4.

0 METALS:
4.1 FERROUS
4.2 NON-FERROUS

AR. MARY CLAIRE G. YALUNG, uap

INSTRUCTOR BT-1
METALS
PROPERTIES OF METALS

1. MALLEABILITY – ability to deform under pressure

(compressive stress). Can be hammered and pressed into
shape

2. DUCTILITY – the ability to be hammered thin or stretched into

wire or rods without breaking.

3. ELASTICITY – ability to resume its normal shape after being

stretched or compressed; stretchiness; ability to regain its shape
after being deformed. (read about modulus of elasticity,
deflection, Yield Strength)fracture,elongation = beyond elastic
limit, permanent deformation will occur.
2

4. HARDNESS – Resists being scratched or cut.

METALS

5. BRITTLENESS –The tendency of metals and alloys to form

cracks during stress.

(Note that many steels become brittle at low temperatures depending on

their composition and processing.

[Read about ductile-brittle transition temp].

6. CONDUCTIVITY–Ability to conduct heat or electricity.

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TYPES OF METALS
1. FERROUS METALS
A MALLEABLE OF IRON, AND CARBON PRODUCED BY
MELTING AND REFINING PIG IRON AND OR/ OR SCRAP
STEEL , GRADED ACCORDING TO THE CARBON CONTENT.
IT IS THE MAIN ELEMENT IN STEEL.

PRODUCE BY THREE BASIC RAW INGREDIENTS OF IRON

ORE, AND LIMESTONE. FIVE PARTICLES OF ALL THREE
BASIC INGREDIENTS OF STEEL, WHICH OTHERWISE
WOULD BE WASTE ARE BLENDED AND BURNED ON A
MOVING GATE TO CAUSE FORMATION OF CLINKERS.
THESE ARE CALLED SINTER, A HIGH GRADE BLAST
FURNACE CHARGE MATERIALS.

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 TYPES OF METALS
FROM THESE, RAW MATERIALS WHICH IS
MELTED INTO PLACE IN MOLDS, A GREAT
VARIETY OF PRODUCTS USED IN
CONSTRUCTION ARE MADE THEY
INCLUDED;

* COLD-ROLLED SHEETS- ARE

GALVANIZED (GIVEN A ZINC COATING). PIG
IRON IS USED TO MAKE CAST IRON WHICH
IS HIGH IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BUT
LOW IN TENSILE STRENGTH, AND HAS
LITTLE USE FOR CONSTRUCTION.

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 TYPES OF METALS
* COLD-ROLLED SHEETS

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 TYPES OF METALS
* WROUGHT IRON- IS PRODUCED
WHEN PIG IRON IS MELTED IN SUCH A WAY
AS TO REMOVE NEARLY ALL OF THE
CARBON AND OTHER IMPURITIES. IT IS
EASILY WORKED AND IS TOUGH AND
DUCTILE.

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 TYPES OF METALS
Cast and wrought iron are both susceptible to corrosion when bare
surfaces are exposed to oxygen in the presence of moisture. Unlike
other metals that form a protective oxidative coating, iron will—given
enough time— rust and flake away entirely. This can be challenging for
outdoor environments where exposure to precipitation and humidity can
be ongoing.

To prevent rust, iron products should be cleaned and coated to prevent

exposure.

[seerust converter] {Turcobrand}

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 TYPES OF METALS

Paint is commonly used to protect bare metal.

Powder coatings are another method and wellsuited for outdoor

furnishings susceptible to wear in high-traffic areas.

(Metal Primer – redoxide / graymetal primer, epoxy primer)

POWDER COATING
METAL PRIMER APPLICATION

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 TYPES OF METALS

* STAINLESS STEEL-
ARE MADE WITH CHROMIUM OR
A COMBINATION OF NICKEL
AND CHROMIUM USED IN
BUILDINGS OF EXTERIOR
WALLS PANELS, FRAMES FOR
DOORS, EXPANSION JOINTS,
FLASHING, COPINGS, FASCIA
AND GRAVEL STOPS

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TYPES OF METALS

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 TYPES OF METALS

Types of Steel

1. Carbon Steel-unalloyed steel in which the residual element as carbon,

manganese,
phosphorus, sulfur and silicon are controlled. Any increase in carbon content
increase the
strength and hardness, but reduces its ductility and weldability.

APPLICATION
a. Structural Steel
i. I-beam, W-shape, S- shape, Channels, Angles, Plates,
b. Reinforcing bars
i. Schedule 40 (12mm & below)
ii. Schedule 60 (16mm & up)
c. Panels
d. Windows
e. Doors, Door Jambs
f. Hardware 12
 TYPES OF METALS

Low carbon Steel. Up to 0.25% of carbon in iron give us low carbon

steel. It is used for tubing in moderate pressure applications in iron give
us low carbon steel. It is used for tubing in moderate pressure
applications.

