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𝑥 𝑛+1
1. 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1. 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑛+1

2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin x + C

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cos x + C
Chapter 7 Class 12 3.

4. 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan x + c
Integration Formula Sheet 5. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cot x + c

6. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec x + c

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7. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cosec x + c

𝑑𝑥
8. = sin-1 x + c Questions in
1 − 𝑥2
Ex 7.2 and Ex 7.3
𝑑𝑥
9. = – cos-1 x + c
1 − 𝑥2

𝑑𝑥
10. = tan-1 x + c
1 + 𝑥2

𝑑𝑥
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11. = – cot-1 x + c
1 + 𝑥2
Integrals of some special functions
12. 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + c
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
1. = log +𝑐
𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
13. 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +c
log 𝑎

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
14. = sec-1 x + c 2. = log +𝑐
𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2 −1

𝑑𝑥
15. = −cosec -1 x + c 𝑑𝑥 1
= tan−1 + 𝑐
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2 − 1 3.
𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
Questions in
1
16. 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑥 + c Ex 7.4
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. = log x + 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 + C
𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
17. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log sec x + c

18. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log sin x + c 5.

𝑑𝑥 𝑥
= sin-1 + 𝑐
𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
19. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log sec x + tan 𝑥 + c
𝑑𝑥
20. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log cosec x − cot 𝑥 + c 6. = log x + 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + C
𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
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Integrals by partial fractions Integration by parts

𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝐴 𝐵 1. 𝒇 𝒙 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒇′ 𝒙 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1. = + , 𝑎≠b
𝑥 − 𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏

𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
2. = + To decide first function. We use
𝑥−𝑎 2 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 2

I → Inverse (Example 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)

𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 Questions in
3. = + + L → Log (Example log 𝑥)
𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏 𝑥−𝑐 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏 𝑥−𝑐 Ex 7.5 Questions in
A → Algebra (Example x2, x3) Ex 7.6
𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
4. = + +
𝑥−𝑎 2 𝑥−𝑏 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 2 𝑥−𝑏 T → Trignometry (Example sin2 x)

𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
E → Exponential (Example ex)
5. = +
𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Where 𝑥 2 + bx + c can not be factorised further.

2. 𝑒𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓′(𝑥) dx = 𝑒𝑥 f(x) dx + C

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Other Special Integrals
(𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒) 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒅𝒙
𝑥 𝑎2
1. 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − log 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 + C
2 2
We solve this using a specific method.
𝑥 𝑎2
2. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + log 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + C
2 2 1. First we write

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑑 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
3. 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin1 + C px + q = A +B
2 2 𝑎 𝑑𝑥

2. Then we find A and B

Questions in 3. Our equation becomes two seperate identities and then we solve.
Ex 7.7

Some examples are

Questions in
• (𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙 −𝒙𝟐 - View solution Ex 7.7
• 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 – View Solution
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Area as a sum 𝑏 𝑏
P0 : 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑏 𝑎 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 P1 : 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 . In particular, 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0

1 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
= 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ + 𝑓 𝑎 + 2ℎ … + P2 : 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑎 𝑎 𝑐

𝑏 𝑏
P3 : 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Questions in
𝑎 𝑎
P4 : 0
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Ex 7.11
Questions in
Ex 7.8 2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
P5 : 0
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 0
𝑓 2𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
2𝑎 2 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 2𝑎 − 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
P6 : 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 0
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 2𝑎 − 𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)

𝑎
𝑎 2 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
P6 : −𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 = 0
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)