PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH FOR B.SC.

PHYSICAL
SCIENCES
UNIT - I- COMMUNICATION

LISTENING
 Aim: Learning new concepts, new words, expressing and sharing further
information, foreign words, the meaning words, and contextual usage of
the underlying scientific terms. Learners will develop their skills in
comparing, contrasting, skimming, and scanning, predicting will be
activated as they are necessary for learning

Pre-Task: New Words or Concepts introduced / Vocabulary Enhancement

Given below are some of the key words that you will come across in the texts in the
Unit. Talk to your partner and sort out their meanings. Your teacher will then check
the meanings with the class as a whole.

Raman Effect Spectroscopy

scattering Raman scanner
crystal structure Diffraction
Substances Ultrasonic
Molecules Hypersonic frequency
Optics Infra-red
Acoustics Crystal dynamics
Optics of colloids Iridescent substances
Electrical and magnetic anisotropy Physiology of human vision
Radiation effect Vibrations

Water has no colour, then why does the sea look blue?

SOURCE PASSAGE 1 :The Indian Scientist who found why the sea is blue?

A glass of water has no colour. But a deep sea with the same water is a brilliant
blue. Why is this so? This was the question that CV Raman asked himself in 1921 on
seeing the colour of the Mediterranean Sea from a ship. He immediately began to
conduct experiments on board the ship using some simple instruments he had with
him. At that time, scientists believed the sea was blue because it reflected the colour
of the sky, but Raman found that it was the water itself that caused blue light to
scatter more than other colours in light.

Raman returned from his visit to England and Europe and started experiments to
study how light behaved when it passed through various substances. On February
28, 1928, one of the experiments gave a clear result. Light of only one colour was
passed through a liquid, but the light that emerged had small traces of another
colour. This meant that the molecules in the liquid were changing the colour of some
of the light passing through it. The discovery created a sensation around the world
and was named the Raman Effect. In 1930, CV Raman became the first person from
Asia to be awarded a Nobel prize in any field of science. The date of the discovery,
February 28, is now celebrated as National Science Day in India. The Raman Effect
has been very useful in many areas of science. It was found that when light was
passed through a substance, a series of colours were seen that could be thought of
as anger print of the substance. This idea has been used in chemistry, medicine,
biology and many other areas of science. It is called Raman Spectroscopy.

Recently, people have used the idea to make a device called Raman Scanner. It can
be pointed at a substance to tell what it is. Police have begun to use this scanner to
find out if people are carrying banned substances. Simply brilliant, Raman was a
man of extraordinary ability. He passed his tenth standard when he was just 11
years old. At 15 he had a degree, with gold medals in Physics and English. By the
time he was 19 he had an MA. Professors at college used to allow him to skip science
classes because they knew he didn’t need them. In addition to being brilliant, Raman
was also intensely curious about the world around him. We saw how his curiosity
about the colour of the sea led to the discovery of the Raman Effect. Similarly, his
curiosity led to a wide range of scientific work. On his 1921 trip to England he was
taken to St. Paul’s Cathedral. Raman became so excited by the whispering gallery
there that he performed some experiments and wrote scientific papers about it. As
a child, Raman had seen his father play the violin. Much of his life’s research work
was about the science behind music. He also investigated the effect of sound on light
and the structure of crystals. His collection of crystals is preserved at the Raman
Research Institute in Bangalore.

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born at Tiruchirappalli in Southern India on

November 7th, 1888. His father was a lecturer in mathematics and physics and so
from a very young age Raman was was immersed in an academic atmosphere. He
joined Presidency College, Madras, in 1902, and in 1904 passed his B.A.
examination, winning the rest place and the gold medal in physics; in 1907 he
completed his graduation with a distinction. His earliest research was in optics and
acoustics – the two ends of investigation to which he dedicated his entire career –
were carried out while he was a student. At that time a scientific career did not
appear to present the best possibilities, CV Raman joined the Indian Finance
Department in 1907; though the duties of his office took most of his time, Raman
found opportunities for carrying on experimental research in the laboratory of the
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science at Calcutta (of which he became
Honorary Secretary in 1919).

In 1917 he was offered the newly endowed Palit Chair of Physics at Calcutta
University, and decided to accept it. After 15 years at Calcutta he became Professor
at the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore (1933-1948), and in 1948 he was
made the Director of the Raman Institute of Research at Bangalore, established by
him. He also founded the Indian Journal of Physics in 1926, of which he was the
Editor.

