MT

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UKMT

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Mathematics Trust

Andrew Jobbings Senior Kangaroo

© 2022 UK Mathematics Trust

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Solutions

These are polished solutions and do not illustrate the process of failed ideas and rough work by
which candidates may arrive at their own solutions.
It is not intended that these solutions should be thought of as the ‘best’ possible solutions and
the ideas of readers may be equally meritorious.

Enquiries about the Andrew Jobbings Senior Kangaroo should be sent to:
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Andrew Jobbings Senior Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

1. The number 𝑥 satisfies 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 = 0. What is the value of 𝑥 + 2𝑥 ?

Solution 004
2 2
As 𝑥 ≠ 0 we may divide 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 = 0 by 𝑥 to give 𝑥 − 4 + 𝑥 = 0, and then 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 4.

2. The sum of the ages of Tom and John is 23, the sum of the ages of John and Alex is 24
and the sum of the ages of Tom and Alex is 25. What is the sum of the squares of their
three ages?

Solution 434
Let the ages of Tom, John and Alex be 𝑇, 𝐽 and 𝐴 respectively. We have 𝑇 + 𝐽 = 23 and
𝑇 + 𝐴 = 25. Subtracting these equations we have 𝐴 − 𝐽 = 2. Solving this, and 𝐽 + 𝐴 = 24
simultaneously, we have 𝐽 = 11, 𝐴 = 13 and hence 𝑇 = 12. Therefore, the sums of the squares
of their ages is 112 + 122 + 132 = 434.

3. Zia conducted a study of the number of coins each member of her club had in their
pocket. To her surprise, nobody had zero coins and exactly seven people had only one
coin each. Everybody else had at least two coins. She drew a pie chart of her results,
and to her surprise found each sector had an angle which was an integer ten degrees
larger than its immediate predecessor. The smallest sector in the pie chart had an angle
of 35𝑜 . How many people are in Zia’s club?

Solution 72
The sector angles, measured in degrees, are 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, and 85, which sum to 360.
Since the smallest sector represents a frequency of seven, we know that five degrees corresponds
to one member of the club.
Therefore, the number of people in Zia’s club is 360 ÷ 5 = 72.

4. The rectangles 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 are drawn on a set of coordinate axes. 𝑆1 has vertices at
(0, 𝑦); (𝑥, 𝑦); (𝑥, 4); and (0, 4), where 𝑥 < 9 and 𝑦 < 4. 𝑆2 has vertices at (𝑥, 0);
(9, 0); (9, 𝑦); and (𝑥, 𝑦). The rectangles are equal in area. What is the value of 360𝑥
𝑦 ?

Solution 810
Rectangles 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 have areas 𝑥(4 − 𝑦) and 𝑦(9 − 𝑥) respectively.
Equating these, 4𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 = 9𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦.
Therefore, 4𝑥 = 9𝑦, which yields 360𝑥 = 810𝑦 giving the result of 360𝑥
𝑦 = 810.

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Andrew Jobbings Senior Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

5. Paul is painting a wall. He knows the area of the wall is 1920 square metres, correct
to the nearest ten. He uses tins of paint, each of which can cover 18 square metres,
correct to the nearest integer.
He needs to paint the wall completely, and still have at least half a tin of paint left over
for any minor repairs.
What is the smallest number of tins he must buy to be sure of having enough paint?

Solution 111
The number of tins required to certainly cover the wall will be the maximum possible size of the
wall divided by the minimum possible amount of paint per tin, i.e. 1925 19250 770
17.5 = 175 = 7 = 110
(exactly). Because the calculation uses an exact number of tins, and as he requires a surplus of
half a tin for any touch-ups he should buy one additional tin. Therefore, he should buy 111 tins
of paint.

6. A cube is dissected into 6 pyramids by connecting a given point in the interior of the
cube with each vertex of the cube, so that each face of the cube forms the base of a
pyramid. The volumes of five of these pyramids are 200, 500, 1000, 1100 and 1400.
What is the volume of the sixth pyramid?

