺ H.C.F. x u y2
xy 2
14. 4( x y )5 2 2 u ( x y )5
L.C.M. 22 u 3 u x 4 u y 5 u z
6( x y ) ( x y )
2 3
2 u 3 u ( x y ) 2 u ( x y )3
4 5
12 x y z
10( x y )3 ( x y ) 2 u 5 u ( x y )3 u ( x y )
ɺ H.C.F. 2 u ( x y )
2
8. 12a 6
2 u 3u a
2 6
2( x y ) 2
15a b 2 3
3 u 5 u a 2 u b3
L.C.M. 22 u 3 u 5 u ( x y )5 u ( x y )3
9a 4b 32 u a 4 u b
ɺ H.C.F. 3 u a 2 60( x y )5 ( x y )3
3a 2
15. ( x 2)(2 x 7) 2 ( x 2) u (2 x 7) 2
L.C.M. 22 u 32 u 5 u a 6 u b3
( x 2)(2 x 7) ( x 2) u (2 x 7)
180a 6b3
( x 2) 2 (2 x 7) ( x 2) 2 u (2 x 7)
ɺ H.C.F. ( x 2) u (2 x 7)
9. m(m 1)5 m u (m 1)5
( x 2)(2 x 7)
m3 (m 2)2 m3 u (m 2)2
ɺ H.C.F. m L.C.M. ( x 2) 2 u (2 x 7) 2
( x 2) 2 (2 x 7) 2
L.C.M. m3 u (m 2) 2 u (m 1)5
m3 (m 2) 2 (m 1)5

16. 4( x y )( x 5 y ) 2 22 u ( x y ) u ( x 5 y ) 2 Level 2
24. 45 x 2 60 x 20 5(9 x 2 12 x 4) 5(3 x 2) 2
2( x y ) (5 y x)
2
2 u ( x y) u ( x 5 y)
2
8( x 5 y )( x y ) 23 u ( x y) u ( x 5 y ) 18 x 2 24 x 8 2(9 x 2 12 x 4) 2(3x 2) 2
ɺ H.C.F. 2( x y)( x 5 y) (or 2( x y)(5 y x)) 6 x 13x 6 (2 x 3)(3x 2)
2
ɺ H.C.F. 1
L.C.M. 8( x y ) ( x 5 y ) (or 8( x y) (5 y x) )
2 2 2 2
L.C.M. 2 u 5 u (3x 2) 2 u (3x 2) 2 u (2 x 3)
10(3 x 2) 2 (3 x 2) 2 (2 x 3)
17. 3x 15 3( x 5)
5 x 25 5( x 5)
ɺ H.C.F. x 5 25. 8a 4b 4(2a b) 22 u (2a b)
8a 2 2b 2 2(4a 2 b 2 ) 2 u (2a b) u (2a b)
L.C.M. 3 u 5 u ( x 5)
8a 8ab 2b
2 2
2(4a 2 4ab b 2 ) 2 u (2a b) 2
15( x 5)
ɺ H.C.F. 2 u (2a b)
2(2a b)
18. 2a 2 6a 2a(a 3)
a 2 9 (a 3)(a 3) L.C.M. 22 u (2a b) 2 u (2a b)
ɺ H.C.F. a 3 4(2a b) 2 (2a b)
L.C.M. 2 u a u (a 3) u (a 3)
2a(a 3)(a 3) 26. 9b 2 12ab 4a 2 (3b 2a) 2
3b3 ab 2 2a 2b b(3b 2 ab 2a 2 )
19. x 2 2 x 8 ( x 2)( x 4) b u (3b 2a) u (b a)
x 2 8 x 16 ( x 4) 2 18b3 15ab 2 18a 2b 3b(6b 2 5ab 6a 2 )
ɺ H.C.F. x 4 3 u b u (3b 2a) u (2b 3a)
ɺ H.C.F. 3b 2a
L.C.M. ( x 2)( x 4)
2
L.C.M. 3 u b u (3b 2a) u (2b 3a ) u (b a)

2
3b(3b 2a ) 2 (2b 3a)(b a )

20. 8 y 2 2 y 3 (2 y 1)(4 y 3)
32 y 2 18 2(16 y 2 9) 2(4 y 3)(4 y 3)
27. a 2ab 3b (a 3b)(a b)
2 2
ɺ H.C.F. 4 y 3
2a 18ab
3 2
2a(a 2 9b 2 )
L.C.M. 2(2 y 1)(4 y 3)(4 y 3)
2a(a 3b)(a 3b)
3a 2b 3ab 2 3ab(a b)
21. 3x 2 6 x 3 3( x 2 2 x 1) 3( x 1) 2 ɺ H.C.F. 1
6 x 2 12 x 18 6( x 2 2 x 3)
L.C.M. 2 u 3 u a u b u (a b) u (a 3b) u (a 3b)
6( x 1)( x 3)
6ab(a b)(a 3b)(a 3b)
2 u 3( x 1)( x 3)
ɺ H.C.F. 3( x 1)
28. x 3x x 3 x 2 ( x 3) ( x 3)
3 2
L.C.M. 2 u 3 u ( x 1) u ( x 3)
2
( x 3)( x 2 1)
6( x 1) ( x 3)
2
2 x 2 18 2( x 2 9)
2( x 3)( x 3)
22. m 2m 1 (m 1)
4 2 2 2
( x 3) 2 ( x 3) 2
(m 1) (m 1)
2 2
ɺ H.C.F. 1
m 1 (m 2 1)(m 2 1)
4
L.C.M. 2 u ( x 3) u ( x 3) 2 u ( x 2 1)
(m 1)(m 1)(m 1) 2
2( x 3)( x 3) 2 ( x 2 1)
ɺ H.C.F. (m 1) u (m 1)
(m 1)(m 1)
29. (a) f ( x) x3 x 2 x 1
L.C.M. (m 1) 2 u (m 1) 2 u ( m 2 1) x 2 ( x 1) ( x 1)
(m 1) 2 (m 1) 2 ( m 2 1) ( x 1)( x 2 1)
( x 1)( x 1)( x 1)
23. Yes, because the exponent of z in the L.C.M. of the two ( x 1)( x 1) 2
polynomials must not be less than that in the H.C.F. of the
two polynomials.

g ( x) x3 x g ( x) 3x 4 6 x 2 3
x( x 2 1) 3( x 4 2 x 2 1)
x( x 1)( x 1) 3( x 2 1) 2
3[( x 1)( x 1)]2
(b) H.C.F. ( x 1)( x 1) 3( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 2
L.C.M. x( x 1)( x 1) 2
(b) H.C.F. x 1
L.C.M. 3( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 2)( x 3)
2 2
30. (a) ɻ f (1) (1)3 4(1)2 (1) 6 0
ɺġ x – 1 is a factor of f (x).
By long division, 31. (a) (i) f ( x) 27 x3 8
x2 5x 6 3
x 1 x 4 x2 x 6
3 § 2· § 2·
f ¨ ¸
27 ¨ ¸ 8
x3 x 2 © 3¹ © 3¹
0
5x2 x 6
ɺġ 3x 2 is a factor of f (x).
5x2 5x
6x 6 (ii) By long division,
6x 6 f ( x) (3x 2)(9 x 2 6 x 4)
ɺ f ( x) ( x 1)( x 2 5 x 6) ɻ g (1) 9(1)3 3(1)2 2(1) 4 0
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) ɺġ x 1 is a factor of g(x).
g ( x) 3x 4 6 x 2 3 By long division,
9x2 6x 4
3( x 4 2 x 2 1)
x 1 9 x 3x 2 2 x 4
3
ġ ġ ɻ g (1) 3[(1)4 2(1)2 1] 0

9 x3 9 x 2
ɺġ x – 1 is a factor of g(x).
By long division, 6 x2 2 x
x3 x 2 x 1 6 x 2 6 x
x 1 x 0 x3 2 x 2 0x 1
4
4x 4
x x
4 3
4x 4
x3 2 x 2 0 x 1 ɺġ g ( x) ( x 1)(9 x 2 6 x 4)
x x
3 2
x2 0x 1 (b) H.C.F. 9 x 2 6 x 4
x x 2
L.C.M. (3x 2)( x 1)(9 x 6 x 4)

2
x 1
x 1
x2 2x 1 32. (a) f ( x) 3x 2 (3a 4) x 4a
x 1 x x2 x 1
3 ( x a)(3x 4)
x3 x 2 g ( x) (a 2)2 ( x 2)2
2x x 1
2
[(a 2) ( x 2)][(a 2) ( x 2)]
2 x 2 2x (a x)(a x 4)
x 1
x 1 (b) H.C.F. xa
ɺ g ( x) 3( x 1)( x x x 1)
3 2
L.C.M. ( x a)(3x 4)(a x 4)
3( x 1) 2 ( x 2 2 x 1)
3( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 2 33. (a) ɻ x 3 is a common factor of f (x) and g(x).
Alternative Solution ɺ f (3) 0 and g (3) 0
f ( x) x3 4 x 2 x 6 f (3) 0
( x3 1) (4 x 2 x 5) 2(3) 2 2(3) a 0
18 6 a 0
( x 1)( x 2 x 1) ( x 1)(4 x 5)
a 12
( x 1)( x 2 x 1 4 x 5)
( x 1)( x 2 5 x 6)
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)

g (3) 0 36. 12a 2b3c 2 2 u 3 u a 2 u b3 u c

(3) b(3) 4(3) 12 0
3 2
8a3b2c 23 u a3 u b2 u c
27 9b 12 12 0 H.C.F. 2a 2bc
9b 27 2 u a2 u b u c
b 3 L.C.M. 72a3b3c 2
23 u 32 u a3 u b3 u c 2
(b) f ( x) 2 x 2 x 12
2 The exponent of 2 in the monomial is 1.
The exponent of 3 in the monomial is 2.
2( x 2 x 6) The exponent of a in the monomial is 2 or 3.
2( x 2)( x 3) The exponent of b in the monomial is 1.
g ( x) x3 3x 2 4 x 12 The exponent of c in the monomial is 2.
ɺ The possible monomials
( x 3)( x 2 4)
2 u 32 u a 2 u b u c 2 or 2 u 32 u a3 u b u c 2
( x 2)( x 2)( x 3)
18a 2bc 2 or 18a3bc 2
ɺ H.C.F. ( x 3)( x 2)
37. (a) ɻġ H.C.F. must be a factor of the L.C.M.