Raman sponsored the establishment of the Indian Academy of Sciences and served
as its first President since its inception. He also initiated the Proceedings of that
academy, in which much of his work has been published. He was also the President
of the Current Science Association, Bangalore, which publishes Current Science
(India). Some of Raman’s early memoirs appeared as Bulletins of the Indian
Association for the Cultivation of Science (Bull. 6 and 11, dealing with the
“Maintenance of Vibrations”; Bull. 15, 1918, dealing with the theory of the musical
instruments of the violin family). He contributed an article on the theory of musical
instruments to the 8th Volume of the Handbuch der Physik, 1928.

In 1922 he published his work on the “MolecularDiffraction of Light”, the first of a

series of investigations with his collaborators which ultimately led to his discovery,
on the 28th of February, 1928, of the radiation effect which bears his name, the
Raman effect (“A new radiation”, Indian J. Phys., 2 (1928) 387), and which got him
the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. Other investigations carried out by CV Raman
were: his experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction of light by acoustic
waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies (published 1934-1942), and those
on the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to
ordinary light.

In 1948 Raman, through studied the spectroscopic behaviour of crystal. His

laboratory was dealing with the structure and properties of diamond, the structure
and optical behaviour of numerous iridescent substances (labradorite, pearly felspar,
agate, opal, and pearls). Among his other interests were the optics of colloids,
electrical and magnetic anisotropy, and the physiology of human vision. Raman was
honoured with a large number of honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific
societies. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society early in his career (1924),
and was knighted in 1929. Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – died on November
21, 1970.

Resource: https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2018/07/12/raman-effect-how-
indian-scientist-cv-raman-discovered-why-sea-is-blue/

TASK 1:Listen to the audio and answer the given questions

.
Classify the following terms as devices, concepts or processes in the table

Raman Effect, Scattering, Crystal Structure, Acoustics, Optics of colloids, Prism,

Diffraction

Device Process Concept

TASK 2:Listen and give specific informationon the terms given :

1Spectroscopy
2Raman effect
3Raman scanner
4.Diffraction
5.Ultrasonic
6.Hypersonic frequency
7.Infra-red
8.Crystal dynamics
9.Iridescent substances
10.Diffraction
Task 3: _Match the following:
Crystal Dynamics - a frequency above the human ear's audibility limit
Hypersonic - the vibrational movement of atoms in the solid state
Ultrasonic - Speed of more than 5 Mach
Optics - concerned with the properties of sound.
Acoustics - studies the behaviour and properties of light

Task 4:Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the choices given in the
bracket

(Prism, Matter, Radiation, Light, Interaction)

Spectroscopy - is the study of the ------ between ------ and electromagnetic -----
--via electron spectroscopy, atomic spectroscopy.
Historically, spectroscopy originated through the study of visible ----- dispersed
according to its wavelength, by a -------.

SPEAKING

Source Passage 1: Tipu Sultan – The Original Rocket Man of India

Pre-Task: Learning New Words and Concepts.

 Weaponise : adapted for use Biographer: a person who writes
asa an
Weapon account of someone’slife

Incorporate: to include something

within something else Craftsmen: a person who is skilled
in
craft
Nozzle : a cylindrical
spoutat
the end of a pipe Armoury : a place where
weapons arekept
Deployed : to move
intoposition
for military action Bursting : break open orapart
suddenly and violently
Disarray : a stateof
Disorganization
Paranoia : a thought
Aerospace :operating processwhich
aircraft/spacecraft is influenced by anxiety

Introduction

Mysore rockets developed and deployed by Tipu’s army during the Anglo-
Mysore wars, were one of the first weaponised metal rockets. The British
had heavy losses because of these rockets. Not only did these rockets play
a huge role in the Anglo-Mysore wars, they also helped in the defeat of
Napoleon in the battle of Waterloo. Rockets developed by the British based
on Tipu’s designs even find a mention in American national anthem – the Star
SpangledBanner.

History

Following the invention of gun powder, the Chinese and Europeans had
tested rockets using bamboo tubes. As they lacked the range and stability
required for long-range weapons, they were soon replaced by cannons.
However, in late the 1700s Tipu experimented by replacing bamboo tubes
with iron tubes, because bamboo was a weaker material, the amount of gun
powder loaded in the tubes waslimited. With the iron tubes, the Mysore army
could load more gun powder in the rockets, providing them with more speed
and additional range. Tipu’s rockets boasted of ranges of upto 2km, because
of the introduction of high qualityiron.
Tipu’s designs also incorporated swords in the rockets, which served a
dual purpose

The rockets had a scientific design as well. The metal tubes filled with gun
powder were closed on one end, and on the other end a nozzle was provided
to propel the rocket using the gases emitted. Tipu’s designs also incorporated
swords in the rockets, which served a dual purpose. The swords acted as a
guidance mechanism, providing the rocket with stability during the flight,
and towards the end of the flight, the swords became a weapon. The rockets
used to tumble after losing thrust as it came down towards its target, killing
or severely injuring the soldiers who came under it.

