LECTURE 1: OVERVIEW ON TRAFFIC FLOW SIMULATION

Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

Professor, Dept. of CE, BUET
AGENDA

2022-01-10
 Issues in Traffic Simulation Modeling
 Categorization of Traffic Simulation Models
 Overview on Traffic Simulation Software

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 Demonstration on Several Simulation Projects

2
SYSTEM AND MODEL

2022-01-10
 System
 Part of an environment that could be divided by a physical or logical
boundary.

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

OR
A collection of entities (e.g., people or machines) that act and interact
together toward the accomplishment of some logical end.
 It can be divided into subsystems, which are interconnected.

 Model
 It is a simplification of the reality.
 A (usually miniature) representation of something; an example for
imitation or emulation.
 A model can be Physical, Mathematical [Analytical (Queuing Theory) or
Simulation].
 Simplified, abstract tool use to observe or predict behavior of real systems.

3
CHARACTERISTICS OF A MODEL

2022-01-10
 A model is never equal to the real system, because it is always simpler than the
reality.
 The accuracy of a model is determined by its tendency to approach the real
system.

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 Is that a problem?
 Yes, if the model ignore important parameters of the real system (over simplification)
 No, if the model takes into account the important parameters (ignoring some details is
sometimes not problematic)
 No, if we simplify those features not relevant for our research
 Example: We use a mathematical model of an engine to study its power, but we do not model
its heating characteristics

Pe  an 2  bn  c(a  0)
Pe= engine power and n=the rotational speed

4
ROAD TRAFFIC SIMULATION: NEEDED
COMPONENTS

2022-01-10
Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
road network vehicles / flow signalling
5
HOW CAN WE EVALUATE PERFORMANCE
OF A SYSTEM?

2022-01-10
SYSTEM
Experiment with the Experiment with a

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

Actual System Model of the System
Too costly or disruptive There is always the
question of whether it
actually reflects the
system
Make assumptions that
Mathematical Model take the form of
mathematical or logical
relationships

Analytical Solution Simulation

If the model is simple enough. E.g., Highly complex systems

calculus, algebra, probability theory
6
WHY SIMULATION MODELS?

2022-01-10
 Traffic operations on roadways can be improved by field research and field
experiments of real-life traffic flow.
 However, apart from the scientific problem of reproducing such experiments,
costs and safety play a role of dominant importance as well.

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 Due to the complexity of the traffic flow system, analytical approaches may
not provide the desired results.
 Therefore, traffic flow (simulation-) models designed to characterise the behaviour of the
complex traffic flow system.
 Have become an essential tool in traffic flow analysis and experimentation!
 Depending on the type of model, the application areas of these tools are very
broad, e.g.:
 Evaluation of alternative treatments in (dynamic) traffic management.
 Design and testing of new transportation facilities (e.g. geometric designs).
 Operational flow models (CTM/METANET) serving as a sub-module in
other tools (e.g. traffic state estimation, model-based traffic control and
optimization, and dynamic traffic assignment).
 Training of traffic managers/engineers.
7
ACCURACY COMPARED TO ACTUAL
TRAFFIC SITUATION

2022-01-10
 The description of observed phenomena in traffic flow is not self-evident.
 General mathematical models aimed at describing this behaviour using
mathematical equations include the following approaches:

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 1. Purely deductive approaches whereby known accurate physical laws
are applied.
 2. Purely inductive approaches where available input/output data from
real systems are used to fit generic mathematical structures (say ANN).
 3. Intermediate approaches, whereby first basic mathematical model-
structures are developed, after which a specific structure is fitted using
real data.
 It is unlikely that any traffic flow theory will reach the descriptive accuracy
attained in other domains of science (e.g. Newtonian physics or
thermodynamics).
 The only accurate physical law in traffic flow theory is the conservation of
vehicles equation; all other model structures reflect either counterintuitive
idealisations or coarse approximations of empirical observations.

