SI-100

Islamic Studies

Department of Anthropology
Quaid e Azam University Islamabad

Sobia Shehzadi
[email protected]
LECTURE 05
SEERAH LINGUISTIC MEANINGS

Arabic word

Comes from the basic

root verb “Saara, Yaseeru”
• A path
• a path where somebody walks
• a direction which somebody takes
Which means: • to walk in a particular direction
• a persons life
• the path that someone has gone on
• lived life in a direction of
SEERAH TERMINOLOGICAL MEANINGS

The term translates to “biography”

Scholars describe it as everything and

anything in connection to the life
MEANINGS OF SEERAH NABWI
WHY TO STUDY THE SEERAH NABWI
MUHAMMAD (P.B.U.H)?
 IMPORTANCE OF SEERAH NABWI
MUHAMMAD (P.B.U.H)
The role model for every person of this world who believes in Allah and the Day of Judgment.

A Sign of Love for the Prophet (PBUH)

It is an obligation

A Mean to Understand the Quran

It Empowers our Faith

Seerah is a Miracle in Itself

It raises our hopes and lifts our spirits

Allah's (SWT) command to know the Prophet )‫)ﷺ‬

Seerah lays out a precise methodology for the revival of the Ummah.

Seerah brings about knowledge with which we can defend the honor of our Prophet
 BIRTH AND UPBRINGING
The prophet (PBUH) was born on 12th Rabi-ul-Awal, 570 A.D.

His father had died six months before his birth.

At his birth, he was given to his foster mother, Halima Saadia, who took him to a
village and he returned at the age of six.

When he came back, his mother, Aamnah, took him to Yasrib to meet a few
relatives and visit the grave of the Prophet’s father.

However, on their way back Hazrat Aamnah fell ill and died.

The Prophet was escorted back by a slave girl Umm-e-Aymen.

Back in Makkah, the Prophet’s grandfather, Abdul Mutalib took his custody; but he
too passed away two years later.
 BIRTH AND UPBRINGING
So, now, the prophet’s paternal uncle, Abu Talib, took his care and trained him as a shepherd.

Once, the Prophet was accompanying his uncle on a trade journey to Syria, when on their way they met a Christian Monk,
Bahira. Bahira recognized in the prophet, signs of prophet hood and cautioned them to not continue their journey ahead.

When the prophet was 15 years old, war broke out between two tribes. '

The Prophet accompanied his uncles in this war – known as the sacrilegious war – but he had no major role in them apart
from collecting arrows thrown by the enemy and handing them over to his uncles.

After this war, a committee was formed in Makkah to prevent further bloodshed.

This was called the Half-ul-Fazul, and the Prophet was not only present but actively participated.

He is reported to have said: “I was present at the house of Abdullah Bin Judan at so excellent a pact that if today in Islam I
were summoned unto it I would gladly respond”.
 MARRIAGE TO KHADIJA

During his early years, the Prophet came to be known as Al-Sadiq and Al-Amin.

In such times, a widow trader, Hazrat Khadija, needed a trustworthy person to carry her goods to Syria.

She heard of the good character of the prophet and decided to hire him.

She sent her slave girl Maisara along on the trade expedition, and when they returned not just had the Prophet
made huge profits, but Maisara spoke a lot good about the Prophet. Hazrat Khadija was so impressed that she sent a
marriage proposal to the Prophet, which was accepted on his behalf by Abu Talib, his uncle.,

Although Hz. Khadija was 15 years older than the Prophet, they had a successful marriage and had 6 children, 2 of
whom died in infancy.
FIXING OF BLACK STONES

Later, once, when the Ka’abah was being rebuilt, the issue of fixing the black
stone aroused. Everybody wanted to this prestigious task and none was willing to
compromise; so much so that bloodshed was feared.
In such a hostile situation, an elderly man suggested that anybody who entered
the Ka’abah first would make the decision.

Fortunately, it was the Holy Prophet who made a very wise decision.

He laid the stone on a sheet and told the leaders of the tribes to hold the sheet
from each corner and lift it up.

When the stone reached the desired level, the Prophet picked the stone and
placed it on its position. Thus everyone was happy.

Gradually, when the Prophet was nearing the age of 40, he used to take dates and
water and meditate in the cave of Hira, pondering over the ill practices of Arabs.
THE MAIN ACTIVITIES IN
MAKKAH
&
EXPERIENCE WITH
OPPONENTS
 FIRST REVELATION
When the Prophet was nearing the age of 40, in 610 A.D, he would take dates
and water along and meditate in the cave of Hira.