34. (a) ɻ H.C.F. of f (x) and g(x) is x 3.
ɺ 2x + 3 must be a factor of 2 x 5 x x 6 .
3 2
ɺ x 3 is a common factor of f (x) and g(x).
By long division,
ɺ f (3) 0 and g (3) 0
2 x3 5 x 2 x 6 (2 x 3)( x 2 x 2)
f (3) 0
(2x 3)(x 1)(x 2)
(3) 2 a( 3) 4b 0
9 3a 4b 0
(b) The two polynomials are (x – 1)(2x 3) and
3a 4b 9 ......(1) (x 2)(2x 3).
g (3) 0
Exercise 5F (p. 5.52)
(3) 2 3a(3) 9b 0
Level 1
9 9a 9b 0
6 x 18 6 ( x 3)
ab 1 ......(2) 1.
3 x 2 9 x 3 x ( x 3)
(1) – 3 u (2): b 6
2
6
By substituting b –6 into (2), we have
a (6) 1 3x
a 5 2
x
(b) f ( x) x 2 5 x 4(6)
x2 4 ( x 2) ( x 2)
x 2 5 x 24 2.
x x2
2
( x 1) ( x 2)
( x 3)( x 8)
x2
g ( x) x 2 3(5) x 9(6)
x 1
x 2 15 x 54
( x 3)( x 18)
2 x 2 20 x 50 2( x 2 10 x 25)
ɺ L.C.M. ( x 3)( x 8)( x 18) 3.
x 2 8 x 15 ( x 3)( x 5)
2( x 5) 2
35. 6 x2 yz 2 u 3 u x2 u y u z ( x 3) ( x 5)
H.C.F. 2 x2 y 2( x 5)
2 u x2 u y x3
3 2
L.C.M. 12 x y z
22 u 3 u x3 u y 2 u z xy 2 y y ( x 2)
The exponent of 2 in the monomial is 2. 4. x 2 y 4 xy 4 y y ( x 2 4 x 4)
The exponent of 3 in the monomial is 0.
The exponent of x in the monomial is 3. x2
The exponent of y in the monomial is 2. ( x 2) 2
The exponent of z in the monomial is 0. 1
ɺ The monomial 22 u 30 u x3 u y 2 u z 0 x2
4 x3 y 2

x2 6x2 9x x2 9 y 2 x 3y
5. u 11. y
4x 6 4 x3 x 6 xy 9 y 2 x 2 3xy
2
x2 3 x (2 x 3) ( x 3 y) ( x 3 y) x 3y
u y
2 (2 x 3) 4x
3
( x 3 y) 2
x( x 3 y )
3 x 3y x ( x 3 y)
u
8 x 3y x 3y
x
x2 2 x x2 2x
6. u 2
3x 6 x
3 2
x 4
4 x 2 4 xy y 2 x 2 2 xy y 2
x ( x 2) x ( x 2) 12. u
u 2 x 2 xy y 2 8x2 2 y 2
2
3 x ( x 2) ( x 2) ( x 2) 2
(2 x y ) ( x y) 2
1 u
( x y ) (2 x y ) 2(2 x y ) (2 x y )
3( x 2)
x y
2(2 x y )
x2 x 2 x 2 3x
u 2
7. x x
3 2
x 2x 3
( x 1) ( x 2) x ( x 3) 1 1
13.
u ( x 1)( x 3) ( x 3)( x 7)
x ( x 1)
2
( x 1) ( x 3)
x7 x 1
x2
( x 1)( x 3)( x 7) ( x 1)( x 3)( x 7)
x( x 1)
2x 6
( x 1)( x 3)( x 7)
x2 4 4x 8 2 ( x 3)
8. y
x 4 x 4 3x 6
2
( x 1) ( x 3) ( x 7)
( x 2) ( x 2) 4( x 2) 2
y
( x 2) 2 3( x 2) ( x 1)( x 7)
( x 2) 3 ( x 2)
u
( x 2) 4 ( x 2) 3x 4
14.
3 (1 x)(3x 2) x(3 x 2)
4 3x 2 4(1 x)

x(1 x)(3x 2) x(1 x)(3 x 2)
4x2 6x 6x 4x2 3x 2 4 x 4
9. y
1 5x 10 x 2 13 x 3 x(1 x)(3x 2)
2 x(2 x 3) 2 x(3 2 x) ( x 2) (3 x 2)
y
1 5x (5 x 1)(2 x 3) x(1 x) (3x 2)
2 x (2 x 3) (1 5 x) (2 x 3) x2
u
1 5x 2 x (3 2 x) x(1 x)
(2 x 3) 2

3 2x 3x 9 x2
(2 x 3) 2 15.
x 2 3x x 2 2 x
2x 3 3 ( x 3) x2

x ( x 3) x ( x 2)
x 2 8 x 12 x 2 4 x 12
10. y 3 1
x 2 11x 30 x 2 x 30
x x
( x 2 8 x 12) x 2 4 x 12
y 4
x 11x 30 ( x 2 x 30)
2
x
( x 2) ( x 6) ( x 2) ( x 6)
y
( x 5) ( x 6) ( x 5) ( x 6)
( x 2) ( x 5)
u
x5 x2
1

2 4y Level 2
16.
x y x2 y 2 y 2 x 3x 2 y
19. u y (6 x 2 13 xy 6 y 2 )
2 4y y 3x 2 x y

x y ( x y )( x y ) y 2 x 3x 2 y
u y [(2 x 3 y )(3 x 2 y )]
2( x y ) 4y y 3x 2 x y

( x y )( x y ) ( x y )( x y ) (2 x y ) 3x 2 y 1
u u
2x 2 y y 3x 2x y (2 x 3 y ) (3 x 2 y )
( x y )( x y ) 1
2 ( x y) (2 x 3 y )(3x y )
( x y) ( x y)
2 8 x3 8 x 2 6 x 4x2 2x 1
20. y 2 y
x y 4x 1
2
2x x 2x
2 x (2 x 1) (2 x 3) 4x 2
2x 1
y y
2x 6 2x (2 x 1) (2 x 1) x (2 x 1) 2x
17.
x 2 9 2 x 2 12 x 18 2 x(2 x 3) 2 x 1 2x
2x 2 ( x 3) u u
2x 1 4x 2x 1
( x 3)( x 3) 2 ( x 2 6 x 9) x(2 x 3)
2x x3 2x 1

( x 3)( x 3) ( x 3) 2
2x x3

( x 3)( x 3) ( x 3)( x 3) 4a 2b 4ab 2 b3 2a 2 3ab 2b 2 2a 2 5ab 2b 2
21. y u
( x 3) a 2b a 2b 3b3 6ab 2
( x 3) ( x 3) b(2a b) 2
(a 2b) (2a b) (a 2b) (2a b)
y u
1 a 2b a 2b 3b 2 (b 2a)
x3 1 2a b
b (b 2a) 2 u u
2a b 3b 2 (b 2a)
5 3 b 2a
18.
x2 x 6 2 x2 5x 2 3b
5 3

( x 2)( x 3) ( x 2)(2 x 1) 9 10 1
5(2 x 1) 3( x 3) 22.
( x 3)( x 6) (6 x)( x 4) ( x 3)( x 4)
( x 2)( x 3)(2 x 1) ( x 2)( x 3)(2 x 1) 9( x 4) 10( x 3)
10 x 5 3 x 9
( x 3)( x 4)( x 6) ( x 3)( x 4)( x 6)
( x 2)( x 3)(2 x 1) x6
7 x 14
( x 3)( x 4)( x 6)
( x 2)( x 3)(2 x 1) 9 x 36 10 x 30 x 6
7 ( x 2) ( x 3)( x 4)( x 6)
( x 2) ( x 3)(2 x 1) 0
7
(2 x 1)( x 3) x y 1
23.
( x y ) 2 x( x y ) x y
x2 y( x y) x( x y )

x( x y ) 2 x( x y ) 2 x( x y ) 2
x 2 xy y 2 x 2 xy
x( x y )2
y2
x( x y ) 2

2 1 5y 8 x3 8 x 2 y 2 xy 2 2 x 2 xy § y ·
24. 28. u y ¨1 ¸
x 2 y x 3 y x 2 xy 6 y 2 4 x2 y 2 x2 © 2x ¹
2( x 3 y ) x 2y 5y 2 x (2 x y ) 2 x (2 x y ) 2x
u u
( x 2 y )( x 3 y ) ( x 2 y )( x 3 y ) ( x 2 y )( x 3 y ) (2 x y ) (2 x y ) 2
2 x y
x
2x 6 y x 2 y 5 y
4 x(2 x y )
( x 2 y )( x 3 y )
2x y
x 3y
( x 2 y) ( x 3 y)
§ 1 1 · 1
1 29. ¨ 2 2 ¸y 2
© x 1 x 4 ¹ x x 2
x 2y
ª 1 1 º 1
« »y
¬ ( x 1)( x 1) ( x 2)( x 2) ¼ ( x 1)( x 2)
1 x 1 x ( x 2)( x 2) ( x 1)( x 1)
2 2 u ( x 1) ( x 2)
25. ( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2) ( x 2)
x 3x 2 2 x 3x 2 2 x x 1
2
1 x 1 x x2 4 x2 1

( x 1)( x 2) ( x 2)(2 x 1) ( x 1)(2 x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)
2x 1 ( x 1)( x 1) 3

( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)
x( x 2)

( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 1) x 1
30.
2x 1 x2 1 x2 2x 1
x
( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 1) x
2 x 1
( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 1) x2 1
x
x
( x 1) u
x2 1
4a 9 1
2
1
26. y x
4a 6a a a 3
2
( x 1) u
( x 1) ( x 1)
(2a 3) (2a 3) 1
u (a 3) x
2a (2a 3) a
x 1
2a 3 2( a 3)

2a 2a
a b
2a 3 2a 6
b a
2a 31. 1 1
9
a b
2a a 2 b2
ab
x 1 2 x 2 3x 1 x 2 3x 2 ba
27. u ab
x x 1 x2 2x
a2 b2 ab
x 1 (2 x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 2) u
u ab ba
x x 1 x ( x 2)
(a b) (b a ) ab
( x 1)(2 x 1) x 1 u
ab ba
x x
ab
( x 1)(2 x 1 1)
x
2 x ( x 1) 32. (a) (i) Let f (c) c3 5c 2 2c 8 .
x (1)3 5(1) 2 2(1) 8
f (1)
2( x 1) 1 5 2 8
0
3 2
ɺ c – 1 is a factor of c + 5c + 2c – 8.

(ii) By long division, x y

34. (a) a 1 1
c 2 6c 8 x y
c 1 c 5c 2 2c 8
3
x y x y

c3 c 2 x y x y
6c 2 2c 8 2x
x y
6c 2 6c
8c 8 x y
a 1 1
8c 8 x y
x y x y
ɺ c3 5c 2 2c 8 (c 1)(c 2 6c 8)
x y x y
(c 1)(c 2)(c 4)
2y
x y
c2 1 c 2 8c 12
(b) u 3
c 7c 6 c 5c 2 2c 8
2
(b) b 1 x y
(c 1) (c 1) (c 2) (c 6) 1
u (by (a)) x y
(c 1) (c 6) (c 1) (c 2) (c 4) x y x y

1 x y x y
c4 2x
x y
33. (a) Let f ( x) x3 10 x 2 32 x 32 and x y
b 1 1
g ( x) 2 x3 11x 2 10 x 8 . x y
f (4) (4)3 10(4) 2 32(4) 32 x y x y

64 160 128 32 x y x y
0 2y

g (4) 2(4)3 11(4) 2 10(4) 8 x y
128 176 40 8
0 2x 2x
3 2
ɺ x – 4 is a common factor of x – 10x 32x – 32 b 1 a 1 x y x y
3 2 (c) u u (by (a) and (b))
and 2x – 11x 10x 8. b 1 a 1 2y 2y

x y x y
2x 2x
f ( x) ( x 4)( x 2 6 x 8) u
2y 2y
( x 4)( x 2)( x 4)
x2
( x 2)( x 4) 2
y2
g ( x) ( x 4)(2 x 2 3x 2)
( x 4)(2 x 1)( x 2)
1 B
x2 2x 8 8x 4 35. R.H.S.
3 2x 3 2x 1
x 10 x 32 x 32 2 x 11x 2 10 x 8
3 2
1(2 x 1) B(2 x 3)
( x 2) ( x 4) 4 (2 x 1) (2 x 3)(2 x 1)

( x 2)( x 4) 2
( x 4) (2 x 1) ( x 2) (2 B 2) x (3B 1)
x2 4 (2 x 3)(2 x 1)

( x 2)( x 4) ( x 4)( x 2) By comparing the like terms in the numerators on both
x24 sides, we have
10 2 B 2
( x 2)( x 4)
B 4
x2
( x 2) ( x 4) A 3(4) 1
11
1
x4