Tipu created a designated force to operate the rockets, which was as

much as 5,000-men strong.

Use in Battles

Tipu Sultan’s forces used rockets with great effect in the four Anglo-Mysore wars.
One of the first mentions of the effective use of metal rockets was during the
battle of Pollilur during the first Anglo- Mysore war in 1780. The advancing British
East India company forces were repelled by the Mysore army using several
rounds of rocket fire. Several officers of the British army were taken prisoners
following this defeat.
Tipu Sultan confronts his British enemies during the siege of
Srirangapattanam

The records of the third Anglo-Mysore war also mention rockets units being
deployed by Tipu Sultan. During the war, Lt Col Knox, a British officer, and
his troops came under heavy rocket fire while they were advancing towards
the Cauvery River Banks, near Srirangapatana, on 6 February1792.

Battle of Sultanpet Tope

In the battle of Sultanpet Tope, during the fourth Anglo-Mysore war, Arthur
Wellesley, who later became Duke of Wellington and hero of the battle of
Waterloo, was ordered to conduct a night raid on the fort in April 1799. The
troops moving under the cover of darkness came under heavy rocket fire.
Soldiers of the unit and Wellesley,who had not faced rockets before, were
shocked and left in disarray. Wellesley, in particular, was humiliated after
losing control of his troops.

Influence on History

RottamNarasimha, aerospace scientist and professor, engineering

mechanics unit of Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research,
who studied Tipu’s rockets and their history, said that the humiliation
suffered in Sultanpet changed Wellesley as a military commander.
“According to his biographer, he never showed fear again on the battlefield.
Wellesley then went to become the commander who defeated Napoleon in
the battle of Waterloo. Thus, Mysore rockets influenced the great battle of
Waterloo,” he said.
 A soldier of Tipu Sultan’s army, using his rocket as a flag staff

"Even though rockets were used in other parts of the world, Tipu was able
to take rocket technology to the next level. India produced one of the best
quality irons in the world at that time and Tipu had highly skilled craftsmen
at his disposal. Using these two, he made bigger rockets with longer ranges,"
saidNarasimha.

The rockets seized from Tipu’s armoury resulted in the development of

Congreve rocket, which were used in Anglo-American Wars. They even find
a mention in the US National Anthem, the Star- S p a n g l e d Banner: “…the
rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air. According to aerospace scientist
Narasimha, the contribution of Tipu towards rocket technology will remain
unquestioned. He will remain theoriginal rocket man ofIndia.

TASK 1 :Speaking Activity

1. Read the passage and describe the two key contributions of

Tipu Sultan to India and England. Justify why you consider them as the key
contributions. Work in pairs.

2. Discuss in groups and Comment on the Rocket design and

craftsmanship of Tipu Sultan, in comparison with the rocket designs that are
being used in the present-day context.

3. Suggest two different metals that can beused to increase the efficiency
of rocket technology.

4. Describe the “original rocket man” in comparison with the “missile-man

of India”.
5. On what principle does rocket-science work?

TASK 2 :Facts and Opinions

While reading the passage, you might have noticed that some of the statements are facts
(which are accurate and proven), whereas some statements are opinions (which show the
writer's views or attitudes). Opinions may differ from person to person. It is very
important to recognize facts and opinions in academic reading and listening for better
understanding of a topic.

Read the following statements and say whether they are facts or opinions. Write F
against facts and O against opinions.

a) Tipu’s rockets boasted of ranges of upto 2km, because of the introduction

of high qualityiron.
b) Tipu Sultan is India’s original Techinnovator
c) Tipu established trading houses for Mysore productsworldwide
d) According to aerospace scientist Narasimha, the contribution of Tipu towards
rocket technology will remain unquestioned. He will remain the original rocket
man ofIndia.

TASK 3:Use the Expressions

Historians and researchers, on the other hand, regard the Tiger of Mysore as a
secular, progressive king who was constantly on the lookout for the best global
technology. Records suggest that he developed industries, laid the foundation of the
silk trade, and encouraged foreign technology. What is your opinion about Tipu’s
Technical expertise? Give two reasons to support your answer. Try to use the
following expressions while speaking

 I think…………..…………………………………………………
 Ibelieve…………………………………………………………….
 It seems to methat……………………………………………...
 In my opinion………………………………………………………
 I am convincedthat……………………………………………..
 I feel absolutely certainthat…………………………………..