He used to ponder over the god of his fore fathers, especially Hazrat
Ibrahim and he detested the ill practices of the Arabs.

One such day, towards the end of Ramzan an angel appeared before him
and asked him to read.

The Prophet replied that he could not read since he had not received any
formal education. The angel then hugged him tightly and asked him again to
read.

The Prophet again replied that he could not read.

• The angel again squeezed the Prophet tightly and repeated his demand for the third time.
The Prophet finally asked, what should I read?
 FIRST REVELATION
In response, the angel recited the first 5 verses of Surah Alaq:
• Read! in the name of your Lord, who created, 2. Created man out of a clot of congealed blood: 3. Proclaim!
And your Lord is most bountiful, 4. He who taught by the pen, 5. Taught man what he did not know.

After the Prophet had recited these verses, the angel disappeared.

In confusion, the Prophet ran out of the cave.

Outside, he saw the angel filling the horizon and then he heard a voice: “O
Muhammad! You are the messenger of Allah and I am Jibrael”.

The Prophet ran to his house and asked Hazrat Khadija to cover him up in a blanket.
 FIRST REVELATION
He then narrated the entire incident to her.

On hearing the entire account, Hazrat Khadija pacified him by saying: “you have
never done any wrong to anyone. You are kind to the others and help the poor.
Allah will not let you down”.

Hazrat Khadija later took the Prophet to her cousin and Christian scholar, Warqah-
bin-Naufil.

Warqah confirmed the prophet hood of the prophet and said that he had been
visited by the same angel who had visited other prophets.

He also forewarned that the Prophet will be expelled from his own city by his own
people.
 OPPOSITION AND PERSECUTION BY THE
QURAISH
• When the prophet first called them to Islam at the mount of safa, he was ridiculed and made fun of.
• Once, when the Prophet was praying a Quraish threw the intestines of a camel on his back while he was
prostrating.
• Umm-e-Jabeel, the wife of Abu Lahb, used to throw thorny bushes on the path of Prophet.
• Abu Lahb told his sons to divorce their wives who were the Prophet’s Daughters, just to add to his worries.
• During the tie when there was a gap between the revelations the makkans used to mock the Prophet that his
Allah had abandoned him.
• The makkans wrote poems to ridicule the Prophet and called him a magician.
• They also offered him bribes like making him king or marrying him to the prettiest girl so that he would stop
preaching Islam.
• When both of the Prophet’s sons passed away in infancy, the Quraish called him “abtar” – he who has no male
descendants.
• In between such persecutions, Prophet’s wife Hazrat Khadija and his uncle Hazrat Abu Talib passed away. This
was a huge loss for the Prophet because both of them had been a source of immense support for the Prophet. It
was because of this tragic loss that the Prophet called this year the year of grief.
• Sometime later, the Prophet visited Taif to preach Islam. He was accompanied by his adopted son Zaid Bin
Haris. When the Prophet called the people of Taif to Islam, he had to face a very negative response. The young
boys of Taif hurled stones at the Prophet and was forced to retreat in a badly bleeding condition.
 OPPOSITION AND PERSECUTION BY THE
QURAISH
• The final blow was when the Makkans gathered at Dar-un-Nadwa and made a plan to assassinate the Holy Prophet, so much
so that he and his followers were forced to migrate to Madinah.
• Not only the Prophet himself, but his followers also had to face maltreatment and the hands of Quraish. Cited below are some
examples:
• Hazrat Bilal – an Abyssinian slave – was tortured by his master Ummaya Bin Khalf. Ummaya would tie a rope around Hazrat
Bilal’s neck and drag him on the streets. He would also make Hazrat Bilal on burning coal and place a stone on his chest so that
he could not move. Yet, Hazrat Bilal never renounced his faith and remained steadfast. He was later freed by Hazrat Abu Bakr.
• Hazrat Abu Bakr himself was tied with a rope along with Hazrat Talha.
• Hazrat Usman was tortured by his very own uncle.
• Hazrat Zinra was persecuted to an extent that she lost her eye sight.
• Hazrat Talha and Zubair were dragged in streets and suffocated.
• The parents were of Hazrat Ammar Bin Yasir were tortured to death. Infact, his mother Hazrat Summayah was the first female
martyr of Islam.
• Suhaib Rumi eventually lost control of what he said due to extensive persecution.
• Khabab bin Arrat was made to lie on burning coal.
• Abu Fukaih, too, was made too loe on hot burning stones until his tongue dropped out.
• Abu Zarr Ghaffari was attacked by a crowd of non believers and he fell down senseless.
• For 3 whole years, all the people of Bani Hashim except Abu Jahl were foeced to leave in a secluded valley in the outskirts of
Makkah. A total boycott, social and economic was done with them so much so that they ahd to survive on boiled leather for
food.
 MIGRATION TO ABYSSINIA