Solution 600
Each of the cube’s faces forms the base of one of the six pyramids. Any two pyra-
mids formed from opposite faces will have a combined volume of 13 × area of cube face ×
distance between opposite faces = 31 × 𝑠3 , where 𝑠 is the cube’s side-length.
Pairing the known pyramid volumes we see that 200 + 1400 = 500 + 1100 = 1600. The missing
pyramid therefore has volume 1600 − 1000 = 600.

7. The positive integer 𝑁 has exactly six distinct (positive) factors including 1 and 𝑁.
The product of five of these is 6075. What is the value of the sixth factor?

Solution 015
We determine that 6075 = 35 × 52 . This means that 1, 3, 5 and 15 must be factors of 𝑁.
Since 35 is a factor of 6075, 9 is also a factor of 𝑁 and so is 9 × 5 = 45.
1 × 3 × 5 × 9 × 15 × 45 = 36 × 53 . Therefore, the missing factor is 36 × 53 ÷ 35 × 52 = 15.

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Andrew Jobbings Senior Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

8. In a right-angled triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 (with right angle at 𝐴) the bisectors

√ of the acute angles
intersect at point 𝑃. The distance from 𝑃 to the hypotenuse is 80000. What is the
distance from 𝑃 to 𝐴?

Solution 400
Drop the perpendiculars from 𝑃 to 𝐴𝐵, meeting at 𝑀; and 𝐶
from 𝑃 to 𝐴𝐶, meeting at 𝑁; and from 𝑃 to 𝐵𝐶, meeting at 𝐿.
𝐿
Triangles 𝐵𝐿𝑃 and 𝐵𝑀 𝑃 are congruent, since both have a right
angle and one-half of the bisected angle at 𝐴, and share edge 𝑁
𝑃
𝐴𝑃.
𝐴 𝑀 𝐵
√ √
Therefore 𝑃𝑀 is 80000 in length. A similar argument is used to prove 𝑃𝑁 is√also 80000. The
distance 𝐴𝑃 is then found by Pythagoras’ equation in triangle 𝐴𝑃𝑀: 𝐴𝑃 = 80000 + 80000 =
√
160000 = 400.

9. Using the 24-hour clock, the time 16:11:22 on the date 16/11/22 (i.e. the 16th of
November 2022) has hours, minutes and seconds equal to date, month and (two-digit)
year respectively. Let S be the number of seconds which will elapse after that date and
time until this phenomenon
√ next occurs.
What is the value of 𝑆?

Solution 300
The next such time and date will be 17:11:22 on 17/11/22. This is one day and one hour later.
The number√of seconds which will elapse is 25 × 60 × 60 = 90000.
Therefore, 𝑆 = 5 × 60 = 300.

10. The equations 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 both have real roots. It is known that
the sum of the squares of the roots of the first equation is equal to the sum of the squares
of the roots of the second one, and that 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏. Find the value of 500 + 10(𝑎 + 𝑏).

Solution 480
Let 𝑝, 𝑞 be the roots of the first equation, and 𝑟, 𝑠 the roots of the second.
Then (𝑥 − 𝑝)(𝑥 − 𝑞) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏. After expanding the brackets and comparing coefficients
we have 𝑎 = −𝑝 − 𝑞 and 𝑏 = 𝑝𝑞.
A similar analysis of the second equation yields 𝑏 = −𝑟 − 𝑠 and 𝑎 = 𝑟 𝑠.
Now, (−𝑝 − 𝑞) 2 = 𝑝 2 + 𝑞 2 + 2𝑝𝑞 = 𝑝 2 + 𝑞 2 + 2𝑏.
Similarly, (−𝑟 − 𝑠) 2 = 𝑟 2 + 𝑠2 + 2𝑟 𝑠 = 𝑟 2 + 𝑠2 + 2𝑎.
Therefore, (−𝑝 − 𝑞) 2 − 2𝑏 = (−𝑟 − 𝑠) 2 − 2𝑎 (since 𝑝 2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑟 2 + 𝑠2 ).
Therefore, 𝑎 2 − 2𝑏 = 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎 and hence 𝑎 2 − 𝑏 2 = 2𝑏 − 2𝑎 = 2(𝑏 − 𝑎).
Therefore (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) = −2(𝑎 − 𝑏) and hence 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −2, since we know that 𝑎 − 𝑏 ≠ 0.
We conclude that 500 + 10(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 500 − 20 = 480.