P Q 4. (a) 2x 6
36. R.H.S.
3x 1 x 2
x 3 2x 0x 5
2
P( x 2) Q(3x 1)
2x2 6x
(3x 1)( x 2)
6x 5
( P 3Q) x (2 P Q)
(3x 1)( x 2) 6 x 18
By comparing the like terms in the numerators on both 13
sides, we have ɺ Quotient 2 x 6 , remainder 13
P 3Q 1 ......(1)
2 P Q 12 ......(2) (b) 2x
(2) 2 u (1) : 7Q 14 2x 1 4x 2x 3
2
Q 2 4x2 2 x
By substituting Q = 2 into (1), we have 3
P 3(2) 1 ɺ Quotient 2x , remainder 3
P 5
5. Let f ( x) x2 2 x k .
Check Yourself (p. 5.57) By the remainder theorem,
1. (a) 9 (b) 9 (c) 8 f (3) 4
(d) 8 (e) 9 (f) 9
(g) 9 (h) 8 (i) 8 (3) 2 2(3) k 4
96k 4
2. Let f ( x) x3 2 x 2 9 x 18 . k 7
f (2) (2)3 2( 2) 2 9( 2) 18
8 8 18 18 6. ɻ f (5) 0
20 ɺ x + 5 is a factor of f(x).
By long division,
z0
x 2 5x 6
ɺ x 2 is not a factor of x3 2 x 2 9 x 18 .
f (3) (3)3 2(3) 2 9(3) 18 x 5 x3 0 x 2 19 x 30
27 18 27 18 x3 5 x 2
0 5 x 2 19 x 30
ɺ x – 3 is a factor of x3 2 x 2 9 x 18 . 5 x 2 25 x
3 2
§1· §1· §1· §1· 6 x 30
f¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 2 ¨ ¸ 9 ¨ ¸ 18
©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ 6 x 30
1 1 9 ɺ f ( x) ( x 5)( x 2 5 x 6)
18
8 2 2 ( x 5)( x 3)( x 2)
105
8
z0 7. (a) 6 x2 yz 4 2 u 3 u x2 u y u z 4
ɺ 2x – 1 is not a factor of x3 2 x 2 9 x 18 . 10 xy z 2 3
2 u 5 u x u y 2 u z3
ɺ The answer is II. ɺ H.C.F. 2 u x u y u z 3
2 xyz 3
Alternative Solution
x3 2 x 2 9 x 18 x 2 ( x 2) 9( x 2) L.C.M. 2 u 3 u 5 u x 2 u y 2 u z 4
( x 2)( x 2 9) 30 x 2 y 2 z 4
( x 2)( x 3)( x 3)
ɺ Only x – 3 is a factor of x3 2 x 2 9 x 18 . (b) x2 x 12 ( x 3)( x 4)
ɺ The answer is II.
x2 9 ( x 3)( x 3)
3. By division algorithm, we have ɺġ H.C.F. x 3
2 x 2 hx k (2 x 1)( x 2) 3 ġ L.C.M. ( x 3)( x 3)( x 4)
2x x 4x 2 3
2
2x2 5x 5
h 5
k 5

3x 2 3x 2 5 x 2 4. x2 x
8. (a) y
4x2 8x x 2 x3 3x 2 2 x 3
3x 2 ( x 1)(3 x 2) x3 2 x 2
y
4x2 8x
x2 2x 3
3x 2 2
8x
u x2 2x
4x2 ( x 1) (3 x 2)
2 3
x( x 1) ɺ Quotient = x x , remainder = 3
2
1 2y 5. By division algorithm, we have

(b) f ( x) (2 x 1)(3x 2 6 x 2) 7
2x y 4x2 y 2
1 2y (2 x)(3x 2 6 x 2) (1)(3x 2 6 x 2) 7

2 x y (2 x y )(2 x y ) 6 x3 12 x 2 4 x 3x 2 6 x 2 7
2x y 2y 6 x3 9 x 2 2 x 9

(2 x y )(2 x y ) (2 x y )(2 x y ) ɺ The required polynomial is 6x3 – 9x2 – 2x + 9.
2x y
(2 x y ) (2 x y )
1
2x y 3x3 4 x 2 2 x 7 g ( x) (3 x 5) (14 x 12)
(3x3 4 x 2 2 x 7) (14 x 12)
g ( x)
Revision Exercise 5 (p. 5.58) 3x 5
Level 1 3 x3 4 x 2 12 x 5
1. 3x 1 3x 5
4 x 2 12 x3 4 x 2 8 x 1 ġ By long division,
12 x 3 x 2 3x 1
3x 5 3x 4 x 2 12 x 5
3
4 x2 8x 1
3x3 5 x 2
4 x2
9 x 2 12 x 5
8x 1
ɺ Quotient = 3x 1 , remainder = 8 x 1 9 x 2 15 x
3x 5
2. x 2x 4
2 3x 5
x 3 x3 x 2 2 x 5 (3x 5)( x 2 3x 1)
ɺ g ( x)
x3 3x 2
ġ ġ 3x 5 ġ
x 2 3x 1
2x2 2 x 5 2
ġ ɺ The required polynomial is x – 3x 1.
2x2 6 x
3 2
4x 5 7. Let f (x) x – 2x 6x 1.
4 x 12
remainder f (3)
7
(3)3 2(3) 2 6(3) 1
ɺ Quotient = x 2 2 x 4 , remainder = 7
27 18 18 1
28
3. 2 x2 x 1
2 x 1 4 x3 0 x 2 x 3 8.
3
Let f (x) 16x – 2x – 3.
4x 2x 3 2
§ 1·
2x2 x 3 remainder f ¨ ¸
© 2¹
2x2 x 3
§ 1· § 1·
2x 3 16 ¨ ¸ 2 ¨ ¸ 3
© 2 ¹ © 2¹
2x 1
2 1 3
4
4
ɺ Quotient = 2 x 2 x 1 , remainder = 4

11 6 2
9. Let f (x) 3x – 8x 7. 15. Let f (x) 2x – ax – 12.
By the remainder theorem, ɻ f (x) is divisible by x a,
remainder f (1) i.e. x a is a factor of f (x).
3(1)11 8(1)6 7 ɺ f (a) 0
387 2(a ) 2 a ( a ) 12 0
2 2a 2 a 2 12 0
3(a 4)
2
0
2025 102
10. Let f (x) 5x 6x – 9x 2. a 42
0
remainder f (1) (a 2)( a 2) 0
a 2 or a 2
5(1)2025 6(1)102 9(1) 2
5 6 9 2
16. ɻ f (x) is divisible by x – 3,
12 i.e. x – 3 is a factor of f (x).
ɺ f (3) 0
3 2
11. Let f (x) 3x 4x x c.
2[(3) 2(3) 3][(3) a ] 12 3b(3) 0
2
9b 12
§ 1·
f ¨ ¸ 5 4
© 3¹ b
3 2 3
§ 1· § 1· § 1·
3¨ ¸ 4 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ c 5
© ¹3 © 3¹ © 3¹
17. ɻ f (x) is divisible by x 1,
1 4 1
c 5 i.e. x 1 is a factor of f (x).
9 9 3 ɺ f (1) 0
c 5
k (1) 22 3k ( 1)5 12 0
k 3k 12 0
12. Let f ( x) x3 2 x2 px 4 and g ( x) 3x3 x 2 x 1 .
f (1) g (1) Remainder f (1)
(1)3 2(1) 2 p(1) 4 3(1)3 (1) 2 (1) 1 3(1) 22 3(3)(1)5 12

1 2 p 4 3 111 3 9 12
p 9 18
13. (a) f (3)

4
(3) – 3(3) – 4
3 18. (a) f (3)
(3)3 (3) 2 8(3) 12
81 – 81 – 4 27 9 24 12 ġ
–4 0
≠0 ġ ġ ɺ x 3 is a factor of f(x).
ɺ x – 3 is not a factor of f (x).
4 3
(b) f (–1) (–1) – 3(–1) – 4 x2 4x 4
13–4 x 3 x x 2 8 x 12
3
0
ɺ x 1 is a factor of f (x). x3 3x 2
4 x 2 8 x 12
3 2
§1· §1· §1· §1· 4 x 2 12 x
14. (a) f¨ ¸ 4¨ ¸ 2¨ ¸ 6¨ ¸ 3
©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹
4 x 12
1 1
33 4 x 12
2 2
0 ɺ f ( x) ( x 3)( x 2 4 x 4)
ɺ 2x – 1 is a factor of f (x). ( x 3)( x 2) 2
3 2
§ 3· § 3· § 3· § 3·
(b) f ¨ ¸ 4¨ ¸ 2¨ ¸ 6¨ ¸ 3
© 2¹ © 2¹ © 2¹ © 2¹
27 9
93
2 2
6
z0
ɺ 2x + 3 is not a factor of f (x).

3 2
19. (a) ɻ 2x + 1 is a factor of g(x). ġ
22. Let f (x) 2x 3x – 8x 3.
§ 1· ɻ f (1) 2(1) 3(1)2 8(1) 3 0
3
ɺ g¨ ¸ 0
© 2¹ ɺ x – 1 is a factor of f (x).
3 2 By long division,
§ 1· § 1· § 1·
2¨ ¸ 5¨ ¸ k ¨ ¸ 3 0 2x2 5x 3
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹ © 2¹
x 1 2 x 3x 2 8 x 3
3
1 5 k
3 0 2 x3 2 x 2
4 4 2
k 5x2 8x 3
2
2 5x2 5x
k 4
3x 3
(b) By long division, 3 x 3
x2 2 x 3 ɺ 2 x3 3x 2 8 x 3 ( x 1)(2 x 2 5 x 3)
2x 1 2 x 5x2 4 x 3
3
( x 1)( x 3)(2 x 1)
2 x3 x 2
3 2
4 x2 4 x 3 23. Let f (x) 3x x – 8x – 6.
ġ
ɻ f (1) 3(1) (1) 8(1) 6 10 z 0
3 2
4x2 2x
f (1) 3(1) (1) 8(1) 6 0
3 2
6x 3
6 x 3
By long division,
ɺ g ( x) (2 x 1)( x 2 2 x 3) 3x 2 2 x 6
(2 x 1)( x 3)( x 1) x 1 3x x 2 8 x 6
3
3x3 3x 2
3 2
20. Let f (x) x – 2x – 7x – 4.
2x 2 8 x 6
ɻġ f (1) (1)3 2(1)2 7(1) 4 12 z 0 ġ
2 x 2 2 x
f (1) (1)3 2(1)2 7(1) 4 0
6x 6
By long division, 6 x 6
x 2 3x 4 ɺ 3x3 x 2 8 x 6 ( x 1)(3x 2 2 x 6)
x 1 x 2x2 7 x 4
3
x3 x 2
24. ( x 3) 2 ( x 6) ( x 3) 2 u ( x 6)
3x 7 x 4
2
( x 3)3 ( x 2) ( x 3)3 u ( x 2)
3x 3x 2
H.C.F. ( x 3)
2
ɺ
4x 4
4 x 4 L.C.M. ( x 3)3 u ( x 2) u ( x 6)
ɺ x3 2 x 2 7 x 4 ( x 1)( x 2 3 x 4) ( x 3)3 ( x 2)( x 6)