Accordingly,
in the fifth
year of
prophet
hood, a
group of
The followed
The Prophet eleven men Although the In fact,
The another
gave and four Quraish tried Najashi the
hardships group of 70
permission to women to follow the king of
and suffering men
a group of secretly left emigrants Abyssinia
of the including
Muslims to for Abyssinia, and bring treated the
Muslims Hazrat Jafar,
migrate to these them back, Muslims very
increased. son of Abu
Abyssinia. included they failed. kindly.
Talib.
Hazrat
Usman and
his wife
Ruqqaya,
daughter of
the Prophet.
 BOYCOTT

During the early years in Makkah, the believers had to face severe persecutions at the hands of Quraish.

The Quraish tried their best to harass the Muslims and make them denounce their faith.

Yet the Muslims remained steadfast, proving that they could even risk their lives for Islam.
It was because of this steadfastness that they were able to live through the three years in the secluded valley –
Shib Abi Talib.
Situation got so worse that the people had to survive on leather and boiled leaves.

Echoes of crying children were heard from the valley.

Eventually, after 3 years of immense hardships, the hearts or Quraish melted and they lifted the ban.
 YEAR OF GRIEF

Hazrat After these

The 3 tough Khadija had two great
years had He was the His death provided losses the
just ended same uncle worried the the Prophet Prophet
when who had Prophet a The very with called this
another bought up lot as his same year, financial year the
blow came the Prophet influential the wife of and moral year of grief
to the and status was a Prophet support and and did not
Prophet in showered source of also passed her death feel secure
the form of on him his protection away. was a very in Makkah
his uncle, love and for the saddening for now he
Abut Talib’s affection. Prophet. event for had little
death. the protection
Prophet. left.
 VISIT TO TAIF

• While the Prophet was just recovering from this loss, he decided to focus on the expansion of Islam.

• Therefore, he travelled to the valley of Taif along with his adopted son, Zaid Bin Haris, to preach Islam.

• His message was not at all welcomed there in fact young boys hurled stones at him until he
bled. Eventually, the Prophet took refuge in a nearby orchard and when an angel asked about punishing
the people, the Prophet refused recognizing their influence and in fact prayed for them.

• After this event he realized that he needed another place to preach Islam as it was certainly not
acceptable to the people of Taif or Makkah.
 MAIRAJ
In the 10th year of • While the Holy Prophet was
asleep in his house, Jibrael (A.S)
prophethood, the came and took him to Ka’abah,
prophet was taken for where the Prophet rode a mule
Isra and Mairaj. like animal called Burraq.

It took him to Jerusalem

where the Holy Prophet • He again rode the Burraq and
they reached the heavens.
offered two Rakat.

The prophet was taken • Angel Jibrael then led them to

to all seven heavens the lote tree beyond which the
where he met various angel couldn’t go but the
prophets. Prophet was permitted to go.
Allah spoke to him directly over
there and the last verses of
Surah Baqarah were revealed. 5
prayers a day were also made
compulsory here.
 PLEDGES OF AQABAH
On his return from Taif, Prophet resumed his preaching, concentrating more on outsiders who came to
Makkah for pilgrimage.

In the eleventh year of Prophet Hood, six pilgrims from the tribe of Khazraj in Madinah came to Makkah.

The Prophet called them to Islam and they embraced faith.

Next year, 12 people from Yasrib met the Prophet at Aqabah, accepted faith, agreed to abstain from idol
worship, cruelty and falsehood, lead a righteous life and believe in one God.

This was called the First Pledge of Aqabah.