8
ADVANTAGES OF TRAFFIC SIMULATION

2022-01-10
 Improve the decision making process
 Evaluate and prioritize planning/operational alternatives
Improve design and evaluation time and costs

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman



 Reduce disruptions to traffic

 Present/market strategies to the public/stakeholders
 Operate and manage existing roadway capacity
 Monitor performance

9
IMPROVE THE DECISION MAKING
PROCESS

2022-01-10
 Traffic analysis tools help practitioners arrive at better
planning/engineering decisions for complex transportation problems.
 Used to estimate the impact of the deployment of traffic management
and other strategies.

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 Used to help set priorities among competing projects.
 Provide a consistent approach for comparing potential improvements or
alternatives.

10
EVALUATE AND PRIORITIZE
PLANNING/OPERATIONAL ALTERNATIVES

2022-01-10
 This typically involves comparing “no build” conditions with
alternatives, which include various types of potential improvements.
 The impacts are reported as performance measures and are defined as
the difference between the no-build and alternative scenarios.

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 The results can be used to select the best alternative or prioritize
improvements, increasing the odds of having a successful deployment.

11
IMPROVE DESIGN AND EVALUATION
(TIME AND COSTS)

2022-01-10
 Traffic analysis tools are relatively less costly when compared to pilot
studies, field experiments, or full implementation costs.
 Furthermore, analytical tools (not simulation) can be used to assess
multiple deployment combinations or other complex scenarios in a

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

relatively short time.

12
REDUCE DISRUPTIONS TO TRAFFIC

2022-01-10
 Traffic management and control strategies come in many forms and
options, and simulation tools provide a way to cheaply estimate the
effects prior to full deployment of the management strategy.

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 They may be used to initially test new transportation management
systems concepts without the inconvenience of a field experiment.

13
PRESENT/MARKET STRATEGIES TO THE
PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDERS

2022-01-10
 Some traffic simulation tools have excellent graphical and animation
displays, which could be used as tools to show “what if” scenarios to the
public and/or stakeholders.

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

14
OPERATE AND MANAGE EXISTING
ROADWAY CAPACITY

2022-01-10
 Some simulation tool provide a way to integrate optimization tool.
 Thus capable of recommending the best design or control strategies to
maximize the performance of a transportation facility.

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

15
MONITOR PERFORMANCE

2022-01-10
 Simulation tools can also be used to evaluate and monitor the
performance of existing transportation facilities.
 Monitoring systems (in TMC) can be directly linked to simulation

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

tools for a more direct and real-time analysis process.

16
LIMITATIONS OF TRAFFIC SIMULATIONS

2022-01-10
 Simulations are resource limited
 Resolution: Level of detail
Fidelity: Degree of realism

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman



 System size: The network size to be covered

 Simulation speed: Speed of simulation compared to real time
 Resources: Computational resources, programming time

17
STEPS IN SIMULATION

2022-01-10
 Certain sequential operations are involved in any problem
wherein simulation techniques are adopted. These are:
 Definition of the problem

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 Field studies to determine inputs needed for model
 Development of Logic
 Development of Computer Simulation Programme
 Calibration of Model
 Validation of Model

(You want to optimize signal; you need traffic and existing signal data;
may be the max green will provided to the approach having maximum
demand; code road geometry, signal head, presence detectors; Tune the
model’s operational and system parameters; Check the model accuracy.)
18
CATEGORIZATION: LEVEL OF DETAILS

2022-01-10
 Microscopic simulation models:

 They simulate the movement of individual vehicles based

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

on car-following and lane-changing theories.

 Vehicles enter a transportation network using a statistical

distribution of arrivals (a stochastic process) and are
tracked through the network over small time intervals (e.g., 1
second or a fraction of a second).

 Typically, upon entry, each vehicle is assigned a destination,

a vehicle type, and a driver type.

 Computer time and storage requirements for microscopic

models are large, usually limiting the network size and the
number of simulation runs that can be completed.
19
CATEGORIZATION: LEVEL OF DETAILS

2022-01-10
 Macroscopic simulation models:

 Basedon the deterministic relationships of the flow, speed,

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

and density of the traffic stream.

 The simulation in a macroscopic model takes place on a

section-by-section basis rather than by tracking individual
vehicles.

 They have considerably fewer demanding computer

requirements than microscopic models.