Reinforcing bars and in I-beams in construction are usually from low

carbon steel. Any applications that require a high amount of steel without
much forming or bending are also suitable for it. An example is a ship’s
hull.

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 TYPES OF METALS

Medium carbon steel.

Contains 0.25…0.6% of carbon. Medium carbon steel’s

applications include ones that need high tensile strength and ductility.
They find applications in gearing and shafts, railway wheels and rails,
steel beams in buildings and bridges etc. Another use is pressure
vessels, except if it contains cold gases or liquids
because of its tendency to cold cracking.

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 TYPES OF METALS

High carbon steel.

Steel that contains more than 0.6% of carbon is high
carbon steel. This steel is harder and more brittle
than the previous two. It finds applications in making
chisels and cutting tools. Great qualities include hardness
and good resistance to material wear. It may also be
used in presses and for manufacturing drill bits.

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 TYPES OF METALS

* STAINLESS STEEL

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 TYPES OF METALS

* COPPER- BEARING
STEEL HAS HIGH RESISTANCE
TO CORROSION AND IS USED
FOR MAKING SHEET AND
METAL LATH.

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 TYPES OF METALS

* COPPER-

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 TYPES OF METALS

* COPPER-

When talking about different types of metals, copper and its alloy scan not be
overlooked. It has a long history because it is easy to form. Even today, it is an
important metal in the industry. It does not occur in nature in its pure form. Thus,
smelting and extracting from ore is necessary.
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STEEL PRODUCTS

• ROLLED STRUCTURAL PIPE-

is available in a variety of sizes
and grades so that it can be used
for a number of different
structural uses and applications.

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STEEL PRODUCTS
• SHEET PILING-
SECTIONS ARE MADE TO
INTERLOCK AND ARE AVAILABLE
IN SEVERAL SHAPE.

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• SHEET PILING-

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STEEL PRODUCTS
• STEEL PIPE-
SEAMLESS OR WELDED SMALL
DIAMETER PIPE AND
ELECTRICALLY WELDED LARGE
DIAMETER PIPE

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STEEL PRODUCTS

• REINFORCING STEEL-
MADE FROM NEW STEEL OR FROM
DISCARDED RAILWAY- CAR AXLES
OR RAILS.
REINFORCING STEEL COMES
IN PLAIN OR DEFORMED BARS

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• REINFORCING STEEL-

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• REINFORCING STEEL-

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* ASTM- AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
SIZES START WITH N0.2 OR ¼ (DIVIDE A NUMBER OF
BAR BY 8 TO GET THE EQUIVALENT IN INCH DIAMETER.

NO.2= ¼” = 6mm
NO.3= 3/8” = 10mm
NO.4= ½” = 12mm
NO.5= 5/8” = 16mm
NO.6= ¾” = 20mm
NO.7= 7/8” = 22mm
NO.8= 1” = 25mm
NO.9= 1 1/8” = 30mm

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• WELDED WIRE FABRIC-
ANOTHER TYPE OF REINFORCING MATERIAL. IT CONSIST OF
PARALLEL, LONGITUDINAL WIRES WEDLDED TO TRANSVERSE
WIRES AT REGULAR INTERVALS.

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• STEEL WIRE- OVER 150,000 USES FOR WIRE INCLUDING PINS,
NEEDLES, NAILS, BOLTS CABLES, PIANO WIRE, FENCES

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• STEEL WIRE

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• BOLTS AND NUTS- FOR
BOLTS, WIRE IS FED INTO AN
AUTOMATIC BOLT-MAKING
MACHINE WHICH CUTS TO
LENGTH HEADS, TRIMS,
POINTS AND IN MANY ROLLS
THREAD.

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• STEEL STRAPPING- MADE FROM HIGH-TENSILE FLAT WIRE IN
A NUMBER OF SIZES.

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• STEEL STRAPPING

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• OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS- LIGHT WEIGHT WARREN-TYPE
TRUSSES MADE IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT STYLES.

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• SHEET STEEL- BLACK AND
GALVANIZED, CA BE USED TO
MANUFACTURE COORUGATED
ROOFING AND SIDINING.

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• STEEL STUDS- LIGHTWEIGHT, REQUIRING
MINIMUM STORAGE SPACE AND DOES NOT WARP OR
SHRINK. FASTENERS DO NOT POP AND JOINTS STAY
CLOSED MUCH FASTER TO INSTALL THAN WOOD
STUD INSTALLATION.

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• PANS AND DONES- MANUFACTURED FOR USE IN
FORMING ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAY RIBBED
CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS.

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NON-FERROUS METAL- contains little or no
iron.

USED IN CONSTRUCTION ARE:

ALUMINUM- HIGH PURITY ALUMINUM IS SOFT AND

DUCTILE, HIGHLY CORROSION RESISTANT BUT LACKING
STRENGTH.