These newly converts promised to spread Islam in Yasrib and the Prophet sent 2 people with them to
preach Islam to the residents of Yasrib.
In the 13th year of prophet hood, a delegation consisting of 75 people came from Yasrib to take the same
pledge which was now called the 2nd pledge of Aqabah.
They also invited the Prophet to Yasrib and pledged full support for him and his followers. This made the
Prophet realize that the people of Yasrib were keen to accept Islam and their hospitality could be
beneficial to Islam.
The main events of his activities in Medina, his leadership of the community there and his conflicts with
the Makkans and others
MAIN EVENTS OF
MIGRATION
The Prophet allowed his followers to migrate to Yasrib.

When the Quraish got to know of it, they gathered at Dar-un-Nadwa and unanimously decided to assassinate
the Prophet.
Allah informed the prophet about this plot through a revelation and permitted him to leave. Prophet asked
Hazrat Ali to sleep in his bed to fool the Quraish and also to return the valuable people had kept with the
Prophet.

The Prophet then left for Madinah with Hazrat Abu Bakar.

They were aware that they were being pursued by the Quraish; therefore they decided to hide in a cave, named
Saur, for some time.

They stayed for 3 days. When the Quraish came looking for the Prophet, they did not bother looking inside the
cave as a pigeon had laid eggs at the threshold of the cave, a spider had formed a web and branches of a tree
were covering the entrance – these were all miracles of Allah.

During this stay, Hazrat Abu Bakr was worried so the Prophet consoled him by saying: “have no fear for Allah is
with us”.

During their stay, Hazrat Abu Bakr was bit by a snake but he did not even shout as the Prophet was sleeping in
his lap and he did not want to disturb him.
This shows how much he cared for the Prophet. While their stay in the cave, Hazrat Abu Bakr’s son, Abdullah
used to bring them news about the Quraish and his daughter, Asma, would bring them food supplies.

After three days when the Prophet and Hazrat Abu Bakar were sure that the Quraish were no longer following
them, they continued their journey.

They again stopped at Quba for 14 days where Hazrat Ali joined them and the 1st mosque of Islam was built.

When the people of madinah heard of their arrival, they were anxiously waiting.

Upon their arrival, they publicly welcomed them wholeheartedly and young girls even sang songs for the
Prophet.

Everybody wanted the Prophet to stay with them but the Prophet said that his camel was under divine
instructions so he would stay where the camel stopped.

The camel stopped at an open ground which belonged to two orphans, and the Prophet decided to build a
mosque on that place after paying the orphans its price.

Meanwhile, the Prophet stayed at Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansari’s residence.

THE MAIN ACTIVITIES IN
MADINAH
 MOSQUE OF THE PROPHET
• Upon his arrival, they publicly welcomed the Prophet wholeheartedly and young girls even sang songs for him.
• Everybody wanted the Prophet to stay with them but the Prophet said that his camel was under divine
instructions so he would stay where the camel stopped.
• The camel stopped at an open ground which belonged to two orphans, and the Prophet decided to build a
mosque on that place after paying the orphans its price.
• Meanwhile, the Prophet stayed at Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansari’s residence.
• This mosque was known as the Mosque of the Prophet – Masjid-e-Nabawi.
• The materials used for the construction included unbaked bricks which were used to make the walls.
• The roof was made of mud and date palm leaves.
• Trunks of date palm were used as pillars.
• A large platform with a thatched roof was built in one of the corners. It was known as Suffah. The Prophet
himself took part in building the mosque and was assisted by many of his companions.
• It served as a residential place for the Prophet and his family.
• It also became the political and military head quarter of the state and served as an institute of learning.
 BROTHERHOOD

The makkans Therefore, The Ansars

The emigrants,
had left their each emigrant shared all their The Ansar
on the other
families and was paired wealth and offered endless
hand, did not
belongings in with an Ansar property with In some cases, support to the
become a
Makka and –the people of the emigrants they even emigrants and
burden on the
now they Medina – and and they were shared wives. tried their best
Ansar and soon
needed they were even allowed to facilitate
started living
financial declared as to inherit from them.
independently.
support. brothers. them.
 COVENANT OF MADINA
In his attempt to
achieve good
relations with all If a conflict arises
the inhabitants of within the
Medina, the All people of Medinites, the
Prophet devised Medina would Prophet will be
the Covenant of defend the city consulted for
Medina. collectively decision.