Source Passage 2: The Invention of Saccharine

Pre-Task: Learning New Words and Concepts.

 Non-nutritive : not providing
proper
nourishment Aspartame: a very sweet substance
used as an artificial sweetener, chiefly in
Substitutes : a person or thing acting or low- calorie products
serving in place of another

Shelflife :the length of timefor

which an item remains usable, fit
Oxidation : Oxidation is a
for consumption, or saleable.
processin
which a chemical substance Spoilage : the action or process of
changes because of the addition of spoiling, especially the deterioration of
oxygen food and other perishable goods.

Compensate : give (someone)

something, typically money, in
recognition of loss, suffering, or injury
incurred

Introduction

Saccharin derives its name from the word "saccharine", meaning "sugary". Sodium
saccharin (benzoic sulfimide) is a non-nutritive or artificial sweetener with
effectively no food energy. It is commonly used as sugar substitute because it doesn’t
contain calories or carbs. It is about 300–400 times as sweet as regular sugar, hence
need only small amount to get a sweet taste but has a bitter or metallic after taste,
especially at high concentrations. Saccharin is used to sweeten products such as
drinks, candies, cookies, andmedicines.

History

Saccharin was discovered by the chemists Ira Remsen and

ConstantinFahlberg in 1879, while they were investigating the oxidation of
o- toluenesulfonamide. Fahlberg noticed an unaccountable sweet taste to
his food and found that this sweetness was present on his hands and arms,
despite his having washed thoroughly after leaving the laboratory.
Checking over his laboratory apparatus by taste tests, Fahlberg was led to
thediscovery of the source of this sweetness-saccharin. Saccharin became
the first commercially available artificial sweetener. It is still made by the
oxidation of o-toluenesulfonamide, as well as from phthalic anhydride.

Fahlberg and Remsen published articles on benzoic sulfimide in 1879 and

1880. In 1884, then working on his own in New York City, Fahlberg applied
 for patents in several countries, describing methods of producing this
substance that he named saccharin. Two years later, he began production
of the substance in a factory in a suburb of Magdeburg in Germany.
Fahlberg would soon grow wealthy, while Remsen merely grew irritated,
believing he deserved credit for substances produced in his laboratory. On
the matter, Remsen commented, "Fahlberg is a scoundrel. It
nauseatesmetohearmynamementionedinthesamebreathwithhim."

Uses

It has no caloric value and does not promote tooth decay. It is not
metabolized by the body and is excreted unchanged. Saccharin is
widely used in the diets of diabetics and others who must avoid sugar
intake. It is also extensively employed in diet soft drinks and other low-
calorie foods, and it is useful in foods and pharmaceuticals in which the
presence of sugar might lead to spoilage. It does not react chemically
with other food ingredients; as such, it stores well. Blends of saccharin
with other sweeteners are often used to compensate for each
sweetener's weaknesses and faults. A 10:1 cyclamate-saccharin blend
is common in countries where both these sweeteners are legal; in this
blend, each sweetener masks the other's off taste. Saccharin is often
used with aspartame in diet carbonatedsoft drinks, so some sweetness
remains should the fountain syrup be stored beyond aspartame's
relatively short shelf life. In its acid form, saccharin is not water-
soluble. The form used as an artificial sweetener is usually its
sodiumsalt. The calcium salt is also sometimes used, especially by
people restricting their dietary sodiumintake.

Side effects

People with sulfonamide allergies can experience allergic reactions to

saccharin, as it is a sulfonamide derivative and can cross-react.
Saccharin in toothpaste can cause burning sensations, swelling, and
rashes of the mouth and lips in sensitive individuals.

The current status of saccharin is that it is allowed in most countries,

and countries such as Canada have lifted their previous ban of it as a
food additive. The claims that it is associated with bladder cancer were
shown to be unfounded in experiments onprimates.

TASK 1Do you know any of the differences between Sugar and
Saccharine? Discuss with your partner and write themdown.

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………............................................................................
........
 2)Howissugaraddictiveinhumans?Doyouhavesugarcravings?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

TASK 2Revisit the Text andReflect

Was the sweetness of Saccharine discovered accidentally?

Discuss your opinions about accidentaldiscoveries

…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

TASK3
Here are some of the products that use artificial
sweetener.Discusstheir pros and cons

TASK 4Group Discussion

From the History of Saccharine invention, it is found

that although Fahlberg and Remsen had worked together, in
the later stage, Fahlberg ignored Remsen and applied for
Patent. He did not give Remsen any credit of theinvention.

Divide the class into groups and begin a discussion on your views and
opinion about the given situation with reference to the following
questions.