 Do not have the ability to analyze transportation

improvements in as much detail as the microscopic models. 20
CATEGORIZATION: LEVEL OF DETAILS

2022-01-10
 Mesoscopic simulation models:

 Mesoscopic simulation models combine the properties of

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

both microscopic and macroscopic simulation models.

 As in microscopic models, the mesoscopic models’ unit of traffic

flow is the individual vehicle.

 Their movement, however, follows the approach of the

macroscopic models and is governed by the average speed
on the travel link.

 Mesoscopic model simulation takes place on an aggregate

level and does not consider dynamic speed/volume
relationships.
21
 They provide less fidelity than the microsimulation tools, but
are superior to the typical planning analysis techniques.
 VISUALIZATION
Flow

2022-01-10
Models

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

Microscopic Macroscopic Mesoscopic
Modeling Modeling Modeling

parameters
Describes the mobility at of anumber
for
intermediate specific
level of of
car.
cars,
It such
as
details.
flow, commands
usually speed, or density.
the car’s acceleration/deceleration in order
to maintain either a safe distance headway or to guarantee a
safeMicroscopic
time headway. < Mesoscopic <
Macroscopic
X Y
22
CATEGORIZATION :
SCALE OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

2022-01-10
 Since almost all traffic models describe dynamical systems, a natural
classification is the time-scale.

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 Two time scales, namely continuous and discrete.
 A continuous model describes how the traffic system’s state changes
continuously over time in response to continuous stimuli.
 A Discrete model assumes that state changes occur discontinuously
over time at discrete time instants.

 Besides time, also other independent variables can be described by either

continuous or discrete variables (e.g. position, velocity, desired
velocity).

 Mixed models (discrete in time continuous in space) have also been

proposed.
23
CATEGORIZATION:
REPRESENTATION OF THE PROCESSES

2022-01-10
 In this respect, we distinguish deterministic and stochastic models.

 The former models have no random variables implying that all

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

actors in the model are defined by exact relationships.

 Stochastic models incorporate processes that include random

variates.

 For instance, a car-following model can be formulated as either a

deterministic or a stochastic relationship by defining the
driver’s reaction time as a constant or as a random variable.

24
CATEGORIZATION:
OPERATIONALISATION

2022-01-10
 With respect to the operationalisation criterion, models can be
operationalised either as analytical solutions of sets of equations, or
as a simulation model.

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 Where the solution to a set of differential equations describing the traffic
system is obtained analytically (using calculus)
 Analytical models can be static and dynamic
 Numerical methods are used for solutions

 But analytical models require large amount of field data such as, road width,
lane width, roughness, complete information on geometric design, vehicle
composition, type, traffic volumes, speeds & density etc.
 Extremely costly & tedious
 Often uncertainties are involved in the data

 The simulation models are, where the successive changes of the traffic
system over time (space-time dynamics) are reproduced (approximated)
in the model.
 Simulation models are dynamic
25
CATEGORIZATION:
STATIC VERSES DYNAMIC

2022-01-10
 Static
 Models average steady-state traffic situation
 Dynamic

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 Models changes over time of the traffic situation

(If input demand remain unchanged, flow will also remain unchanged)

Static

Dynamic
26
7:00 10:00 15:00 18:00
CATEGORIZATION:
SCALE OF APPLICATION

2022-01-10
 The application scale indicates the area of application of the model.
 For instance, the model may describe the dynamics of its entities
for a single roadway stretch, an entire traffic network, a

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

corridor, a city, etc.