- derives primarily from its ore bauxite. It is light, strong, and

functional.It is the most widespread metal on Earth and its use
has permeated applications everywhere. This is because of its
properties such as durability, light weight, corrosion
resistance, electrical conductivity and ability to form alloys
with most metals. It also doesn’t magnetise and is easy to 38
machine.
NON-FERROUS METAL
ALUMINUM

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NON-FERROUS METAL
ALUMINUM

Manila Cathedral Dome

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NON-FERROUS METAL
LEAD- EXTREMELY DENSE METAL, EASILY WORKED, AND
CORROSIVE RESITANT.
It is a soft, malleable, heavy metal, with a density that exceeds that of most
common materials. It has a number of properties that have made it a useful
construction material for hundreds of years

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NON-FERROUS METAL
LEAD

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NON-FERROUS METAL

ZINC- ALTHOUGH CORROSION RESISTANT IN WATER

AND AIR, IS BRITTLE AND LOW IN STRENGTH.

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ZINC

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NON-FERROUS METAL

CHROMIUM AND NICKEL- ARE ALSO USED PRIMARILY

AS ALLOYING ELEMENTS.

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STRUCTURAL SHAPES
THE MOST COMMON SHAPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ARE THE
AMERICAN STANDARDFORMS SUCH AS;
1. SQUARE
2. ROUND BARS
3. PLATE BARS
4. ANGLE BARS
5. CHANNELS
6. I-BEAM
7. TEE BEAM
8. H-COLUMN
9. WIDE FLANGES
10. ZEE

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STRUCTURAL SHAPES
I-BEAM
TEE BEAM

WIDE FLANGE

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STANDARD CHANNEL
THE STANDARD CHANNEL HAS THE SHAPE OF
UNSYMMETRICAL BALANCE CONSISTING OF TWO
FLANGES ON ONE SIDE.THE CHANNEL SECTION IS
IDENTIFIED AS C 15 X 20 WHICH MEANS THAT THE
CHANNEL HAS DEPTH OF 20CM AND WEIGHTS 15 KG
PER METER LENGTH.

WIDE FLANGE
WIDE FLANGE SECTIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS
W 12 X 24 WHICH MEANS THAT THE FLANGE HAS A
DEPTH OF 24 CM AND IT WEIGHTS 12 KG PER METER
LENGTH.

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H-BEARING PILES
H-BEARING PILES ALTHOUGH SUITABLE
FOR PILE DRIVING ON DEEP EXCAVATIONS IS
MUCH MORE SUITABLE THAN THE I-BEAM FOR
COLUMNS.

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STRUCTURAL WELDING/ JOINING STEEL MEMBERS

WELDING- is a fabrication process whereby two or more parts are fused together by
means of heat, pressure or both forming a join as the parts cool.

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STRUCTURAL WELDING/ JOINING STEEL MEMBERS

FILLET WELD JOINTS- JOIN TWO SURFACES

APPROXIMATELY AT RIGHT ANGLES TO EACH OTHER IN
LAP, TEE AND CORNER JOINTS.

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FILLET WELD NOMENCLATURE
THE LENGTH OF A FILLET WELD IS THE DISTANCE
FROM END-TO-END OF THE FULL SIZE FILLET.

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DOUBLE FILLET WELD
-is represented by one or two right-angled
triangles with the hypothenuse facing to
the right. In a double fillet weld, a fillet weld is
drawn from both sides of a work piece.

DOUBLE-BEVEL GROOVE WELD

-A type of groove weld in which one
member has a joint edge beveled on both
sides. Also known as double-V groove weld.

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Single-bevel groove weld with back-up bar

V-GROOVE WELD

V-GROOVE WELD WITH BACK-UP BAR

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PUDDLE WELD

PARTIAL PENETRATION
SINGLE-BEVEL GROOVE WELD

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BOLTS- COMMONLY USED IN STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION FALL
INTO TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES:

1. CARBON STEEL BOLTS- OR COMMON BOLTS ARE SIMILAR TO

THE ORDINARY MACHINE BOLTS THAT CAN BE PURCHASED IN
HARDWARE STORES.
2. 2. HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS- ARE HEAT TRAETED DURING
MANUFACTIRE TO DEVELOP THE NECESSARY STRENGTH.

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SEVERAL WAY TO ACHIVED PROPER TIGHTENING:

1. TURN-OF-NUT METHOD
2. LOAD INDICATOR WASHER
3. TENSION CONTROL BOLTS

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RIVETS- a headed pin or bolt of metal used for uniting two or more pieces by
passing the shank through a hole in each piece and then beating or pressing down
the plain end so as to make a second head.

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 THANK YOU!
BE HUMBLE
“NEVER THINK THAT YOU ARE BETTER THAN ANYONE
ELSE…

FOR DUST YOU ARE; AND UNTO DUST YOU SHALL

RETURN.”

PREPARED BY:

AR. MARY CLAIRE G. YALUNG,uap

INSTRUCTOR -BT1 59