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Andrew Jobbings Senior Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

11. A quadrilateral contains an inscribed circle (i.e. a circle tangent to the four sides of the
quadrilateral). The ratio of the perimeter of the quadrilateral to that of the circle is
4 : 3. The ratio of the area of the quadrilateral to that of the circle, expressed in its
lowest terms, is 𝑎 : 𝑏. What is the value of 100𝑎 + 49𝑏?

Solution 547
Let the radius of the circle be 3. Then its circumference is 6𝜋 and
the quadrilateral’s perimeter is 8𝜋. The circle’s area is 9𝜋. We can
determine the quadrilateral’s area by dividing it into four triangles, as
shown in the example. Each triangle has area 12 × 3 × 𝑠, where 𝑠 is the
side shared by the triangle and the quadrilateral.

By summing the triangles’ areas we find the quadrilateral’s area, as 12 × 3× (the quadrilateral’s
perimeter), this is 12 × 3 × 8𝜋 = 12𝜋. The required ratio of areas is 12𝜋 : 9𝜋 = 4 : 3. Therefore
𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 3, and 100𝑎 + 49𝑏 = 547.

12. Five cards have the numbers 101, 102, 103, 104 and 105 on their fronts.

101 102 103 104 105

On the reverse, each card has one of five different positive integers: 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 and 𝑒
respectively. We know that 𝑎 + 2 = 𝑏 − 2 = 2𝑐 = 𝑑2 = 𝑒 2 .
Gina picks up the card which has the largest integer on its reverse. What number is on
the front of Gina’s card?

Solution 104
We know that 𝑑 = 4𝑐, 𝑑 = 2𝑎 + 4, and 𝑑 = 2𝑒 2 .
So we can quickly see that 𝑑 > 𝑐, 𝑑 > 𝑎 and 𝑑 > 𝑒.
Also, 𝑑 = 2𝑏 − 4 > 𝑏 for 𝑏 > 4. We can eliminate the 𝑏 ≤ 4 case, for 𝑏 cannot be odd (for then
𝑐 would not be an integer); 𝑏 cannot be 4 (for then 𝑎 would be zero); and 𝑏 cannot be 2 (for
then 𝑐 would be zero). Therefore, 𝑑 > 𝑏.
Therefore 𝑑 is the largest of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 and 𝑒, so Gina has 104 on the front of her card.

𝑥 𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑥4
13. A sequence is given by 𝑥 1 = 2, 𝑥 𝑛+1 = 32𝑛−1
. What is 128 ?

Solution 128
We determine each term in sequence.
22 4 44 28 3 88 224
𝑥 2 = 32 0 = 1 = 4; 𝑥 3 = 321 = 25 = 2 = 8; 𝑥 4 = 322
= 210
= 214 .
𝑥4
Therefore, 128 = 214 ÷ 27 = 27 = 128.

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Andrew Jobbings Senior Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

14. A class consists of pupils who each wear either a red tie or a green tie. There are
two more pupils wearing green ties than wearing red ties. Two pupils are chosen at
random. The probability of selecting two pupils of different tie-colour is exactly treble
the probability of selecting two pupils who both wear red ties. Given that R is the
number of pupils wearing a red tie, and that 𝑅 > 0, determine 𝑅 3 + 𝑅 2 + 𝑅.