27
MICROSCOPIC TRAFFIC FLOW MODELS

2022-01-10
detail DI
MODEL NAME / REF. v v0 y o SC RE OP AR
level
MIXIC (Van Arem and Hogema (1995)) + + + d s s ml
SIMONE (Minderhoud (1999)) + + + + d s s ml, d

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

PELOPS (Ludmann (1998)) + + + d s s ml

safe-distance models (May (1990)) + c d a sl

stimulus-response models (Leutzbach (1988), May + c d a sl
(1990))

psycho-spacing models (Wiedemann (1974)) + + + c s s ml

FOSIM (Vermijs et al. (1995)) + + + + d s s ml, d
CA-models (Nagel (1996,1998), Wu and Brilon (1999), + + d s s n, u
Esser et al. (1999))

Particle pedestrian model (Hoogendoorn and + + + + d s s o

Bovy (2000a))

INTEGRATION (Van Aerde (1994)). + d d s n

DI: dimension (other than time / space): velocity v, desired velocity v0,
lateral position y (lanes), and other
SC: scale (continuous, discrete, and semi-discrete);
RE: process representation (deterministic, stochastic);
OP: operationalisation (analytical, simulation); 28
AR: area of application (cross-section, single lane stretches, multilane
stretches, aggregate lane stretches, discontinuities, motorway network,
urban network, and other).
MESOSCOPIC TRAFFIC FLOW MODELS

2022-01-10
detail DI
MODEL NAME / REF. v v0 y o SC RE OP AR
level
headway distr. models (Hoogendoorn and Bovy (1998a)) + + c s a c
reduced gas-kinetic model (Prigogine and Herman + c d a al

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

(1971))

improved gas-kinetic model (Paveri-Fontana (1975)) + + c d a al

multilane gas-kinetic model (Helbing (1997b)) + + + c d a ml, d
multiclass gas-kinetic model (Hoogendoorn and + + + c d a al
Bovy (2000b))

multiclass multilane model (Hoogendoorn (1999)) + + + c d a al ml, d

cluster models (Botma (1978)) + + c d a al

DI: dimension (other than time / space): velocity v, desired velocity v0,
lateral position y (lanes), and other
SC: scale (continuous, discrete, and semi-discrete);
RE: process representation (deterministic, stochastic);
OP: operationalisation (analytical, simulation);
AR: area of application (cross-section, single lane stretches, multilane
stretches, aggregate lane stretches, discontinuities, motorway network,
urban network, and other).
29
MACROSCOPIC TRAFFIC FLOW MODELS

2022-01-10
detail DI
MODEL NAME / REF. v v0 y o SC RE OP AR
level
LWR model (Lighthill and Whitham (1955)) + c d a al

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

Payne-type models ((Payne (1971,1979)) + c d a al
Helbing-type models (Helbing (1996,1997)) + + c d a al
Cell-Transmission Model (Daganzo (1994a,b,1999)) + d d s n
METANET (Kotsialos et al. (1998,1999)) + d d s n
semi-discrete model (Smulders (1990)) sd s a al, d
FREFLO (Payne (1979)) + d d s n
MASTER (Treiber et al.(1999)) + d d a ml

DI: dimension (other than time / space): velocity v, desired velocity v0,
lateral position y (lanes), and other
SC: scale (continuous, discrete, and semi-discrete);
RE: process representation (deterministic, stochastic);
OP: operationalisation (analytical, simulation);
AR: area of application (cross-section, single lane stretches, multilane
stretches, aggregate lane stretches, discontinuities, motorway network,
urban network, and other).

30
COMMERCIAL SIMULATION TOOLS

2022-01-10
 Many road traffic simulations have been developed to investigate many
different aspects of traffic management.
 The most popular type of simulations are motorway and urban systems
due to the high traffic densities and problems of congestion making them the

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

most cost-effective type of traffic-simulation.

 Motorway (Freeway, Corridor) Traffic simulation

 SCOT (Simulation of COrridor Traffic) evaluates control policies along urban freeway
corridors.
 MicroSIM micro-simulator simulates the German freeway-network at least in real-time
using parallel computation techniques.
 SIMAUT simulates freeways and on and off ramps based on the hydrodynamic theory of
traffic flow (Macroscopic simulator).
 CORFLO (CORridor FLOw) was designed to simulate traffic on various types of roadways
(urban streets, arterials and freeways) at a macroscopic level of detail.

31
TRAFFIC SIMULATION TOOLS

2022-01-10
 Urban Traffic Modeling
 Urban traffic simulators have been used to model urban congestion. They
have to cope with large numbers of vehicles and signaled junctions.