He drew a covenant with There would be

the people of the town, complete
whether Muslims or non religious freedom
Muslims (including Jews) for all
which clearly defined the
duties and privileges of all
the people. It said:
 BATTLE OF BADR
• The Prophet decided to threaten the caravans which would hurt the Quraish economically. He started sending
The trade caravans of the Quraish used to pass through Madinah,. parties to watch the caravans.
• In 624 A.D, Abu Sufyan, the leader of Quraish was coming from Syria with a huge trading caravan. He was afraid
that the Muslims might intercept his caravan and therefore he summoned troops from Makkah.

• Although the caravan safely reached Makkah, yet Abu Jahl insisted on fighting the Muslims. So, Quraish, with
Hence an army of 1000 men came to escort the caravan. an army of 1000 men marched towards Medina.
• When the Prophet heard of this, he consulted his companions and decided to fight them outside Medina.

• Both the armies met at Badr. The Quraish had arrived first so they occupied all the important
The Muslims raised an army of 313 men. positions.
• The area that Muslims got was sandy land.

That night, Allah sent down rain and not only were the Muslims able
• The Quraish heavily outnumbered the Muslims and so the Prophet spent the entire night
to collect ample water but their land also got smooth. praying to Allah.
• Allah responded to his prayers by sending heavenly assistance.

Regarding this, the Quran says: “remember ye implored the • Initially whne the battle started; there was a single combat in which Hazrat Ali Hazrat Hamza
assistance of thy Lord and he answered I will assist you with a and Hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah fought against Utba, Sheeba and Waleed.
thousand angels, ranks on ranks”. • After the Muslim success in the single combat, general fighting began.

While the battle was going on, the Prophet prayed to Allah saying: “O • This shows that the Prophet was constantly seeking Allah’s help and Allah’s help did arrive for
Allah! If this small band of men perishes today there will be no one despite being less in number, Muslims were able to defeat the Quraish.
left to worship you and your faith will be destroyed forever”. • Even Abu Jahl, the leader of Quraish was killed by Abdullah Bin Masood.

Overall, 70 pagans were killed and 70 were taken as captives, the • On the other hand, only 14 Muslims were martyred. A large amount of booty was
Prophet treated the prisoners of war humanely and many were freed. also captured which was distributed among the Muslims.
 BATTLE OF UHAD
➢After the defeat of Battle of Badr, the Quraish were waiting to take revenge.
➢They included those who had lost their family members at Badr and those who had invested their
profits in the war.
➢They instigated the Quraish leader, Abu Sufyan, to wage war.
➢Therefore, the Quraish prepared an army of 3000 men and marched towards Medina in 625 A.D
under the leadership of Abu Sufyan.
➢When the Prophet heard of this, he consulted his companions.
➢Although he himself was in favor of fighting inside Medina, upon the suggestion of most of the
companions it was decided that they would outside Medina.
➢Initially, the Muslim army consisted of 1000 men but 300 hypocrites left the army under the
leadership of Abdullah Bin Ubayy saying that their demand of fighting inside Medina was not
fulfilled so they would not fight.
➢Therefore, the remaining 700 people marched towards Uhad.
➢In the battlefield, the Prophet appointed 50 archers under the command of Abdullah Bin Jubair to
guard a pass.
➢The Prophet clearly instructed them to not leave the pass under any circumstances.
 BATTLE OF UHAD
➢Initially, when the battle started, Muslims had an upper hand and they were successful in defeating the
Quraish such that the Quraish were began to flee, leaving behind a lot of booty.
➢When the archers saw this, they too left their posts and came to collect the spoils of war, assuming that
the war was over. However, when Khaild Bin Waleed saw the pass unguarded,
➢he along with his companions attacked from the rear.
➢At this point, the victory of Muslims turned into a near defeat. As the Quraish had attacked from the
back, Muslims did not know what to do and chaos & panic prevailed.
➢In this confusion, the Prophet himself was attacked and badly wounded.
➢He even lost two of his teeth, and became unconscious for some time.
➢The nearest of the Prophet’s companions formed a defensive ring around him, yet rumors spread that
the Prophet had been martyred.
➢However, the Prophet tried to control the situation and lessened the panic.
➢Over all, the Muslims suffered heavy losses and 70 of them were martyred.
➢These martyrs included Hazrat Hamza, an uncle of the Prophet, who had been killed by a slave Wahshi,
upon the instructions of Hinda, the wife of Abu Sufyan.
➢Hinda later chewed the dead body and mutilated it to avenge her father’s death at the hands of Hazrat
Hamza.
 BATTLE OF TRENCH
• After the Battle of Uhad, the Muslims were able to regain their former position.
• The Quraish could not reconcile themselves with the growing power of Muslims and felt threatened.
• Meanwhile, the Jewish tribe of Banu Nazir who had settled at Khyber kept on plotting against the muslims. Their chiefs went to Makkah
and asked for help against the Muslims, which the Quraish agreed to give.
• Then they went to Ghatafan tribe and gained their support too.
• Some other tribes also agreed to give full support against the Muslims, so with an army of 10,000 men under the command of Abu Sufyan
they marched to Medina in 5 A.H. when the Prophet came to know of this, he consulted his companions.
• Hazrat Salman Farsi, who was a Persian, suggested that a trench be built.
• This suggestion was unanimously accepted by all.
• As medina was safe from all other sides, a trench was built only in the north. '
• The Prophet himself took part in digging the trench.
• It took 8 days to build a trench 15 feet deep and 3 km wide, 3000 companions took part in digging the Trench. '
• When the Quraish arrived, they were shocked and did not know what to do as this trench was far beyond their imagination.
• Despite several attempts, the Quraish were unable to cross the trench and so they camped behind it.
• Minor skirmishes took place for a couple of days in which Muslims had an upper hand. Whenever, a person would attempt to cross the
Trench, Muslims would hurl stones and arrows.
• Muslims had to remain vigilant throughout and could not even assemble for prayer. Meanwhile, Banu Qurayza, a Jewish tribe residing in
medina violated the covenant of Medina and decided to attack from inside Medina.
• The Prophet sent a detachment to watch and this threat was successfully eliminated.
• The siege of Quraish lasted for a month after which a terrible storm came which blew away their camps and they were forced to flee.
• Thus Muslims gained victory.
 TREATY OF HUDAYBIA