Solution 399
The number of pupils wearing a green tie is 𝑅 + 2, and the total number of pupils in the class is
𝑅 + 𝑅 + 2 = 2𝑅 + 2. Let the probability of selecting two red-tie wearing pupils be 𝑞.
𝑅 𝑅−1
Then 2𝑅+2 × 2𝑅+1 = 𝑞.
𝑅 𝑅+2 𝑅+2 𝑅
Also, 2𝑅+2 × 2𝑅+1 + 2𝑅+2 × 2𝑅+1 = 3𝑞.
𝑅 𝑅−1 𝑅 𝑅+2 𝑅+2 𝑅
Eliminating 𝑞 we have 3 2𝑅+2 × 2𝑅+1 = 2𝑅+2 × 2𝑅+1 + 2𝑅+2 × 2𝑅+1 .
Therefore, 3𝑅(𝑅 − 1) = 2𝑅(𝑅 + 2) and hence 3𝑅 2 − 3𝑅 = 2𝑅 2 + 4𝑅.
This quadratic equation simplifies to 𝑅 2 − 7𝑅 = 0 and has solutions 𝑅 = 0 and 𝑅 = 7.
We are given that 𝑅 > 0, so 𝑅 = 7 and 𝑅 3 + 𝑅 2 + 𝑅 = 343 + 49 + 7 = 399.

15. The perimeter of the square in the figure is 40. The perimeter of
√
the larger equilateral triangle in the figure is 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑝, where 𝑝
is a prime number. What is the value of 7𝑎 + 5𝑏 + 3𝑝?

Solution 269
Define lengths 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 as shown in the diagram, so that the larger
equilateral triangle has side length 𝑥 + 𝑧. 𝑦
𝑧
10 20
We have 𝑥 = sin 60 = 3 .
√
𝑥
10 10 10
Also, 𝑦 = tan 60 = 3 and
√ hence 𝑧 = 10 − √ .
3
The perimeter of the larger equilateral triangle is

20 10
 
10
 √
3(𝑥 + 𝑧) = 3 √ + 10 − √ =3 √ + 10 = 30 + 10 3.
3 3 3

Therefore, 𝑎 = 30, 𝑏 = 10 and 𝑐 = 3 and so 7𝑎 + 5𝑏 + 3𝑝 = 210 + 50 + 9 = 269.

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Andrew Jobbings Senior Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

16. On the island of Friends and Foes, every citizen is either a Friend (who always tells the
truth) or a Foe (who always lies). Seven citizens are sitting in a circle. Each declares
“I am sitting between two Foes”. How many Friends are there in the circle?

Solution 003
If every citizen is a foe then all are telling the truth, which is a contradiction. Therefore, there
is at least one friend. Suppose the citizens are labelled ABCDEFG and sat in the same order,
with A (a friend) sat next to B and G. Then B and G are both foes. We now consider C and F.
If C is a foe, then D must be a friend (else C would speak the truth). This makes E a foe, and F
must be a friend since F is sitting between two foes, so speaks the truth. In this scenario there
are three friends, A, D and F.
If F is a foe, then E must be a friend (else F would speak the truth). This makes D a foe, and C
must be a friend since C is sitting between two foes, so speaks the truth. In this scenario there
are three friends, A, C and E.
If C and F are both friends then D and E must both be foes. In this scenario there are three
friends, A, C and F.
Therefore there are three friends.

17. What is the smallest three-digit positive integer which can be written in the form 𝑝𝑞 2𝑟,
where 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟 are distinct primes?