1.Whom do you think deserve the credits of the Saccharine

Invention?
2.WhatdoyouknowaboutthePatentingofscientificproducts?
3.Howdoyouassociatetheissuetothepresentcontext?
TASK 5Form groups and may short presentations on the topics
ADDICTION. You may use some of the cues given based on the passage
discussed above.

CUES

-Sugar is also addictive like Drugs –

Sweet sensation gives sensory pleasures
- It is habit-forming just like alcohol,
tobacco, nicotine, tea, coffee and
chocolate as it triggers the brain- It
provides comfort and is eaten for
comfort eating at times of stress and
distress- sugar consumption should be
avoided and it is advisable to break the
habit if you’re addicted toit

TASK 6ReadandWordIt–Sweet,Sweeten,Sweetener

A single word can have many meanings. When we change the

context/situation of its usage, the meaning also changes. Doesn’t it
sound interesting? In the Source Passage you learnt about Sacchrin,
there is one suchword.

SWEET is a word that can function with many meanings in different

sentences. It can do more than one job

Here is a chart detailing the parts of speech. Read it thoroughly and

identify the parts of speech indicating the word Sweet in the
sentences given in the parallelchart

READING
AIM:Understanding definitions, use of dictionary to decipher the meanings of
words,
Preparatory

1.Discuss the different images that you see below and what they indicate. How
has technology influenced our lives?What is smart technology?

Students watching computer virtual reality

headset

Technology in agriculture

Smart speaker A person with hearing device

SOURCE PASSAGE 1: The Internet of Things

Pre-Task : Vocabulary

Fleet A number of vehicles or aircraft

operating together or under the
same ownership.

Framework A basic supporting structure

Harm Injury

Off peak-hours Not during the busiest period

Forecast Predict or estimate a future event

Vital Absolutely necessary

Humanitarian Concerned with human welfare

Relief Reassurance; financial or

practical assistance

Hobbyists A person who pursues a hobby

Concerns Anxiety or worry

What is

the Internet of Things?

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to

the vast world of
interconnected devices with
embedded sensors which are
capable of providing data, and in
some cases, being controlled, across
the Internet. Common examples include many home automation devices,
like smart thermostats and remotely controllable lighting fixtures, but there
are countless others, from traffic sensors to water quality meters to smart
electric grid components to tracking manufactured goods and vehicle fleets
worldwide.

Because of the rapid growth in the IoT space, there are a number of competing
standards, tools, projects, policies, frameworks, and organizations hoping to
define how connected devices communicate in the modern era.

What are some uses for IoTdevices?How you might make use of IoT
connected devices depends a bit on whether you're more interested in
collecting data or automating actions, and at what scale you are utilizing them.

 Indoor and outdoor lighting and electrical outlets which can be

controlled by sensors, timers, and remote applications.
 Cameras, motion sensors, automatic locks, and other access control
devices which can be integrated into advanced security and monitoring
systems.
 Water leak sensors, smoke alarms, carbon monoxide sensors, and other
devices designed to protect people and property from accidental harm.
 Electric car chargers, battery banks, and other devices which can
intelligently charge at off-peak hours to save money and reduce peak energy
demands.
For a government, company, or institution, IoT
devices are a little different, and generally focus
more on collecting data which can be processed
and visualized, often in real-time. Some
examples include:

 Utility companies are able to more

accurately forecast energy and water
demands, reducing waste.
 Advanced environmental sensors, include
water, noise, and air quality monitors, can help understand pollution sources
and effects before they negatively impact ecosystem and human health.
 Agencies charged with public safety can develop more advanced early
warning systems for natural disasters like earthquakes and floods, and have
better data with which to provide vital services like fighting fires and providing
humanitarian relief.
Getting started with creating your own devices and software for the Internet
of Things is surprisingly easy. There are numerous hardware
platforms targeted to beginners and hobbyists alike which have large
communities behind them, including many which are partially or fully open
hardware. Security and privacy are major concerns while using IoT which are
currently being addressed by various industries and governments all over the
world.

Source: https://opensource.com/resources/internet-of-things

TASK1: Read the passage and answer the questions

1. What is the Internet of Things?

2. List some applications of IoT

3. How can governments make use of IoT?

4. What are the two major concerns while using IoT?

5. What would you want to use IoT to make your daily life more comfortable
in some way?

6. Here are some terms discussed in the passage on the Internet of Things.
Discuss in the class and write the definitions of these terms in the table
below:

embedded sensors

automation
devices

Thermostats

battery banks

Source Passage 2: Invention of Hydroxychlroquine

Pre Task: New Words and Concepts

Rheumatoid arthritis : a Speculative : engaged in,

long-term expressing, or
autoimmune disease that based on conjecture rather than
knowledge
affects the body's moisture-
producingglands Toxicity : the quality of
being toxic or poisonous.