The
So, he Although
prophet After
planned they had
sent this,
to go to no
another Hazrat
Makkah intention
messeng When Usman
for the of Instead, From Therefor
er, who, the returned,
lesser waging to resist here, the e the
The too did Quraish and
In 628 pilgrimag war and their The Prophet prophet
Muslims not had negotiati
A.D, the e. In the were entry prophet sent a called his
camped return detained ons
Prophet month of unarmed they sent did not messeng But that compani
at a place and so Hazrat This was started
dreamt Dhul- yet their a force want to er to the messeng ons to
called eventuall Usman known as with the
that he Qadah, huge under fight so Quraish er never take a
Hudaybia y the for a Bait-e- Quraish,
was the number Khalid he to tell returned. pledge to
about 3 prophet while Rizwan. eventuall
entering Prophet surprised Bin diverted them fight and
miles sent rumors y a treaty
the holy along the Waleed his that they avenge
from Hazrat spread known as
Ka’abah. with Quraish and route. had not the blood
Makkah. Usman that he the
1400 and so Ukrama come to of Hazrat
due to had been treaty of
unarmed they Bin Jahl. fight. Usman.
his high killed. hudaybia
compani weren’t
reputatio was
ons left allowed
n among devised,.
for to enter
the
Makkah. Makkah.
Quraish.
Terms were :
The Muslims would not enter Makkah this year, but would return the following year

Makkans taking refuge in Medina would be handed back but medinites talking refuge in
Makkah would not be returned

There will be no war for 10 years

Both Makkans and Muslims would stay neutral if there was a war with another group

Agreements could be made with other tribes.

Apparently the terms did not favor the Muslims and many of the leading companions like
Hazrat Umar had objections, bur Allah himself says: “verily have we granted thee a
manifest victory”.
 CONQUEST OF MAKKAH