( x 1) 2 ( x 4)
25. 4(2 x y ) 2 ( x 2 y ) 22 u (2 x y ) 2 u ( x 2 y )
3
21. Let f (x) x + 5x – 2x – 24.
2
6(2 x y )( x 2 y )3 2 u 3 u (2 x y ) u ( x 2 y )3
ġ ɻ f (1) (1)3 5(1)2 2(1) 24 20 z 0 ɺ H.C.F. 2 u (2 x y ) u ( x 2 y )
f (1) (1)3 5(1)2 2(1) 24 18 z 0 2(2 x y )( x 2 y )
3 2
f (2) (2) 5(2) – 2(2) – 24 0 L.C.M. 22 u 3 u (2 x y ) 2 u ( x 2 y )3
By long division, 12(2 x y ) 2 ( x 2 y )3
x 2 7 x 12
x 2 x 5 x 2 2 x 24
3
26. 2 x 2 3x 2 (2 x 1) u ( x 2)
x 2x
3 2
2 x 2 5 x 2 (2 x 1) u ( x 2)
7x 2
2 x 24 ɺ H.C.F. 2 x 1
7 x 14 x
2
L.C.M. (2 x 1) u ( x 2) u ( x 2)
12 x 24 (2 x 1)( x 2)( x 2)
12 x 24
ɺ x3 5 x 2 2 x 24 ( x 2)( x 2 7 x 12)
( x 2)( x 3)( x 4)

27. 2 x 2 12 x 18 2 u ( x 2 6 x 9) 1 3x 6
32.
2 u ( x 3) 2 x 1 x2 4
1 3 ( x 2)
2x 9x 9x
3 2
x u (2 x 2 9 x 9)
x 1 ( x 2) ( x 2)
x u (2 x 3) u ( x 3)
1 3
ɺ H.C.F. x3
x 1 x 2
L.C.M. 2 u x u (2 x 3) u ( x 3) 2 x2 3( x 1)

2 x(2 x 3)( x 3) 2 ( x 1)( x 2) ( x 1)( x 2)
4x 1
6 x 4 2 x 2 3x ( x 2)( x 1)
28. u
6 x 2 9 x 3x 2 2 x
2 (3 x 2) x (2 x 3) x3 x 1
u 33.
3x (2 x 3) x (3x 2) x 2 3x 2 x 2 5 x 6
x3 x 1
2
( x 1)( x 2) ( x 2)( x 3)
3x
( x 3) 2 ( x 1) 2

2x 4 x2 ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
29. y
x 8 x 16 4 x 16
2 x2 6x 9 x2 2x 1
2( x 2) x2 ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
y
( x 4) 2
4( x 4) 4x 8
2 ( x 2) 4 ( x 4) ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
u
( x 4) 2
x2 4 ( x 2)
8 ( x 1) ( x 2) ( x 3)
x4 4
( x 1)( x 3)
x2 y 2 4 x 2 3xy y 2
30. y
x 2 xy y
2 2
y 4x Level 2
( x y) ( x y) ( x y ) (4 x y ) 34. 2x 5
y x 2 2 x 1 2 x3 x 2 x 9
( x y) 2 (4 x y )
2 x3 4 x 2 2 x
x y 1
u 5x2 x9
x y x y
1 5 x 10 x 5
2
yx 11x 4
ɺ Quotient 2 x 5 , remainder 11x 4
2 3
31. 35.
x 2 x ( x 1)( x 2)
2
x 1
2 3 3x 2 3x 3x3 0 x 2 2 x 5

x( x 2) ( x 1)( x 2) 3x3 3x 2
2( x 1) 3x 3x 2 2 x 5

x( x 1)( x 2) x( x 1)( x 2)
3x 2 3x
x 2
5x 5
x( x 1)( x 2)
ɺ Quotient x 1 , remainder 5 x 5
( x 2)
x( x 1) ( x 2) x3
36.
1 2 x 2 0 x 1 2 x3 6 x 2 0 x 3

x( x 1) 2 x3 0 x 2 x
6x2 x 3
6 x 2 0 x 3
x
ɺ Quotient x 3 , remainder x

3 2
37. 2x2 6 x 5 41. Let f (x) ax – 11x bx 40 and Q(x) be the quotient
2
2 x 3x 1 4 x 6 x 6 x 2 0 x 2
2 4 3
when f (x) is divided by x – 2x – 8.
4 x 4 6 x3 2 x 2
f ( x) ( x 2 2 x 8) Q( x)
12x3 8 x 2 0 x ( x 2)( x 4) Q( x)
12 x3 18 x 2 6 x ɺ f (x) is divisible by x 2 and x – 4,
10x 2 6 x 2 i.e. x 2 and x – 4 are factors of f (x).
ɺ f (–2) 0 and f (4) 0
10x 2 15 x 5
f (2) 0
9x 7
a(2)3 11(2) 2 b(2) 40 0
Quotient 2 x 6 x 5 , remainder 9 x 7
2
ɺ 8a 44 2b 40 0
4a b 2 (1)
38. By division algorithm, f (4) 0
x 2 ax 12 ( x 2)( x 1) b
a (4)3 11(4) 2 b(4) 40 0
x 2 3x 2 b
64a 176 4b 40 0
a 3 16a b 34 (2)
(2) – (1): 12a 36
12 2 b a 3
b 14 By substituting a 3 into (1), we have
4(3) b 2
3
39. Let f (x) ax 3x – 8x b.
2
b 14
When f (x) is divided by 2x,
remainder 1 42. By division algorithm, we have
f (0) 1 2 x3 4 x 2 ax b ( x 1)(2 x 2 6 x 1) (3b 5)
a(0)3 3(0) 2 8(0) b 1 2 x3 2 x 2 6 x 2 6 x x 1 3b 5
b 1 2 x3 4 x 2 7 x (3b 6)
When f (x) is divided by x – 2, By comparing the coefficient of x, we have
remainder 19 a 7
f (2) 19 By comparing the constant term, we have
a (2)3 3(2) 2 8(2) 1 19 b 3b 6
8a 12 16 1 19 b 3
8a 16
a 2 43. Let f ( x) 2 x4 ax3 20 x 2 6 x 2 .
ɻ f ( x) is divisible by 2x – a,
3 2 3 2
40. Let f (x) 2x – x – ax b and g(x) bx – 2x – x a. i.e. 2x – a is a factor of f ( x) .
ɻ x – 1 is a common factor of f (x) and g(x).
ɺ §a·
ɺ f (1) 0 and g (1) 0 f¨ ¸ 0
©2¹
f (1) 0 4 3 2
§a· §a· §a· §a·
2(1) (1) a(1) b 0
3 2 2 ¨ ¸ a ¨ ¸ 20 ¨ ¸ 6 ¨ ¸ 2 0
©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹
a b 1 (1) 4 4
a a
g (1) 0 5a 2 3a 2 0
8 8
b(1)3 2(1)2 (1) a 0 5a 2 3a 2 0
ab 3 (2) (5a 2)(a 1) 0
(1) + (2): 2a 4 2
a or a 1
a 2 5
2b 1 44. By division algorithm, we have
b 1 4 x3 20 x 2 25 x 14
(2 x 2 ax 3)(2 x 3) (bx c)
4 x3 2ax 2 6 x 6 x 2 3ax 9 bx c
4 x3 (2a 6) x 2 (3a b 6) x (c 9)

By comparing the constant term, we have 47. (a) ɻ f (x) is divisible by x 1,

14 c 9 i.e. x 1 is a factor of f (x).
c 5 ɺ f (1) 0
By comparing the coefficient of x we have 2, 4(1) m(1) n(1) 2 0
3 2
20 (2a 6) 4 m n 2 0
a 7 m n 6 ......(1)
By comparing the coefficient of x, we have By the remainder theorem,
25 3a b 6 f (2) 12
25 3(7) b 6 4(2)3 m(2) 2 n(2) 2 12
b 2 32 4m 2n 2 12
2m n 11 ......(2)
45. (a) ɻ 2x – 3 is a factor of f (x). (2) – (1): m 5
§3·
ɺ f¨ ¸ 0 By substituting m 5 into (1), we have
©2¹ 5n 6
3 2
§3· § 3· § 3· n 1
2¨ ¸ 9¨ ¸ p ¨ ¸ 6 0
©2¹ © 2¹ © 2¹
27 81 3 (b) f ( x) 4 x 3 5 x 2 x 2
p6 0
4 4 2 By long division,
3 39 f ( x) ( x 1)(4 x 2 x 2)
p
2 2
Consider 4 x 2 x 2 0.
p 13
' 12 4(4)(2)
3 2 1 32
(b) f (x) 2x – 9x + 13x – 6 (by (a))
By long division, 33
f ( x) (2 x 3)( x 2 3x 2) !0
(2 x 3)( x 1)( x 2) ɺ 4 x 2 x 2 0 has two unequal real roots.
f ( x) 0 ɺ f ( x) 0 has more than one real roots.
(2 x 3)( x 1)( x 2) 0 ɺ The claim is disagreed.
3
x or x 1 or x 2
2 48. (a) f ( x) 2 x3 x 2 x 3
3 2
§ 3·§ 3· § 3· § 3·
ɻ f ¨ ¸
2¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 3
46. (a) By division algorithm, we have © 2¹© 2¹ © 2¹ © 2¹
27 9 3
ġ 3 ġ
4 4 2
2 x3 px 2 qx 2 (2 x 3)( x 2 x 1) r 0
2 x3 3x 2 2 x 2 3x 2 x 3 r ɺ 2x 3 is a factor of f (x).
2 x3 x 2 5 x r 3 By long division,
x2 x 1
2x 3 2x x x 3
3 2
p 1
2 x3 3x 2
q 5 2x2 x 3
By comparing the constant term on both sides, 2 x 2 3x
2 r 3
2x 3
r 5
2x 3
(b) f (x ) 5 ɺġ f ( x) (2 x 3)( x 2 x 1)
(2 x 3)( x 2 x 1) 5 5
(2 x 3)( x 2 x 1) 0
2x 3 0 or x 2 x 1 0
3 (1) r (1) 2 4(1)(1)
x or x
2 2(1)
1 5 1 5
or
2 2

(b) f ( x) 0 f ( x) 0
(2 x 3)( x x 1)
2
0 ( x 2)(3 x 1)(2 x 3)( x 1) 0
3 1 3
x or x2 x 1 0 x 2 or x or x or x 1
2 3 2
2
For x – x 1 0, 1 3
ɻ , , 1 and 2 are all rational numbers.
' (1) 2 4(1)(1) 3 2
3 ɺ All the roots of the equation f (x) 0 are rational
numbers.
0
2 ɺ The claim is agreed.
ɺ The equation x – x 1 0 has no real roots, thus
no irrational roots. 2
50. Let ax b be the quotient when f (x) is divided by x + 1.
3 By division algorithm,
ɻ is a rational root.
2 f ( x) ( x2 1)(ax b) (7 x)
ɺ The equation f (x) 0 has no irrational root.
f (3) 0
[(3) 2 1][a( 3) b] [7 ( 3)] 0
10(3a b) 10
49. (a) f ( x) 6 x4 25x3 kx2 5x 6
3a b 1 ......(1)
ɻġ f (x) is divisible by x – 2,
i.e. x – 2 is a factor of f (x). f (1) 20
ɺ f (2) 0 [(1) 2 1][a(1) b] [7 (1)] 20
6(2) 4 25(2)3 k (2) 2 5(2) 6 0 2(a b) 14
ġ 96 200 4k 10 6 0 ġ a b 7 ......(2)
4k 120 (2) – (1): 4a 8
k 30 a 2
2b 7
§ 1·
(b) f ¨ ¸ b 5
© 3¹
4 3 2
ɺ The required quotient is 2x 5.
§ 1· § 1· § 1· § 1·
ġ 6 ¨ ¸ 25 ¨ ¸ 30 ¨ ¸ 5 ¨ ¸ 6
© 3¹ © 3¹ © 3¹ © 3¹ 51. Let ax 2 bx c be the quotient when f ( x) is divided
2 25 10 5
6 by x 2 .
27 27 3 3 By division algorithm,
0
f ( x) ( x 2)(ax 2 bx c)
ɺġ 3x 1 is a factor of f (x).
f (0) 12
(c) By long division, (0 2)[ a(0) 2 b(0) c] 12
6 x3 13x 2 4 x 3 c 6
x 2 6 x 25 x3 30 x 2 5 x 6
4
f (1) 36
6 x 4 12 x3 (1 2)[a(1) 2 b(1) 6] 36
13x3 30 x 2 5 x 6 a b 18 ......(1)
13x3 26 x 2 § 1· 135
f ¨ ¸
© 2¹ 8
4x 5x 6
2
ª§ 1 · º ª § 1 · § 1· º
2
135
4x2 8x «¨ 2 ¸ 2 » « a ¨ 2 ¸ b ¨ 2 ¸ 6 »
¬© ¹ ¼ ¬« © ¹ © ¹ ¼» 8
3x 6
1 1 21
3x 6 a b
4 2 4
2 x2 5x 3 a 2b 21 ......(2)
3 x 1 6 x 13 x 2 4 x 3
3
(1) – (2): 3b 39
6 x3 2 x 2 b 13
15 x 2 4 x 3 By substituting b 13 into (1), we have
a + 13 18
15 x 2 5 x a 5
9x 3 f ( x) 0
9x 3 ( x 2)(5 x 2 13x 6) 0
( x 2)(5 x 2)( x 3) 0
ɺ f ( x) ( x 2)(3x 1)(2 x 2 5 x 3)
ġ 2
( x 2)(3x 1)(2 x 3)( x 1) x 2 or x or x 3
5