Quinine : a bittercrystalline
compound present in cinchona bar Cramps
:painfulinvoluntary
contraction of a muscle or
 Qfever : an infectious muscles, typically caused by
fever causedby fatigue or strain
the bacterium Coxiella burnetii,
which may be transmitted to
Hallucinations : experience
humans from cattle, sheep, and involving
other domesticated animals the apparent perception of
something not present.
Nausea : a feeling of
sickness withan
inclination to vomit Catatonia:abnormality of
movement
and behaviour arising from a
disturbed mentalstate
Anti-spirochete : any of a
group ofspiral-shaped bacteria, Retinopathy : disease of
some of which are serious theretina
pathogens for humans, causing which results in impairment or loss
diseasessuchas syphilis, yaws, of vision
Lymedisease

Introduction

Hydroxychloroquine is a less toxic derivative of chloroquine and was

discovered in 1945 as part of the efforts to lessen the toxic effects of
chloroquine . It was approved for use in the US in 1955, and since
then has been used for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases
including arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)etc.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), is a medication used to prevent and treat

malaria. It is also used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus,
and porphyria cutaneatarda. HCQ is being studied to prevent and treat
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). High-quality evidence of benefit
for such use is lacking, with concerns of potential harm from its side
effects.

Hydroxychloroquine is on the World Health Organization's list of

essential Medicines, which has the most the safest and most effective
th
medicines needed in a health system. In 2017, it was the 128 most
commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than
five million prescriptions. The speculative use of hydroxychloroquine for
COVID-19 threatens its availability for people with established
symptoms.

History
The HCQ story begins in 1638 when the wife of the Viceroy ofPeru,
Countess Cinchona, acquired malaria while living in the New World.
Rather than getting the “approved” therapy - blood-letting, she was
treated by an Incan herbalist with the bark of a tree (eventually, named
the countess-Cinchona Tree). Her response was dramatic; when the
Viceroy returned to Spain, he brought with him large supplies of the
powder for general use, which at the time was controlled by the Church
and was thus called “Jesuit’s Powder”. It took nearly two centuries for
the active substance, Quinine, to be isolated from the bark (and was
eventually to make a name for itself as a tonic to be added togin).

Over the next century, quinine would become a common component in

folk medicines and patent remedies for the treatment of malaria in the
southern states of America, as well as for generic malaise. By the
1940s, quinine, or, rather its derivative chloroquine, was recognized for
its anti-malarial properties and found use among troops fighting in the
Pacific during WW-II. However, it was noted that this compound had
significant toxicities. In 1945, a modification of this compound via
hydroxylation led to the development of HCQ, which was found to be
less toxic and remains in use, without change, to this day.

Uses

Hydroxychloroquine treats rheumatic disorders such as systemic lupus

erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and porphyria cutaneatarda, and
certain infections such as Q fever and certain types of malaria. It is
considered the first-line treatment for systemic lupuserythematosus.
Certain types of malaria, resistant strains, and complicated cases
require different or additionalmedication.

The medicine is widely used to treat primary Sjögren syndrome but

does not appear to be effective. Hydroxychloroquine is widely used in
thetreatment of post-Lymearthritis. It may have both an anti-
spirochete activity and an anti-inflammatory activity, similar to the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Adverse effects

The most common adverse effects of the medicine are nausea, stomach
cramps, and diarrhoea. Other common adverse effects include itching
andheadache. The most serious adverse effects affect the eye, with
dose- related retinopathy as a concern even after hydroxychloroquine
use is discontinued. Serious reported neuropsychiatric adverse effects
of hydroxychloroquine use include agitation, mania, difficulty in
sleeping, hallucinations, psychosis, catatonia, paranoia, depression,
and suicidal thoughts. In rare situations, hydroxychloroquine has been
implicated in cases of serious skin reactions such as Stevens-
Johnsonsyndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and drug reaction
witheosinophilia and systemic symptoms. Reported blood abnormalities
with its use include lymphopenia, eosinophilia, and atypical
lymphocytosis. Children may be especiallyvulnerable to developing
adverse effects fromhydroxychloroquine.

TASK 1
1. List the various uses of Hydroxychloroquine given in the passage.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

……....................................................................................

2. Can Hydroxychloroquine prevent the severity of Covid-19?

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………............................................................................................