Solution 126
We consider multiples of 𝑞 2 , for increasing values of 𝑞.
For 𝑞 = 2, we consider numbers of the form 4𝑘, where 𝑘 is odd (since neither 𝑝 nor 𝑟 can then
be 2).
100 = 22 × 52 ; 108 = 22 × 33 ; 116 = 22 × 29; 124 = 22 × 31; 132 = 22 × 3 × 11, so 132 is the
first multiple of 22 of the required form.
For 𝑞 = 3 we consider multiples of 9.
108 = 22 × 33 ; 117 = 32 × 13; 126 = 2 × 32 × 7, so 126 is the first multiple of 32 of the required
form.
For 𝑞 = 5 we consider multiples of 25.
100 = 22 × 52 ; 125 = 53 ; and subsequent multiples are larger than 126.
For 𝑞 = 7 we consider multiples of 49. However, the smallest three-digit multiple, 147, is
already larger than 126.
For 𝑞 = 11 we consider multiples of 121. However, 121 = 112 and subsequent multiples are
larger than 126.
For all other possible values of 𝑞, 𝑞 2 is larger than 126. Therefore, 126 is the smallest such
number.

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Andrew Jobbings Senior Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

20! × 22!
18. The number has 𝑁 prime factors, which are not necessarily distinct.
16! × 11!
What is the value of 𝑁 (𝑁 − 2)?

Solution 960
We can rewrite the fraction as 20! 22!
11! × 16! .
By writing each factorial out as a product, and cancelling like factors top and bottom of each
fraction, this simplifies to
20 × 19 × 18 × 17 × 16 × 15 × 14 × 13 × 12 × 22 × 21 × 20 × 19 × 18 × 17.
We can count how many non-distinct prime factors each number in the above product has, and
find the sum.
Taking the numbers in turn, 𝑁 = 3 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 32.
Therefore, 𝑁 (𝑁 − 2) = 32 × 30 = 960.

19. How many different real number solutions are there to the following equation?
  ( 𝑥 5 −5𝑥 3 +4𝑥 )
2
𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 15 =1

Solution 008
Some solutions occur when 𝑥 5 −5𝑥 3 +4𝑥 = 0, provided 𝑥 2 −8𝑥+15 ≠ 0 simultaneously. Therefore
we consider 𝑥(𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 + 4) = 0, i.e. 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 4) = 0 i.e. 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0.
The solutions to this are −2, −1, 0, 1 and 2, none of which makes 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15 = 0, so all five
of these are solutions. √
Some solutions occur when 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15 = 1. This has two distinct solutions 𝑥 = 4 ± 2.
Some solutions may occur when 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15 = −1. This is equivalent to 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 = 0 which
has exactly one solution, namely 𝑥 = 4. This will only solve the original equation if the index
𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 is even when 𝑥 = 4. At 𝑥 = 4, the index has a value of 45 − 5 × 43 + 4 × 4 = 720,
which is even. Therefore 𝑥 = 4 is a solution.
Therefore, there are 5 + 2 + 1 = 8 different solutions.

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Andrew Jobbings Senior Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

20. Each cell in this cross-number can be filled with a non-zero digit such that all of the
conditions in the clues are satisfied. The digits used are not necessarily distinct.
Determine T, the sum of all six answers to the clues. The answer to this question is
0.5 × 𝑇.
1 2

3 4

ACROSS:
1. Two less than a prime.
3. Exactly 100 more than its largest proper factor.
5. A multiple of 13.

DOWN:
1: A fourth power.
2: A cube.
4: Not prime, not square, not even.

Solution 582
1 DOWN is either 16 or 81. If 3 ACROSS begins with a six then its largest proper factor is at
most 349, which violates the clue. Therefore 3 ACROSS begins with a one, and 1 DOWN must
be 81.
1 ACROSS is either 81 or 87. If 2 DOWN begins with a one then it is 125 and 5 ACROSS must
be 52. But this would mean 4 DOWN ended with a two, which violates its clue. Therefore 1
ACROSS must be 87, in turn meaning 2 DOWN is 729 and 5 ACROSS is 91.
4 DOWN ends in a one so can only be 21, 51 or 91. This means 3 ACROSS has possible
answers of 122, 125 and 129. Of these, only 125 satisfies the clue.
The total number of all the answers in the grid is 87 + 125 + 91 + 81 + 729 + 51 = 1164. The
required quantity is 1164 ÷ 2 = 582.

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