• Pay
blood
money
Two years after Quraish to Banu
As this was On hearing
the treaty of provided Khuza
against the terms this, the
Hudaybia, trouble Banu Bakr of treaty of • Break
arose. Banu Bakr, prophet laid
with weapons hudaybia, so the alliance
which was an ally
leader of Banu down 3
of the Quraish, and some with
Khuza went to the alternatives Banu
attacked Banu Quraish also
Khuza, an ally of
Prophet to seek before the Bakr
took part in justice.
Muslims. Quraish: • Dissolve
fighting.
treaty of
Hudaybi
a
▪ The Quraish chose the 3rd option and thus the treaty was dissolved.
▪ However, later they realized that they had made the wrong decision so their leader went to
medina for negotiations.
▪ He guaranteed peace to the Prophet but the Prophet rejected his offer.
▪ In 630 A.D, the prophet with an army of 10,000 men marched towards Makkah; he kept his
plans a secret so that news wouldn’t reach Makkah.
▪ On reaching Makkah, he told his men to light their torches to show the Quraish their
strength.
▪ The Quraish were horrified to see such a large number of Muslims and Abu Sufyan,
immediately came to the Muslim camp and embraced Islam.
▪ The prophet divided his army into 4 squadrons and told them to conquer different areas.
▪ He gave them special instructions to not shed innocent blood and not be the first one to
fight.
▪ He also said that anybody who took refuge in his own home or Abu Sufyan’s home or Ka’abah
was safe.
▪ Thus all the squadrons peacefully captured their areas although there was some trouble in
the south where Khalid Bin Waleed’s squadron was attacked by the people of Banu Bakr. After
this the Prophet entered the Kabah and purified it by breaking the idols.
▪ Hazrat Bilal then said the Azaan and the prophet performed tawaaf.
 THE LESSON OF PRIDE AT THE
VALLEY OF HUNAYN
• 30th of January (the tenth of Shawwal):
• Just weeks after the surrender of Mecca, with Muhammad now in command of
all of west-central Arabia,
• a large confederation of tribes from south and east of Mecca, among them The
Hawazins and the Thaqifs of Ta’if made one last attempt to stop him by force.
• Muhammad’s 12,000 men fought an army twice that size at Hunayn (mentioned
by name in the Qur’an, 9:25), and once again the Muslims and their allies
defeated a much larger force of polytheists.
• Muhammad’vanguard was led by Khalid Ibn al-Walid.
• After dividing up the spoils, Muhammad and his followers from Medina returned
home, where he consolidated his position.
 BATTLE OF MU’TAH

• The Ghassanid tribe of Syria and the Romans

• The act of killing the messenger who carried the letter from Prophet Muhammad
(P.B.U.H) was the main reason.
• Muhammad undertook his largest and last military expedition, with a force said
to number 30,000 men, to Tabuk, about 400 kilometres northwest of Medina,
near the Gulf of Aqaba.
• Muhammad intention was to show this force to challenge the Byzantines for
control of the northern part of the caravan route from Mecca to Syria.
• The Byzantine army, a huge force under emperor Heraclius who was stationed in
Homs (Syria), also had the support of the regional Arab Tribes (Lakhm, Judham,
Ghassan, Amila).
• «On their route, they passed through the Jewish settlements of Wadi al-
Qura, who honoured the Prophet serving him with their typical dishes.
• The Prophet and the Muslims remained in Tabuk for twenty days; the
entire campaign lasting two months, from approximately mid-October to
mid-December 630.
• Taking into consideration that Heraclius had abandoned his plans to
attack, the Prophet decided to return to Medina as well, on the advice
given him by Umar.
• At this juncture, it should be pointed out that there were individuals
within the Muslim camp itself who from he very outset were opposed to
the expedition into Byzantine territory
 LAST HUJJ

th Last
On 10
sermon
of hijra
at hujj
 DEATH OF THE PROPHET

▪ Monday 8 June (the twelfth of Rabi al-Awwal, 11 AH)