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 NETSIM (Network Simulation) is used to help traffic engineers analyze potential urban
traffic system designs.
 SIMNET simulates the simplified movement of individual vehicles in connected street
networks.

 Intersection Design Simulations

 The design of intersections is a complex problem that is important
component in getting efficient traffic flow results in a larger network.
 TEXAS (Traffic Experimental and Analytical Simulation) helped with the need to
redesign Texas highways and street systems due to the complexity of intersection
design.
 TRAFFICQ developed for the UK Department of Transport is designed to aid the
evaluation of alternative traffic management plans for networks.
 SIGART was developed to extend knowledge of roundabouts and the development of
signal-controlled roundabouts.

32
TRAFFIC SIMULATION TOOLS

2022-01-10
 Rural Traffic Modeling
 Rural simulators are less common because they are less cost effective than urban simulators. Rural
simulators pay particular attention to models of road slopes and over-taking behavior
 ROADSIM (Rural road Simulator) microscopically simulates the movement of vehicles along two lane
two-way rural roads.

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 Signal Timing and Control System Simulations
 Traffic signal control is a system for synchronising the timing of any number of traffic signals in an area,
with the aim of reducing stops and overall vehicle delay or maximizing throughput. Traffic signal control
varies in complexity, from simple systems that use historical data to set fixed timing plans, to adaptive
signal control, which optimizes timing plans for a network of signals according to traffic conditions in real-
time.
 SIGOP II (SIGnal OPtimization) is a traffic signal optimization model. It is designed to generate
optimal traffic signal timing plans for arterial or grid networks.
 CYRANO (CYcle-free Responsive Algorithm for Network Optimisation) is a traffic signal optimisation
model for real time traffic control. It generates network signal timing plans for undersaturated
conditions.
 DYNEMO is used for the development, evaluation and optimisation of traffic control systems for
urban networks.
 FLEXSYT (flexible network and traffic control simulation study tool) is a tool that uses a traffic
control programming language (TRAFCOL) developed by Dutch traffic engineers in the study of traffic
control programs.
 Synchro is a macroscopic analysis and optimization software application. Synchro supports the
Highway Capacity Manual’s (HCM) 6th Edition, 2010 for signalized intersections, unsignalized
intersections and roundabouts. Synchro also implements the Intersection Capacity Utilization method
for determining intersection capacity. Synchro’s signal optimization routine allows the user to weight
specific phases, thus providing users more options when developing signal timing plans.
33
TRAFFIC SIMULATION TOOLS

2022-01-10
 Public-Transport Traffic Modeling
 As a response to a government initiative for public transport, simulations have made attempts to
find more efficient routes for public transport vehicles.
 AVM is a model developed to simulate the operation of buses equipped with automatic vehicle

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

monitoring systems. Buses were simulated moving through a background traffic stream;
stopping to discharge and pick up passengers; and responding to in-vehicle displays informing
the driver of his schedule adherence.
 TRAF-NETSIM was used to develop an adaptive bus priority system.
 MISSION facilitates general traffic, bus, trams, light-railways for analyze of public transport
systems and noise levels.

 Traffic Congestion Simulations

 Congestion is the main target of investigation by many simulations. Long queues can entrap cars
that do not wish to pass through the bottleneck that generated them, compounding the problem
and causing spillovers. Congestion management is aimed at queue avoidance and containment.
 ACCESS (Area-wide Control of Congested System) is a computer model which implements a
critical intersection control and queue management policy for saturated network condition.
 INTRAS (Integrated Traffic Simulation) is used for the detection of stopped vehicles and the
necessary steps required to remove the stoppage. It helped to develop freeway incident
detection techniques for the Federal Highway Administration.

34
TRAFFIC SIMULATION TOOLS

2022-01-10
 Evacuation Simulations
 IDYNEV (Interactive DYnamic EVacuation Model) was developed for the
Federal Emergency Management Agency. It is used to develop evacuation plans
and to estimate evacuation times in response to natural and technological

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

disasters.
 TRAD (Traffic Routing and Distribution) is designed to route traffic from areas
at risk to the periphery of an emergency planning zone so as to minimize
evacuees exposure to risk.