2 ɺ f ( x) g ( x) ( x k )Q2 ( x)
ɻ is not an integer.
5 ( x k )Q1 ( x) 2 g ( x) ( x k )Q2 ( x)
ɺ Not all the roots of the equation f (x) 0 are integers. g ( x) ( x k )Q1 ( x) 2 ( x k )Q2 ( x)
ɺ The claim is disagreed. ( x k )[Q2 ( x) Q1 ( x)] 2
52. Let ax b be the quotient when f (x) is divided by Let Q2 ( x) Q1 ( x) 0 , g ( x) 2

x 2 3x 2 . Let Q2 ( x) Q1 ( x) 1 , g ( x) xk 2
By division algorithm, Let Q2 ( x) Q1 ( x) 1 , g ( x) x k 2
2
f (x) (ax b)(x – 3x 2) ɺ The possible polynomials g(x) are –2 or x – k – 2
3
x + g(x) or –x k – 2 (or any other reasonable answers).
3
a 1 56. Let f (x) x – 1.
2016
f (2) 72 (a) By the remainder theorem,

[(2) 2 3( 2) 2][( 2) b] 72 remainder f (1)
12b 24 72 (1) 2016 1
b 8 11
ɺ f ( x ) ( x 2
3 x 2)( x 8) 0
x3 3 x 2 2 x 8 x 2 24 x 16 (b) ɻ x
2016
– 1 is divisible by x – 1.
2016
x 5 x 22 x 16
3 2 ɺ 25 – 1 is divisible by 24.
2016
g ( x) 5 x 2 22 x 16 ɺ The time after (25 – 1) hours is 18:00.
2016
i.e. The time after 25 hours is 19:00.
53. (a) By the remainder theorem,
remainder f (–1 1) f (0) (0)3 k k 57. 4 x 4 64 22 u ( x 4 16)
ɺ k 1 22 u ( x 2 4) u ( x 2 4)
Alternative Solution 22 u ( x 2) u ( x 2) u ( x 2 4)
f ( x 1) ( x 1)3 k ( x 1) ( x 1)2 k 8 x 2 32 x 32 23 u ( x 2 4 x 4)
ɺ When f (x 1) is divided by x 1, the remainder 23 u ( x 2) 2
is k.
ɺ k 1 x 2 6 x 8 ( x 2) u ( x 4)
ɺ H.C.F. x 2
(b) By the remainder theorem, L.C.M. 23 u ( x 2) u ( x 2) 2 u ( x 4) u ( x 2 4)
remainder f (2(2)) f (4) (4) 1 65
3
8( x 2)( x 2) 2 ( x 4)( x 2 4)
54. By the remainder theorem,

58. 9 x 2 12 xy 4 y 2 (3x 2 y ) 2
remainder f (2 – 1) 4
f (1) 4 6 x 5 xy 6 y
2 2
(2 x 3 y )(3x 2 y )
(1) 2 a(1) b 4 9 x 3xy 6 y
2 2
3 u (3x 2 xy 2 y 2 )
ab 3 (1) 3 u ( x y ) u (3x 2 y )
ɻ f (x 1) is divisible by x 2, ɺ H.C.F. 3 x 2 y
i.e. x 2 is a factor of f (x 1).
L.C.M. 3 u ( x y ) u (2 x 3 y ) u (3 x 2 y ) 2
ɺ f (2 1) 0
f (1) 0 3( x y )(2 x 3 y )(3 x 2 y ) 2
(1) 2 a(1) b 0
ab 1 (2) 59. (a) f ( x) (2 x 2 5) 2 (3x 1) 2
(1) (2): 2a 4 (2 x 2 5 3x 1)(2 x 2 5 3x 1)
a 2 (2 x 2 3x 4)(2 x 2 3 x 6)
ɻ g (3) 2(3)3 3(3)2 5(3) 12 0
2b 3
ɺ x – 3 is a factor of g(x).
b 1
By long division,
g ( x) 2 x3 3 x 2 5 x 12
55. Let Q1(x) and Q2(x) be the quotients when f (x) and
( x 3)(2 x 2 3 x 4)
f (x) g(x) are divided by x – k respectively.
(b) H.C.F. 2 x 3x 4
2
f ( x) ( x k )Q1 ( x) 2
ɻ f (x) + g(x) is divisible by x – k, L.C.M. ( x 3)(2 x 2 3x 6)(2 x 2 3x 4)
i.e. x – k is a factor of f(x) + g(x).

60. x4 y 2 z x4 u y 2 u z 1 2x 3 x2 x 2
65. u
H.C.F. xy 2 z x x 1 4x2 9
x u y2 u z 1 2x 3 ( x 1) ( x 2)
u
L.C.M. x4 y 2 z3 x x 1 (2 x 3) (2 x 3)
x4 u y 2 u z3 1 x2

The exponent of x in the monomial is 1. x 2x 3
The exponent of y in the monomial is 2. 2x 3 x( x 2)

The exponent of z in the monomial is 3. x(2 x 3) x(2 x 3)
ɺ The monomial x1 u y 2 u z 3 x2 4x 3
2 3
xy z x(2 x 3)
( x 1)( x 3)
61. (a) L.C.M. 6 x3 30 x 2 12 x 48 x(2 x 3)
6( x3 5 x 2 2 x 8)
6( x 1)( x 2 6 x 8) 1 1 2
66. y
6( x 1)( x 2)( x 4) x 2 6 x 8 x 2 4 x 4 x 2 7 x 12
1 1 2
y
( x 2)( x 4) ( x 2) 2 ( x 3)( x 4)
(b) H.C.F. 2 x 2 2( x 1)
1 2
ɺ The possible set of the two polynomials is u ( x 2) 2
( x 2) ( x 4) ( x 3)( x 4)
‘2(x 1), 6(x 1)(x – 2)(x 4)’ or
‘6(x 1)(x – 2), 2(x 1)(x – 4)’ x2 2

(or any other reasonable answers). x 4 ( x 3)( x 4)
( x 2)( x 3) 2
2a 2 a 3 2a 2 2
62. u 3 ( x 3)( x 4) ( x 3)( x 4)
2a a 1 2a a 2 4a 3
2
x2 5x 6 2
2a 2 a 3 2( a 2 1)
u ( x 3)( x 4)
(2a 1)(a 1) (a 1)(2a 2 a 3)
x2 5x 4
2a 2 a 3 2 (a 1) (a 1)
u ( x 3)( x 4)
(2a 1) (a 1) (a 1) (2a 2 a 3)
( x 1) ( x 4)
2 ( x 3) ( x 4)
2a 1
x 1
x3
m 2 4n 2 m 2n m 2n
63. u y
m m 2 n 6mn 2 m 2n
3
m
1 § 1 1 ·
( m 2n) ( m 2 n) m 2n m 67. ¨ 2 2 ¸
u u x y xy © x y xy
2 2 2
x y2 ¹
m (m 3n) (m 2n) m 2n m 2n
1 ª 1 1 º
1 « »
xy ( x y ) ¬ xy ( x y ) ( x y )( x y ) ¼
m 3n
1 ª x y xy º
« »
xy ( x y ) ¬ xy ( x y )( x y ) xy ( x y )( x y ) ¼
3 w w
64. 1 x y xy
16w2 36 2w 3 2w 3
3 w w xy ( x y ) xy ( x y )( x y )

4(4w 9) 2w 3 2w 3
2 x y x y xy

3 4w(2w 3) 4 w(2 w 3) xy ( x y )( x y ) xy ( x y )( x y )

4(2w 3)(2w 3) 4(2 x 3)(2 w 3) 4(2 w 3)(2 w 3) x y x y xy
24w 3 xy ( x y )( x y )
4(2w 3)(2 w 3) 2 y xy
3(8w 1) xy ( x y )( x y )
4(2w 3)(2 w 3) y ( x 2)
x y ( x y )( x y )
x2
x( x y )( x y )

3 p 2 q pq 2 1 p 2q 2 (b) Let x be the x-coordinate of P.

68. u y
6 p 2q (q 1) 2 q 1 p q ɻ PQ is parallel to the y-axis.
ɺ y-coordinate of Q 2 x 2 9 x 11
pq (3 p q ) 1 p 2(q 1)
u y 1
2 (3 p q) (q 1) 2 q 1 pq Area of ːOPQ u OP u PQ
2
pq p pq
u 1
2(q 1) 2 q 1 2(q 1) 1.5 u x u (2 x 2 9 x 11)
2
pq p( p q)
3 2x 3 9 x 2 11x
2(q 1) 2 2(q 1) 2
2 x3 9 x 2 11x 3 0
pq p 2 pq
(2 x 3)( x 2 3 x 1) 0 (by (a))
2(q 1) 2
p ( p 2q ) 2 x 3 0 or x 2 3 x 1 0
2(q 1) 2 3 (3) r (3) 2 4(1)(1)
x or x
2 2(1)
1 1 3 5 3 5
1 1 or
69. x x 2 2
1 1 3
1 1
x x ġ ġ ɺġ The possible x-coordinates of P are or
2
1 x 1 x
3 5 3 5
x x or .
x 1 x 1 2 2
x x
1 x 1 x Challenging Questions (p. 5.62)
1. 32032 33u677 1 3 u (33 )677 3 u 27677
x 1 x 1
( x 1) 2 (1 x)( x 1) Let f ( x) 3x677 .

( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)( x 1) Remainder when f ( x) is divided by x – 1
x 2x 1 x 2x 1
2 2 f (1) 3(1)677 3
677
( x 1)( x 1) ɺ When 3x is divided by x – 1, the remainder is 3.
677
2( x 2 1) ɺ When 3(27) is divided by 26, the remainder is 3.
2032
i.e. When 3 is divided by 26, the remainder is 3.
( x 1)( x 1)
4 3 2
2. Let f (x) x – x 10x – 3x 35 and
3 2
70. b 1 a 1 g(x) 5x – 13x 41x – 21.
y
b 1 a 1 3 2
§3· §3· §3· §3·
1 1 ɻ g ¨ ¸ 5 ¨ ¸ 13 ¨ ¸ 41¨ ¸ 21 0
1 1 5
© ¹ 5
© ¹ 5
© ¹ ©5¹
x 1 y 1
x
1 1 ɺ 5x – 3 is a factor of g(x).
1 1 By long division, we have
x 1 x 1 2
g(x) (5x – 3)(x – 2x 7)
1 x 1 1 x 1
§3·
x 1 y x 1 f¨ ¸
1 x 1 1 x 1 ©5¹
x 1 x 1 4
§3· § 3·
3
§ 3· § 3·
2
x x2 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 10 ¨ ¸ 3 ¨ ¸ 35
y ©5¹ ©5¹ ©5¹ ©5¹
x 2 x 22 946
x x
u 625
( x 2) x 2 z0
x2 ɺ 5x – 3 is not a factor of f (x).
( x 2)( x 2) By long division,
x2 x 5
71. (a) Let f ( x) 2 x3 9 x2 11x 3. x 2 2 x 7 x 4 x3 10 x 2 3x 35
3 2 x 4 2 x3 7 x 2
§3· §3· §3· §3·
ɻ f¨ ¸ 2 ¨ ¸ 9 ¨ ¸ 11¨ ¸ 3
©2¹ 2
© ¹ 2
© ¹ ©2¹ x3 3x 2 3x 35
27 81 33 x3 2 x 2 7 x
3
4 4 2 5 x 2 10 x 35
0
5 x 2 10 x 35
ɺ 2x – 3 is a factor of 2 x3 9 x 2 11x 3. 2 2
ɺ f (x) (x – 2x 7)(x x 5)
2
ɺ The required common factor is x – 2x 7.

3. Let y x 2 15x 21 . Let f3 ( x) x3 2 x 2 3x 4.

Then the equation becomes f 3 (1) (1)3 2(1) 2 3( 1) 4
y 4y 3 1 2 3 4
y 2
4y 3 0
y2 4 y 3 0 ɺ x + 1 is a factor of x3 2 x 2 3x 4 ,
( y 1)( y 3) 0 i.e. x3 2 x 2 3x 4 is divisible by x + 1.
y 1 or y 3 Let f 4 ( x) x3 2 x 2 3x 4.
x 15 x 21 1 or x 15 x 21 3
2 2
f 4 (1) (1)3 2(1)2 3(1) 4
x 15 x 20 0 or x 15 x 18 0
2 2
1 2 3 4
15 § 15 · 6
ɺ The sum of the roots ¨ ¸ 30
1 © 1¹ z0
ɺ x + 1 is not a factor of x3 2 x 2 3x 4 ,
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 5.62)
1. Answer: D i.e. x3 2 x 2 3x 4 is not divisible by x + 1.
2x 3 ɺ The answer is C.
x 2 x 2 2 x3 x 2 3x 7
5. Answer: C
2 x3 2 x 2 4 x
Let f ( x) x2m 1 x k.
3x 2 x 7 ɻ x + 1 is a factor of f (x).
3 x 2 3 x 6 ɺ f (1) 0
2x 1 (1)2 m 1 (1) k 0
ɺ Quotient 2 x 3 , remainder 2x 1 1 1 k 0
k 0
2. Answer: B
By the remainder theorem, 6. Answer: B
§1· ɻ Q(x) is divisible by x 1.
P¨ ¸ R
©4¹ ɺ Q(x – 1) is divisible by (x – 1) 1 x.
Remainder when P(x) is divided by 1 – 4x
§1· 7. Answer: D
P¨ ¸
©4¹ ɻ f (x) is divisible by x 1,
R i.e. x 1 is a factor of f (x).
ɺ f (1) 0
3. Answer: A 3(1) 2 p(1) 3 0
15 2
ġ ġ ġ ġ
Let f ( x) x3 x2 2 x 1. 3 2 p 3 0
By the remainder theorem, p 3
remainder f (2) Remainder f (1)
(2)3 (2) 2 2(2) 1 3(1)15 2(3)(1) 2 3
8 4 4 1 ġ
3 63
9 6
4. Answer: C 8. Answer: C
Let f1 ( x) x3 2 x 2 3x 4. ɻ f (x) is divisible by x 2,
f1 (1) (1)3 2(1) 2 3(1) 4 i.e. x 2 is a factor of f (x).
ɺ f (2) 0
1 2 3 4
2(2) a(2) b(2) 4 0
3 2
2
16 4a 2b 4 0
z0
2a b 6 ......(1)
ɺ x + 1 is not a factor of x3 2 x 2 3x 4 ,
When f (x) is divided by x – 1,
i.e. x3 2 x 2 3x 4 is not divisible by x + 1. remainder 3
Let f 2 ( x) x3 2 x 2 3x 4. f (1) 3
f 2 (1) (1)3 2(1) 2 3(1) 4 2(1)3 a (1)2 b(1) 4 3
1 2 3 4 ab 9 ......(2)
4 (1) (2): 3a 3
z0 a 1
ɺ x + 1 is not a factor of x 2 x 3x 4 ,
3 2
i.e. x3 2 x 2 3x 4 is not divisible by x + 1.

By substituting a –1 into (2), we have 12. Answer: C

1 b 9 8x2 2 x 2 x(4 x 1)
b 8 2 u x u (4 x 1)
f ( x) 2 x3 x 2 8 x 4 16 x3 8 x 2 x x(16 x 2 8 x 1)
3 2
§1· §1· §1· §1· x u (4 x 1) 2
ɺ f¨ ¸ 2¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 8¨ ¸ 4
©2¹ ©2¹ © 2¹ ©2¹ ɺ H.C.F. x u (4 x 1)
1 1 x(4 x 1)
44
4 4
0 L.C.M. 2 u x u (4 x 1) 2
2 x(4 x 1) 2
9. Answer: B
ɻ f (x) is divisible by x 1. 13. Answer: B
ɺ x 1 is a factor of f (x). 12a 2bc 22 u 3 u a 2 u b u c
ɺ f (1) 0
H.C.F. 6abc
m(1)7 5( 1) 6 n 0 2 u 3u a u b u c
ġ ġ
m 5 n 0 L.C.M. 60a 2b2c 2
m n 5 22 u 3 u 5 u a 2 u b 2 u c 2
Remainder f (1) ɺ The monomial 2 u 3 u 5 u a u b 2 u c 2
m(1)7 5(1)6 n 30ab 2c 2
mn5
ġ
m n (m n) 14. Answer: A
mnmn x2 y 2 1
u
2m x y xy x y x y
2 2
( x y )( x y ) 1
u
10. Answer: C xy ( x y ) ( x y ) x y
ġ ɻ x – 1 is the H.C.F. of f (x) and g(x).
( x y) ( x y) 1
ɺ x – 1 is a common factor of f (x) and g(x). u
( xy 1) ( x y ) x y
ɺ f (1) 0 and g (1) 0
f (1) 0 1
xy 1
(1) a(1) b
2
0
ab 1 ......(1)
15. Answer: B
g (1) 0
2 3
(1) 2 2b(1) a 0
x2 1 x2 x 2
a 2b 1 ......(2) 2 3
(2) – (1): b 2
( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)
By substituting b 2 into (1), we have 2( x 2) 3( x 1)

a 2 1 ( x 1)( x 1)( x 2) ( x 1)( x 1)( x 2)
a 3 x 1
( x 1)( x 1)( x 2)
11. Answer: A
( x 1)
15a 7b 4 3 u 5 u a 7 u b 4
( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)
5a 4 b 2 c 8 5 u a 4 u b 2 u c8
1
9a b c 32 u a 2 u b5 u c3
2 5 3
( x 1)( x 2)
ɺ H.C.F. a 2 u b 2
a 2b 2

HKMO (p. 5.63) Investigation Corner (p. 5.71)

1. Let f ( x) 2 x3 5x2 24 x 11 and g ( x) x3 7 x 22 .
ɻ g (2) (2)3 7(2) 22 0 1. (a) (i) f ( x) F Ax 4 Bx3 Cx 2 Dx E
ɺ x – 2 is a factor of g(x). ( A B C D E)
By long division, A( x 4 1) B ( x3 1)
x 2 2 x 11
C ( x 2 1) D( x 1)
x 2 x3 0 x 2 7 x 22
ɻ f (1) F A[(1) 4 1] B[(1)3 1]
x3 2 x 2
C[(1) 2 1] D[(1) 1]
2 x 2 7 x 22
0
2 x2 4 x ɺ x 1 is a factor of f (x) – F.
11x 22 (ii) ɻ x + 1 is a factor of f (x) – F,
11x 22 i.e. f (x) – F is divisible by x 1.
ɺ f (10) – F is divisible by 10 + 1.
ɺ g ( x) ( x 2)( x2 2 x 11)
Let Q be the quotient when f (10) – F is divided
By long division,
by 11.
2x 1
f (10) F 11Q
x 2 2 x 11 2 x 3 5 x 2 24 x 11
f (10) 11Q F
2 x3 4 x 2 22 x
If F is divisible by 11, then F 11M where M is
x2 2 x 11 an integer.
x2 2 x 11 ɺ f (10) 11Q 11M
11(Q M ) , where Q M is an
ɺ x 2 x 11 is a factor of f(x).
2
ɺ a = 2, b = 11 integer.
ɺ f (10) is divisible by 11.
Q ab
2 11 (b) For an identity number ‘ABCDE’, since
13 f (10) A u 104 + B u 103 + C u 102 + D u 101 + E
the value of the 5-digit number ‘ABCDE’, by the
fact in (a)(ii), if A – B + C – D + E is divisible by 11,
2. Let f(x) = x3 + kx2 + 3.
then the identity number is divisible by 11.
f (3) f (1) 2
2. Consider the 5-digit number 31 658.
(3)3 k (3) 2 3 (1)3 k (1) 2 3 2 Then A 3, B 1, C 6, D 5 and E 8.
9k 24 k F A–BC–DE
8k 24 3–16–58
11
k 3 ɻ F is divisible by 11.
ɺ 31 658 is divisible by 11.
Consider the 5-digit number 35 618.
Then A 3, B 5, C 6, D 1 and E 8.
F A–BC–DE
3–56–18
11
ɻ F is divisible by 11.
Consider the 5-digit number 61 358.
Then A 6, B 1, C 3, D 5 and E 8.
F A–BC–DE
6–13–58
11
ɻ F is divisible by 11.
ɺ 31 658 or 35 618 or 61 358 are divisible by 11.
(or any other ‘ABCDE’ with (B 1 and D 5)
or (B 5 and D 1))

Exam Focus
Suggested Solutions Marks Remarks

Try a Similar Question (p. 5.65)
(a) p( x) ( x 2 1)(2 x 2 9 x 7) (ax a) 1M
Since p(3) 0 , we have 1M
(32 1)[2(3)2 9(3) 7] [a(3) a] 0
2a 20
a 10 1A
(3)
(b) From (a), p( x) ( x 2 1)(2 x 2 9 x 7) (10 x 10)
§ 1·
p¨ ¸
© 2¹
ª§ 1 · 2 º ª § 1 · 2 § 1· º ª § 1· º
«¨ ¸ 1» « 2 ¨ ¸ 9 ¨ ¸ 7 » «10 ¨ ¸ 10 »
«¬© 2 ¹ »¼ «¬ © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹ »¼ ¬ © 2 ¹ ¼
§5·
¨ ¸ (12) (15)
©4¹
0
ɺ 2x + 1 is a factor of p(x). 1
(1)
(c) p( x) ( x 2 1)(2 x 2 9 x 7) (10 x 10)
2 x 4 9 x3 9 x 2 x 3
Note that x – 3 and 2x + 1 are factors of p(x) and
( x 3)(2 x 1) 2 x 2 5 x 3 .
By long division,
x2 2x 1
2 x 5x 3 2 x 9 x 9 x x 3
2 4 3 2
2 x 4 5 x3 3x 2
4 x 3 12 x 2 x 3
4 x 3 10 x 2 6 x
2 x2 5x 3
2 x2 5x 3
ɺ p ( x) ( x 3)(2 x 1)( x 2 2 x 1)
( x 1)2 ( x 3)(2 x 1) 1M + 1A
p ( x) 0
( x 1) ( x 3)(2 x 1) 0
2
1
x 1 or x 3 or x
2
1
ɻ 1, 3 and are all rational numbers.
2
ɺ All the roots of the equation p(x) = 0 are rational numbers.
ɺ The claim is agreed. 1A follow through
(3)