TASK 2 :Rearrange the given words in the proper order

1) prevent/treat/and/medication/to/used/a/HCQ/is/Malaria

………………………………………………………………………………………

2) had/toxicities/compound/significant/the

………………………………………………………………………………………

3) additional/malaria/types/certain/of/requires/medication

………………………………………………………………………………………

4)bark/took/it/centuries/two/the/isolated/the
for/from/bark/be/Quinine

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

5)include/effects/common/adverse/other/itching/headache/and

…………………………………………………………………………………………
 SOURCE PASSAGE 3:Marie Curie (1867-1934)

Pre -Task: Elicit students responses on their knowledge about Marie

Curie

Marie Curie was born in Poland where

she lived till she was twenty- two.
She was the fifth child in her family.
She had a difficult childhood as both
her parents and one of her sisters
died before she was fifteen as she
graduated from school.

Marie was an excellent student and she

managed to move to Paris to earn
her higher degrees and start her
scientific work. She had to
overcome severe financial
difficulties in order to pursue her
interest in academics and
research.

Curie was married to her colleague Pierre Curie and had two daughters. The
couple discovered Radium and Polonium and worked together to study
radioactivity for which they received the Nobel prize in Physics. Pierre was an
exceptional physicist but died in an accident in 1903.

Curie continued her work in radioactivity and received her second Nobel Prize
in Chemistry in 1911 for the isolation of pure Radium. She made
contributions to the medical field through her research and applications of X-
Radiography, especially during World War I. X-Ray had already been
discovered by Rontgen in 1895; and electrons were discovered in 1897 by
J.J. Thomson. These discoveries together with the knowledge of radioactivity
ushered in the era of modern Physics.
 Marie Curie was the first woman to win a
Nobel Prize and also the first person to
receive two Noble prizes. In 1935, another
Nobel Prize would come to the family, as
Curie’s daughter Irene would win the Noble
Prize in Chemistry with her husband for their
work on artificial radioactivity.

Curie’s contributions to Nuclear Physics is

immeasurable. She has also been an
inspiration to girls all over the world who want
to pursue a career in Physics and Chemistry.
References:

Britannica, T. E. (Ed.). (2020, April 16). Marie Curie. Retrieved June 18,
2020, from Encyclopædia Britannica.

Wikipedia, T. E. (Ed.). (16, June 2020). Marie Curie. Retrieved June 18,
2020, from Wikipedia.

TASK 1:Answer the following questions.

1. Describe Curie’s childhood.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Who discovered the electron? Which year was it discovered?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Briefly describe Marie Curie’s contributions to the field of Science.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 WRITING

The War of Currents

In the late
1800s,
businessman
and
inventor Thom
as Edison was
developing a
practical
application of
direct (or DC)
current to
Source: https://physicsabout.com/difference-
power homes,
between-ac-and-dc/
businesses,
and entire
cities.

However, he was quickly presented with a serious issue--direct current could

not be converted to higher or lower voltage, and it could not be transferred
reliably over long distances.

Meanwhile, Nikola Tesla, a Serbian immigrant with extensive background

in physics and engineering, received a patent for his alternating current (or
AC) induction motor. This motor, in short, posed a solution to many of the
issues DC motors presented, and paved the way for alternating current.
George Westinghouse, inventor and industrialist, bought Tesla's patents and
implemented them on a large scale to rival Edison's growing business of
monopolizing the electrical industry. Edison noticed the efforts of the
alternating current being used against direct current and decided to
campaign against it by spreading misinformation and playing up its dangers.
He spent money on public electrocutions of animals and developed the
electric chair to execute criminals.

Alternating current looked like it might fail thanks to the efforts of Edison--
but this was soon to change.

The Chicago World's Fair of 1893 was the greatest blow to Edison and his
direct current monopoly. General Electric, owned by Edison, petitioned to
electrify the fair for $544,000. Westinghouse Electric Company however,
owned by Westinghouse, proposed a budget of $399,000 with use
of Tesla's alternating current, and received the privilege of supplying the
light. Alternating current was hailed as being superior to DC and remains to
this day the predominant current for large-scale power supply.

Created by: A. Hall, A. Newton, and J. Downey. GitHub.

Link: http://warofcurrents.newtfire.org/

TASK 1

Write a short passage comparing and contrasting Alternative Current and

Direct Current

TASK 2

Write a short paragraph (10 sentences) based on the passage on the War of
Currents describing the main idea discussed in the passage, and the
supporting evidence for the main idea.
SOURCE PASSAGE 2THE INVENTION OF VASELINE

Pre Task :The New Words and Concepts

Petroleum jelly : Insulator : a substance which

translucent jelly does not
consisting of a mixture of readily allow the passage of heat
hydrocarbons or sound

Tissue dehydration :
Deodorants : a removal of
substancewhich water from the aqueous-fixed
removes or conceals unpleasant tissue
smells

Cleansers : a substance Refined : with impurities or

toclean unwanted
Something elements having been removed by
processing
carcinogenic : having the
potential
to cause cancer
Characterized : describe the
distinctive nature or features of
something.