 Environmental Simulations
 Governments and environmental agencies are often interested in fuel-consumption
and emission rates made by traffic vehicles.
 The TRansportation ANalysis SIMulation System (TRANSIMS) is a set of
transportation and air quality analysis and forecasting procedures developed to
meet the Clean Air Act.

35
MICRO-SIMULATION SOFTWARE: 2D
MODEL

2022-01-10
Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
Traffic simulation of the city of Cologne conducted CORSIM TRAFVU software package - traffic
in the SUMO software package network simulation a spaghetti junction example

http://sumo-sim.org/userdoc/Downloads.html

Other free: Matsim, Repast, MAINSIM, MITSIM

36
MICRO-SIMULATION SOFTWARE: 2D
MODEL

2022-01-10
Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
Link-node network coded in CORSIM Portion of U.S. 280 coded in SimTraffic

37
 MICRO-SIMULATION SOFTWARE: 2D
MODEL

2022-01-10
Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
Nodes, Links and Zones in PARAMIC modeler Bus Stops and Bus Route in PARAMIC modeler

38
 2022-01-10 Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
39
MICRO-SIMULATION SOFTWARE: 3D
MODEL
MICROSCOPIC CA-BASED SIMULATOR

2022-01-10
Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
http://www.fit.vutbr.cz/units/UPSY/prod/index.php?file=%2Fproduct%2F314%2Fsrc&id=314&notitle=1
40
GUI OF VISUM MACRO-SIMULATOR

2022-01-10
Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
 VISUM is a comprehensive, flexible software system for transportation planning, travel
demand modelling and network data management.
 VISUM is used on all continents for metropolitan, regional, state wide and national
planning applications.
 Designed for multimodal analysis, VISUM integrates all relevant modes of transportation
(i.e., car, car passenger, goods vehicles, bus, train, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians) 41
into one consistent network model.
GUI OF TRANSCAD MACRO-SIMULATOR

2022-01-10
Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
 TransCAD is a special GIS for transportation applications:
 Extended data model: TransCAD provides some special data models required to represent the
static/dynamic phenomenon specific to transportation applications such as matrices (Origin-Destination
data), route system (eg. bus route), linear referencing system (eg. location of accident along highway),
special topological network (eg. one-way street system, overpass/underpass), turning restriction (eg.
necessary for finding the best route), and so on.
 Special operations for transportation applications: With TransCAD, you can input (eg. reading GPS data,
address matching), process (eg. editing network topology), manipulate (eg. conflation), and analyze 42
transportation data, Besides, TransCAD provides a complete application suite for transportation planning,
vehicle routing, and distribution logistics (available in Standard Version only).
GENERAL CONCLUSION

2022-01-10
 ‘If all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail’ by Abraham Maslow
 Most of the micro-simulation software provide reasonable results for typical
simulation applications. There is no ranking of ‘best’ or ‘worst’ software!!!!

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 Nothing is best ... all depends on condition of traffic ... there are so many
defaults parameter but they are not always good.
 But the individual software limitations should be understood prior to selecting
one for network evaluation. Each package had strengths and weaknesses that
made it suitable for certain applications, depending on the type of
transportation improvement or planning analysis being considered.
 How to model network traffic with non-lane-based mixed traffic (motorized +
non-motorized) within micro-simulator?
 VISSIM/Paramics/AIMSUN………….

Statistics of 2005:
Micro (around 65 software packages)
Macro (around 16 software packages)
Meso (around 3 software packages)

43
QUESTIONS WHICH CAN BE ANSWERED
BY TRAFFIC SIMULATION (EXAMPLES)

2022-01-10
 Is our traffic network sufficient for the travel demand in 15 years?

 What is going to be the effect of building a new shopping center?

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 Which of different alternative solutions leads to the best LOS?

 And others………………………………………………………………

44
USE OF VISSIM MICRO-SIMULATION MODELLING

2022-01-10
 Multi-modal integration
 Car park guidance system

Prepared by Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman

 Automated parking simulation

 Active Traffic Management

 Insane vehicle

 Pedestrian Modelling (Viswalk)

 Airport planning
 Crowd Management (Major Event Evacuation)

45