▪ Muhammad (Peace be upon him), Khatam an-Nabiyyin (Seal of the

Prophets), dies at Medina at the age of 63 after an illness and fever
 PROPHET MUHAMMAD(P.B.U.H)
TIMELINE
▪ 570,Muhammad is born in Mecca.
▪ 575 CE | Became an Orphan
▪ Prophet Muhammad’s ‫ﷺ‬mother, Amina, passed away. He was raised
under the care of his grandfather, Abdul Muttalib, and his uncle, Abu
Talib.
▪ 582 CE | Travelled to Syria
▪ Travelled to Syria with his uncle, Abu Talib, and met a Monk who found
signs that young Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬would be a great prophet one
day.
▪ 595 CE | Prophet Muhammad’s ‫ﷺ‬Marriage
▪ Khadijah, Prophet Muhammad’s ‫ﷺ‬employer, proposed marriage.
▪ 610,Muhammad receives his first revelation on Mount Hira.
▪ 610-613 CE | Started to Preach
▪ Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬started to preach Islam privately for three years, then began to
preach publicly in Makkah.
▪ 614 CE | Immigrated to Abyssinia
▪ 617 to 619 AD|Meccan boycott of the Hashemites
▪ 619 CE | Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬lost Khadijah and his uncle, Abu Talib.
▪ 620 AD | Muhammad visits Ta'if
▪ 621 AD | Night Journey, Isra and Mi'raj: the "Ascension to the heavens"
▪ 622,Muhammad undertakes the Hegira (Hijra), the migration from Mecca to Medina,
establishing the start of the Islamic calendar.
▪ 624,Battle of Badr: Muhammad's forces win, resulting in a turning point
for Islam against the ruling Quraysh tribe.
▪ 625,Battle of Uhud: Quraysh tribe defeats the Muslims.
▪ 627,Battle of the Trench: Quraysh troops attempt to siege Medina (then called
Yathrib), but lose to the Muslim force.
▪ 627,Siege of Bani Qurayzah: Muslims capture the Jewish stronghold(Battle of the
Trench).
▪ 628,Treaty of Hudaybiyyah: A peace agreement is signed between Muhammad's Muslims and
the people of Mecca.
▪ 628,Conquest of Khaybar oasis: Jews barricade themselves in a fort at Khaybar oasis and are
allowed to remain living there if they pay the Muslims one third of their produce.
▪ 629,First Pilgrimage ("lesser" pilgrimage or "umrah") made by Muhammad and his Muslims
to Mecca after migrating to Medina.
▪ 629,Battle of Mu'tah: Muslims attempt to capture the village east of the Jordan River from
the Byzantine Empire to show their expanding dominance, resulting in a Muslim defeat.
▪ 630,Non-violent conquest of Mecca: The Quraysh realize that the Muslims now greatly
outnumber them and allow the Muslims to capture their city, Mecca, and rule it as they
please.
▪ 630,Battle of Hunayn: Ending in a decisive victory for the Muslims over the Bedouin tribe of
Hawazin.
▪ 630,Attempted Siege of Ta'if: Muhammad's forces are initially unable to siege Ta'if and
convert its people to Islam.
▪ 632,"Farewell Hajj Pilgrimage": This is the only Hajj pilgrimage in
which Muhammad participates.
▪ 632,Muhammad dies in Medina, not clearly naming a successor to lead the Muslim people.
PROPHET MUHAMMAD(P.B.U.H)
TIMELINE(ACCORDING TO AGE)
Age of Year Year Events
Prophet [s] [AD]
0 Aam ul Feel 570 Birth of Prophet [s]
6 576 Death of Aamina[mother]
8 578 Death of Abdul Mutalib
[grandfather]
12 582 First business trip to Syria
15 585 Battle of Fijjar
25 595 Marriage with Khadija [r]
35 605 Fixing of Black stone
st
40 1 year of prophet hood 610 Conferment of Prophet hood
th
46 6 year 616 Umar accepts Islam
th th
47 – 49 7 - 9 617 – 619 Boycott of Banu Hashim in
Shi’b Abi Talib
 Age of Year Year Events
Prophet [s] [AD]
th
50 10 620 Boycott lifted.
Aam ul Huzn [Abu Talib and Khadija (R)
died]
Visit to Taif.

th
51 11 621 Al- Miraj
First pledge of Aqabah.

th
52 12 622 Second pledge of Aqabah.
Hijra to Madinah.

st
53 1 Year of Hijrah 633 Establishment of First Islamic state.
Mwakhat
Treaty with Jews.
Masjid An Nabawi Constucted
Azan introduced.
 Age of Year Year Events
Prophet [s] [AD]
nd
54 2 AH 624 Battle of Badr.
Siege of Banu Qainaqa.
Obligation of Zakat and fasting.

rd
55 3 AH 625 Battle of Uhud.
th
56 4 AH 626 Banu Nazir expelled from Madinah.

th
57 5 AH 627 Battle of Trench.
Banu Quraizah Punished according to Old
Testament.

th
58 6 AH 628 Treaty of Al- Hudaibiyah.
 Age of Year Year Events
Prophet [s] [AD]
th
59 7 AH 629 Letters to Rulers and Emperors
Khaybar Expedition.
Performance of Umrah.

th
60 8 AH 630 Battle of Mutah.
Conquest of Makkah.
Battle of Hunain.

th
61 9 AH 631 Tabuk expedition.

th
62 10 AH 632 Farewell Pilgrimage.
Year of Deputation.
th
63 11 AH 633 Illness and Death.