PHYS2510 Term1 2024/2025

Mathematical Methods Set 3

(Due-date: 1/11/2024 Fri.)

1. Given a vector field 𝐴⃗ = 𝑀𝑥̂ + 𝑁𝑦̂ + 𝑃𝑧̂ , where M, N and P are functions of x, y and z with
continuous 2nd derivatives.

(a) Write down the expression of ∇ × 𝐴⃗ in terms of the partial derivatives of M, N and P. [3 marks]

(b) Using (a), show that ∇ ∙ (∇ × 𝐴⃗) = 0. [5 marks]

⃗⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴⃗ and S be any closed surface. Using (b) and divergence theorem, show that the outward
(c) Let 𝐵

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂d𝜎 = 0 . [5 marks]
⃗⃗ through the surface ∯ 𝐵
flux of 𝐵
𝑆
(d) Prove the result in (c) again in the following way: let C be a closed curve that divides S into two parts
(e.g. think of S as the surface of the Earth and C as the equator. Nevertheless, the shape of S can be

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂d𝜎 = 0 .
arbitrary in general), use Stokes’ theorem to show that ∯ 𝐵 [8 marks]
𝑆
(Hint: Apply Stokes’ theorem twice. First, consider the northern part of the surface. Second, consider the
southern part of the surface.)

𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
2. Given a vector field 𝐴⃗(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙) = 𝑟2
𝜙̂, where 𝑘 is a constant.

⃗⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴⃗. Show that

(a) Let 𝐵
𝑘
⃗⃗(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙) =
𝐵 (2cos 𝜃 𝑟̂ + sin 𝜃 𝜃̂)
𝑟3

[5 marks]

(b) Let 𝑆 be a closed surface by joining the following three parts (see Fig. 1):

𝑆1 : a hemi-spherical surface radius 𝑅1

𝑆2 : a hemi-spherical surface radius 𝑅2 (< 𝑅1 )

𝑆3 : a flat circular ring surface of inner radius 𝑅2 and outer radius 𝑅1 .

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂d𝜎 = 0 by computing the surface integrals directly. [14 marks]

Verify that ∯ 𝐵
𝑆
 PHYS2510 Term1 2024/2025

(Hint:

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂d𝜎 = ∬ 𝐵
∯𝐵 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂d𝜎 + ∬ 𝐵
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂d𝜎 + ∬ 𝐵
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂d𝜎,
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑆3

where 𝑛̂ = 𝑟̂ for 𝑆1 ; 𝑛̂ = −𝑟̂ for 𝑆2 ; 𝑛̂ = 𝜃̂ for 𝑆3 )

Fig. 1
 1 m
)θ = Mi + Ny ' + Pr

~| 蒸羨影
ot

= z) i + ( 製 -

發) y

+( +
名)
(b] 0 .
( ot ) -

=
叔 (京 名 ] + 影 ( 最) 在
+
虍 ( 最 名)

=( y 影影 + 最 -叔 影發 最烈
!
-

=
oto to
L := 最
x 和
F wth mtm的
M
)
孟

2 lrwtm _

c) B =
ot ≈
dhr .tww
SSSo Bav
By ./ B 的 dc = .

φ
,

s
^

lotA ) dw
=
{S { 0 .

SSSodv = 0
“
飛
一
二
、
飛
一
一
一
ld ) Dote Su ,
Ss hewtu l Southsutuce

B ^ a6 ☆ id 6
S§ B ido
☆
+

售
.

. =

{
t u )
{ t ω
(
- .

+
-

=
.

= o
√

☆= 與中

流徽蕾影
2 -

)
ta

B =
ot 8 ~

ri )
疵 影與 ( δ -

叔與 ,

= 品 ( + ri )
Smee )
=
肯 ( 2 ner +
 多
l]
/φ B .
的 d6 =

多 Bmdct
售 Bia 6 t Bid 6

S{灣 iRi近 aeedif iirndt

*

-
crjBismededy
+
多5
=
{等草豐 RPsmedrddt 戀嗚wdd
是 BSmededd
器
_
+
多
=
哥了的 nrdet 2 nk↑ _
哥
{

smvode
= 2π ( 台 - ) 正與了 +
nk (-) 品
店
[ i)
-

( 市 +
店) ]
[( 店 )( i
+
(
-

2πK
-

台 - ( 1- 11 ]
= 2π c [ ( )

=
、
一
。。
。