Exam-type Questions (p. 5.66)
1. (a) Let ax + b be the quotient when f (x) is divided by x2 – 4.
f ( x) ( x 2 4)(ax b) (2 x k ) 1M
ɻ x – 2 is a factor of f(x).
ɺ f (2) 0
i.e. (22 4)[a(2) b] [2(2) k ] 0 1M
4k 0
k 4 1A
(3)
(b) f (0) 8 1M
[(0)2 4][a(0) b] [2(0) 4] 8
4b 4 8 for either one
b 1 1A
f (1) 0
[(1)2 4][a(1) b] [2(1) 4] 0
a b 2 ......(1)
By substituting b = 1 into (1), we have
–a + 1 = –2
a=3 1A
f ( x) ( x 2 4)(3x 1) (2 x 4)
( x 2)( x 2)(3x 1) 2( x 2)
( x 2)(3 x 2 7 x 2) 2( x 2)
( x 2)(3 x 2 7 x 4)
( x 2)( x 1)(3x 4) 1M
f ( x) 0
( x 2)( x 1)(3x 4) 0
3
x 2 or x 1 or x
4
3
4
ɺ Not all the roots of the equation f (x) = 0 are integers.
ɺ The claim is disagreed. 1A follow through
(5)
2. (a) Let ax + b be the quotient when f (x) is divided by

3x2 + 4x + 3.
f (x) = (3x2 + 4x + 3)(ax + b) + (5 – 2x) 1M
f (–2) = –54 1M
[3(2) 4(2) 3][a(2) b] [5 2(2)] 54
2
7(2a b) 63
for either one
2a b 9......(1)
§5·
f ¨ ¸=0
©2¹
ª § 5 ·2 §5· ºª §5· º ª § 5 ·º
« 3 ¨ ¸ 4 ¨ ¸ 3» « a ¨ ¸ b » « 5 2 ¨ ¸ » 0
¬« © ¹2 2 2
© ¹ ¼» ¬ © ¹ ¼ ¬ © 2 ¹¼
127 § 5 ·
¨ a b¸ 0
4 ©2 ¹
5a 2b 0......(2)


(1) u 2: –4a + 2b = –18 ……(3)
(2) – (3): 9a = 18
a=2
By substituting a = 2 into (1), we have
–2(2) + b = –9
b = –5
ɺ The required quotient is 2x – 5. 1A
(3)
(b) f ( x) 0
(3x 4 x 3)(2 x 5) (5 2 x)
2
0 (by (a)) 1M
(3x 4 x 2)(2 x 5)
2
0
5
3x 2 4 x 2 0 or x
2
For 3x2 + 4x + 2 = 0,
' (4)2 4(3)(2) 1M
8
0
ɺ 3x2 + 4x + 2 = 0 has no real roots. 1M
5
ɻ is not an irrational number.
2
ɺ The equation f (x) = 0 has no irrational roots.
(4)
3. (a) Let ax2 + bx + c be the quotient when p(x) is divided by 7x + 4.

p(x) = (7x + 4)(ax2 + bx + c) 1M
By comparing the constant term,
4c = 4
c=1
f (1) 6 1M
[7(1) 4][a(1) b(1) 1] 6
2
for either one
a b 1 ......(1)
f (2) 110
[7(2) 4][ a( 2) 2 b( 2) 1] 110
4a 2b 10
2a b 5 ......(2)
(2) – (1): a=4
4–b=1
b=3
ɺ p( x) (7 x 4)(4 x 2 3x 1) 1A
(3)
(b) p( x) 0
(7 x 4)(4 x 2 3 x 1) 0 (by (a))
4
x or 4 x 2 3 x 1 0
7
For 4x2 + 3x + 1 = 0,
' (3) 2 4(4)(1) 1M
7
0
ɺ 4x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 has no real roots. 1M


4
ɻ is a real number.
7
ɺ The equation p(x) = 0 has 1 real root. 1A follow through
(3)
4. (a) f (x) = (x – a)(x + a)2 + b

f ( a) 5 1M
(a a)(a a) b 2
5
for either one
b 5 1A
f (2) 0
[(2) a][(2) a] 5 2
0
(a 2) (a 2) 5
2
ɻ a is a positive integer.
ɺ (a – 2)2 = 1 and a + 2 = 5
ɺ a 3 1A
(3)
(b) f ( x)
( x 3)( x 3) 2 5
( x 3)( x 2 6 x 9) 5
x3 3x 2 6 x 2 18 x 9 x 27 5
x3 3x 2 9 x 22 1A
By long division,
x 2 x 11
x 2 x 3 3 x 2 9 x 22
x3 2 x 2
x 2 9 x 22
x2 2x
11x 22
11x 22
f ( x) 0
x 3x 9 x 22
3 2
0
( x 2)( x x 11)
2
0 1M
x 2 or x x 11 0
2
1 r 12 4(1)(11)
x
2(1)
1 45 1 45
or
2 2
1 45 1 45
ɻ and are irrational numbers.
2 2
ɺ The equation f (x) = 0 has irrational roots.
(3)


5. (a) f (x) = ax3 – 5x2 + 16x + b
§1·
f¨ ¸ 0 1M
©2¹
3 2
§1· §1· §1·
a ¨ ¸ 5 ¨ ¸ 16 ¨ ¸ b 0
©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹
a 5 for either one
8b 0
8 4
a 27
b
8 4
a 8b 54 ......(1)
f (3) 25a
a(3) 5(3) 16(3) b
3 2
25a
27a 45 48 b 25a
2a b 3 ......(2)
(1) u 2: 2a + 16b = –108 ……(3)
(3) – (2): 15b = –105
b 7 1A
By substituting b = –7 into (1), we have
a + 8(–7) = –54
a 2 1A
(3)
x2 2x 7
2 x 1 2 x 5 x 2 16 x 7
3
2 x3 x 2
4 x 2 16 x 7
4 x 2 2 x
14 x 7
14 x 7
f ( x) 0
(2 x 1)( x 2 x 7) 0
2
1M
1
x or x 2 2 x 7 0
2
For x2 – 2x + 7 = 0,
' (2) 2 4(1)(7) 1M
24
0
ɺ x2 – 2x + 7 = 0 has no real roots.
ɺ x2 – 2x + 7 = 0 has no integral roots.
1
2
ɺ The equation f (x) = 0 has no integral roots. 1A follow through
(3)


6. (a) f ( x) (ax x b)(2 x cx 4)
2 2
2ax 4 2 x 3 2bx 2 acx 3 cx 2 bcx

4ax 2 4 x 4b
2ax 4 (ac 2) x 3 (4a 2b c) x 2
(bc 4) x 4b
By comparing the coefficients of x4 on both sides,
2a = 12 1M
a 6 1A
for either one
By comparing the coefficients of x3 on both sides,
6c + 2 = 56
c 9 1A
ɻ f (1) – f (–1) = 102
ɺ [6(1)2 (1) b][2(1)2 9(1) 4]
[6(1) 2 (1) b][2(1) 2 9(1) 4] 102 1M
(b 7)(15) (b 5)( 3) 102
15b 105 3b 15 102
18b 18
b 1 1A
(5)
(b) f ( x) 0
(6 x 2 x 1)(2 x 2 9 x 4) 0 1M
(3x 1)(2 x 1)(2 x 1)( x 4) 0
( x 4)(2 x 1) 2 (3x 1) 0 1M
1 1
x 4 or x
or x
2 3
ɺ The equation f (x) = 0 has 3 distinct real roots. 1A follow through
(3)
7. (a) (i) f (x) = (x + m)(x + n)(3x – 1) + 2

f (1) 14 1M
(1 m)(1 n)[3(1) 1] 2 14
(m 1)(n 1) 6 1
(ii) m 1 3 and n 1 2
m 2 and n 1 1A + 1A
(4)
(b) (i) f ( x) g ( x)
( x 2)( x 1)(3x 1) 2 k ( x 2 x 2)
3 x 3 8 x 2 3 x k ( x 2 x 2)
3 x 3 (8 k ) x 2 (3 k ) x 2k
ɻ f (x) – g(x) is divisible by x + 1.
ɺ f (–1) – g(–1) = 0 1M
3(1)3 (8 k )(1) 2 (3 k )(1) 2k 0
2 2k 0
k 1 1A


(ii) f (x) – g(x) = 3x3 + 7x2 + 2x – 2 (by (b)(i))
By long division,
f (x) – g(x) = (x + 1)(3x2 + 4x – 2) 1M
f ( x) g ( x) 0
( x 1)(3x 2 4 x 2) 0
x 1 or 3x 2 4 x 2 0
4 r 42 4(3)(2)
x 1 or x 1M
2(3)
2 10 2 10
or
3 3
ɺ The equation f (x) – g(x) = 0 has 3 distinct real roots.
(5)
8. (a) By division algorithm,

f ( x) (8 x 2 ax 8)(3x 2 7 x r ) (bx c) 1M
3
3a + 8(7) = 47 1M
a 3 1A
(3)
(b) (i) Let k be the quotient when g(x) is divided by
8x2 + ax + 8.
g(x) = k(8x2 + ax + 8) + (bx + c)
f ( x) g ( x)
(8 x 2 ax 8)(3x 2 7 x r ) (bx c)
[(8 x 2 ax 8)(k ) (bx c)] 1M
(8 x ax 8)(3x 7 x r k )
2 2
ɺ f (x) – g(x) is divisible by 8x2 + ax + 8. 1

(ii) f ( x) g ( x) 0
(8 x 2 3x 8)(3x 2 7 x r k ) 0
8x2 –3x + 8 = 0 or 3x2 + 7x + r – k = 0
2
For 8x –3x + 8 = 0,
' (3) 2 4(8)(8) 1M
247
0
ɺ 8x2 –3x + 8 = 0 has no real roots. 1M
ɺ The equation f (x) – g(x) = 0 has at most 2 real roots.
(5)
9. (a) Let f (x) = 5x3 + x2 + kx – 12.

f (2) 0 1M
5(2) (2) k (2) 12
3 2
0
2k 32
k 16 1A
(2)


(b) (i) Coordinates of P are (p, –15p2 – 3p + 48).
Perpendicular distance from A to PP′
=0–p
= –p
ɺ Area of ːAPP′
( PP ')( p)
2
(15 p 2 3 p 48)( p)
2
15 p 3 3 p 2 48 p
1A
2
(ii) Area of ːAPP ' 18
15 p 3 3 p 2 48 p 1M
18
2
15 p 3 3 p 2 48 p 36 0
5 p 3 p 2 16 p 12 0
ɻ p – 2 is a factor of 5p3 + p2 –16p – 12.
ɺ By long division,
5p3 + p2 –16p – 12
= (p – 2)(5p2 + 11p + 6)
= (p – 2)(p + 1) (5p + 6) 1M + 1A
6
ɺ p = 2 or p = –1 or p =
5
ɻ P lies in the second quadrant.
ɺ p<0
6
ɺ p = –1 or p =
5
ɺ There are 2 different positions of P such that the area
of ːAPP′ is 18. 1A follow through
(5)
10. Answer: A
p( x) ax 2 7 x 2
p (3) 5
a (3) 2 7(3) 2 5
9a 18
a 2
Remainder p (1)
(2)(1) 2 7(1) 2
2 7 2
7
11. Answer: D
ɻ f (x) is divisible by x + 2.
ɺ f (3x – 1) is divisible by (3x – 1) + 2 = 3x + 1.
ɺ 3x + 1 must be a factor of f (3x – 1).


12. Answer: B
f ( x) kx 3 4kx 2 15
f (1) 0
k (1)3 4k (1) 2 15 0
k 4k 15 0
5k 15
k 3
f (3) 3(3)3 4(3)(3)2 15
12
13. Answer: D
f (x) = 3x4 + kx3 + 9x2 – 6kx – 12
§ k·
f ¨ ¸ 0
© 3¹
4 3 2
§ k· § k· § k· § k·
3 ¨ ¸ k ¨ ¸ 9 ¨ ¸ 6k ¨ ¸ 12 0
© 3 ¹ © 3 ¹ © 3 ¹ © 3¹
4 4
k k
k 2 2k 2 12 0
27 27
k2 4
ɺ k 2 or k 2
14. Answer: A
f ( x) x19 5 x c
f (1) 0
(1) 5(1) c
19
0
c 4
Remainder f (1)
(1)19 5(1) 4
1 5 4
8
15. Answer: B
Let q(x) be the quotient and ax + b be the remainder when p(x) is
divided by x2 – x – 2 respectively.
p(x) = (x2 – x – 2)q(x) + (ax + b)
p(2) 0
(22 2 2)q(2) [ a(2) b] 0
2a b 0 ......(1)
p (1) 3
[(1) 2 (1) 2]q(1) [ a( 1) b] 3
a b 3 ......(2)
(1) – (2): 3a = 3
a=1
–1 + b = –3
b = –2
ɺ The required remainder is x – 2.

16. Answer: A
2 x5 y 3 z 2 u x5 u y 3 u z
9 x 2 y8 z 32 u x 2 u y 8 u z
6 y4 z2 2 u 3u y4 u z2
ɺ H.C.F. y3 u z
y3 z
17. Answer: C
2 x2 y3 2 u x2 u y3
6 xy 2 z 4 2 u 3u x u y2 u z4
8 xz 23 u x u z
ɺ L.C.M. 23 u 3 u x 2 u y 3 u z 4
24 x 2 y 3 z 4
18. Answer: B
a 2 2a 1 (a 1) 2
a 2 1 (a 1)(a 1)
a 3 a 2 2a a (a 2 a 2)
a (a 2)(a 1)
ɺ L.C.M. a u (a 1) u (a 1) 2 u (a 2)
a (a 1)(a 1) 2 (a 2)
19. Answer: B
H.C.F. xy
xu y
L.C.M. 12 x 4 y 3 z 2
22 u 3 u x 4 u y 3 u z 2
2 x4 y3 2 u x4 u y3
4 x2 y 2 22 u x 2 u y 2
The exponent of 2 in the third expression is 0.
The exponent of 3 in the third expression is 1.
The exponent of x in the third expression is 1.
The exponent of y in the third expression is 1.
The exponent of z in the third expression is 2.
ɺ The third expression is 3xyz2.
20. Answer: C
1 1 1 1

x2 4x 4 x2 x 2 ( x 2) 2 ( x 1)( x 2)
( x 1) ( x 2)
( x 1)( x 2) 2
x 1 x 2
( x 1)( x 2) 2
3
( x 1)( x 2) 2


HKDSE Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 4A - Chapter 05 More About Polynomials - Full Solution

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HKDSE Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 4A - Chapter 05 More About Polynomials - Full Solution

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HKDSE Mathematics in Action (3rd edition) 4A Full Solutions

5 More about Polynomials 6. 16 x 2  40 x  25 (4 x) 2  2(4 x)(5)  (5) 2

5. (a) 3x  7 x  2 (3x  1)( x  2)

(b) 6 y 2  y  2 (2 y  1)(3 y  2) 2 x  y 5 ......(1)

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By substituting (3) into (2), we have 9. (a) x 2  4 x  12

8. (a) x3  4 x 2  2 x  8 2x2 ( y  1)2

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5 Activity 5.2 (p. 5.32)

7 5 Maths Dialogue (p. 5.15)

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1 5 Classwork (p. 5.12)

To Learn More (p. 5.37) ɺ Quotient 3x2  4 x  3

Classwork (p. 5.16)

Classwork (b) By division algorithm, we have

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Classwork (p. 5.22) Alternative Solution

Classwork (p. 5.42) Alternative Solution

a3b Quick Practice 5.4 (p. 5.14)

Quick Practice Quick Practice 5.5 (p. 5.14)

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205 © United Prime Educational Publishing (HK) Ltd. 2023

By substituting c –5 into (2), we have Quick Practice 5.18 (p. 5.31)

Quick Practice 5.20 (p. 5.34)

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Quick Practice 5.21 (p. 5.35) (b) 4(2 x  y )2 (3x  2 y ) 22 u (2 x  y) 2 u (3x  2 y)

2 x3  2 x 2 Quick Practice 5.24 (p. 5.44)

ɺ 4 x3  6 x 2  28 x  30 2(2 x3  3x 2  14 x  15) L.C.M. 6(3x  1) ( x  1)

2( x  1)( x  3)(2 x  5) (b) x3  x x( x 2  1)

( x  5)(5 x  1)3 ( x  5) 2 ɺ H.C.F. x2  x  1

L.C.M. 3x( x  3)( x  x  1)

Quick Practice 5.23 (p. 5.43)

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x2 4 x 2  12 x Quick Practice 5.29 (p. 5.50)

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Quick Practice 5.31 (p. 5.51) x2 1

2. (3x3  4 x  5  x 2 )  ( x 2  1)(2 x  1) Further Practice (p. 5.25)

Further Practice (p. 5.18)

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Further Practice (p. 5.32) (c) f ( x) 0

L.C.M. 2( x  1)( x  2)(2 x  3)

2( x  2)(2 x  3) u ( x  1)( x  2)(2 x  3)

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Further Practice (p. 5.51) 3. ( x3  2 x2  5x  18)  (4 x3  12 x2  9 x  5)

10. (25  x3  5x2  3x)  (12 x  5x2  3x3  7)

2. (3x2  4 x  12)  (2 x2  4 x  12) 12. (2  3x)(6  x 2 )

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13. ( x 2  x  1)( x  1) 21. (2 x  1)(1  2 x)(2  2 x)

16. ( x2  8)(1  4 x  2 x2 ) 23. (3x  2)2  3x(1  2 x)

( x 2  2 x  8)(3x)  ( x 2  2 x  8)( 4)

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28. (2 x2  x  1)( x  1)  2 x 2 (3  x) 2. 2x2  x3

ɻ Constant term = –12 ɺ Quotient 2 x  7 , remainder 2

Exercise 5B (p. 5.18) 6. x2  4 x  1

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17. By division algorithm,

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18. By division algorithm, 23. 3x  5

21. Let p(x) be the divisor. 27. 5x  1

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5 More about Polynomials 6. 16 x 2 40 x 25 (4 x) 2 2(4 x)(5) (5) 2

5. (a) 3x 7 x 2 (3x 1)( x 2)

(b) 6 y 2 y 2 (2 y 1)(3 y 2) 2 x y 5 ......(1)

By substituting (3) into (2), we have 9. (a) x 2 4 x 12

8. (a) x3 4 x 2 2 x 8 2x2 ( y 1)2

To Learn More (p. 5.37) ɺ Quotient 3x2 4 x 3

Quick Practice 5.21 (p. 5.35) (b) 4(2 x y )2 (3x 2 y ) 22 u (2 x y) 2 u (3x 2 y)

2 x3 2 x 2 Quick Practice 5.24 (p. 5.44)

ɺ 4 x3 6 x 2 28 x 30 2(2 x3 3x 2 14 x 15) L.C.M. 6(3x 1) ( x 1)

2( x 1)( x 3)(2 x 5) (b) x3 x x( x 2 1)

( x 5)(5 x 1)3 ( x 5) 2 ɺ H.C.F. x2 x 1

L.C.M. 3x( x 3)( x x 1)

x2 4 x 2 12 x Quick Practice 5.29 (p. 5.50)

Quick Practice 5.31 (p. 5.51) x2 1

2. (3x3 4 x 5 x 2 ) ( x 2 1)(2 x 1) Further Practice (p. 5.25)

L.C.M. 2( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 3)

2( x 2)(2 x 3) u ( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 3)

Further Practice (p. 5.51) 3. ( x3 2 x2 5x 18) (4 x3 12 x2 9 x 5)

10. (25 x3 5x2 3x) (12 x 5x2 3x3 7)

2. (3x2 4 x 12) (2 x2 4 x 12) 12. (2 3x)(6 x 2 )

13. ( x 2 x 1)( x 1) 21. (2 x 1)(1 2 x)(2 2 x)

16. ( x2 8)(1 4 x 2 x2 ) 23. (3x 2)2 3x(1 2 x)

( x 2 2 x 8)(3x) ( x 2 2 x 8)( 4)

28. (2 x2 x 1)( x 1) 2 x 2 (3 x) 2. 2x2 x3

ɻ Constant term = –12 ɺ Quotient 2 x 7 , remainder 2

Exercise 5B (p. 5.18) 6. x2 4 x 1

18. By division algorithm, 23. 3x 5

21. Let p(x) be the divisor. 27. 5x 1

29. 3x 2 2 x 4 (b) 2x2 2x 1

By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides, (b) g ( x)f ( x) (3x 1)

By comparing the coefficient of x3 on both sides, b 10

When a 2, b 3(2) 6 ; 5. Let f ( x) 3x3 3x 2 x 1.

11. Let f ( x) 4 x3 x 2 x 2. 16. Let f ( x) 2 x3 7 x2 5x k.

22. Let f ( x) x3 ax 2 2 x 2. 27. Let f ( x) x2025 3x2012 4.

23. By the remainder theorem, 28. Let f ( x) x2 5x 4.

33. Let f ( x) 2kx2002 3kx1001 4 . By substituting a 4 into (1), we have

(b) By the factor theorem, x – 1 and 2x 1 are factors of 3 2

13. Let f ( x) 2 x3 ax 2 4 x 10.

(b) 4 x 4 3x3 2 x 2 x 0 (b) f ( x) 0

38. ɻ f (x) is divisible by x 1, 41. Let f ( x) x3 px q.

(1) + (2): 7 a 49 ɻ f (x) is divisible by 2 x 7 x 4 ,

a 7 ɺ x 4 and 2x – 1 are factors of f (x).

43. ɻ f (x) is divisible by x 2, f (2) 15

48. (a) ɻ x 2 is a common factor of f (x) and g(x).

4. 6x2 y 4 z 2 u 3 u x2 u y 4 u z 10. ( x 3)( x 2)3 ( x 3) u ( x 2)3

L.C.M. 23 u 3 u x 2 u y 4 u z 3 L.C.M. ( x 3) 2 u ( x 2)3

5. 2 pqr 2 2 u p u q u r2 11. 12( x y ) 2 ( x 2 y ) 22 u 3 u ( x y ) 2 u ( x 2 y )

L.C.M. 3 u b u (3b 2a) u (2b 3a ) u (b a)

3b(3b 2a ) 2 (2b 3a)(b a )

ġ ġ ɻ g (1) 3[(1)4 2(1)2 1] 0

L.C.M. (3x 2)( x 1)(9 x 6 x 4)

g (3) 0 36. 12a 2b3c 2 2 u 3 u a 2 u b3 u c

(ii) By long division, x y

(1)3 2(1) 2 p(1) 4 3(1)3 (1) 2 (1) 1 3(1) 22 3(3)(1)5 12

ɺ x3 2 x 2 7 x 4 ( x 1)( x 2 3 x 4) ( x 3)3 ( x 2)( x 6)

By comparing the constant term, we have 47. (a) ɻ f (x) is divisible by x 1,