Introduction

Vaseline is a kind of petroleum jelly-based products. The products

include plain petroleum jelly and many varieties of skin creams, soaps,
lotions, cleansers, and deodorants. Petrolatum, or petroleum jelly,
derived from petroleum, is often used in personal care products as a
moisturizing agent. In many languages, the word "Vaseline" is used as
generic for petroleum jelly; in Portugal it is called as Vaselina, and in
Brazil and some Spanish-speaking countries, the products are called as
Vasenol.
 An image from Vaseline companyarchives

History

In 1859, Robert Chesebrough went to the oil fields in

Titusville,Pennsylvania, and learnt about a residue called "rod wax" that
had to be periodically removed from oil rig pumps. The oil workers had
been using the substance to heal cuts and burns. Chesebrough took
samples of the rod wax back to Brooklyn, extracted the usable
petroleum jelly, and began manufacturing a medicinal product
calledVaseline.

The name Vaseline was first coined by Chesebrough and filed a U.S.
patent (U.S. Patent 127,568) in 1872. The name "vaseline" is said by
the manufacturer to be derived from GermanWasser "water" + Greek
(elaion) "olive oil". Vaseline was made by the Chesebrough
Manufacturing Company until the company was purchased by Unilever
in 1987.

Sources

White petrolatum, the ingredient in petroleum jelly Vaseline, is refined

from petroleum.

Vaseline in its container

Uses

Vaseline can be used as a lubricant, it can also be used as a moisture

insulator for local skin conditions characterized by tissue dehydration.
Vaseline has been reported to be highly refined, triple-purified and
regarded as non-carcinogenic

TASK 1: WritetwoimportantthingsyouknowaboutVaseline?

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

TASK2:Revisit the Text and Reflect

a) Name the generic terms of petroleum jelly in Portugal, Brazil

andSpain

b) NamethepersonalcareproductsthatusePetroleumJelly

c) How did Chesebrough manufactureVaseline?

TASK3:Say whether following sentences are True or False

a) Vaseline is a moisturizingagent
b) TheRodwaxisusedtohealcutsandburns
c) Vaseline is a non-medicinalproduct
d) ThenameVaselineisderivedfromwaterandoliveoil
e) Vaseline iscarcinogenic

TASK 4:Use the Youtube link given below to watch the video and
complete the following passage choosing the right word given in
brackets

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubpsosv7mHM

Petroleum jelly is easy to findand

(ineffective/inexpensive). It is chemically
similartoskin (protein/vitamin). Dermatologist
suggestsitfor (medicinal/non-medicinal) tips and tricks. It
is usedforthetreatmentofchappedlips, (nails/cuticles), hands
andfeet.

TASK 5:Identify the differences between the given set of words

taken from the Sourcepassage
a) Petroleum c)Residue
PetroleumJelly Extract

WhitePetrolatum Product

b) Moisturizer d) Removed Cleanser

Refined
Lubricant Purified

....................................................................................................

....................................................................................................

....................................................................................................

....................................................................................................

....................................................................................................

....................................................................................................

..................................................................................................

SOURCE PASSAGE 3 :BOOLEANALGEBRA

Pre-Task : New Words and Concepts

 Algebra : the part of Negation : the absence or
mathematics inwhich letters and opposite of something actual or
other generalsymbols are used to positive
representnumbers and quantities
informulae and equations
Logic circuits : a circuit for
Conjunction: the action or an performing logical operations on
instance of two or more events or input signals
things occurring at the same point
in time or space
Binary Decision: binary
Disjunction : the relation of decision is a choice between two
two alternatives, for instance between
distinct things taking some specific action or not
taking it

INTRODUCTION

In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is the

branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the
truthvalues true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, respectively.
Instead of elementary algebra where the values of the variables are
numbers, and the prime operations are addition and
multiplication, the main
operationsofBooleanalgebraaretheconjunction(and)denotedas∧,
thedisjunction(or)denotedas∨,andthenegation(not)denotedas¬. It is thus
formalism for describing logical operations in the sameway

that elementary algebra describes numericaloperations.

History

Boolean algebra was introduced by George Boole in his first book “The
Mathematical Analysis of Logic” (1847), and set forth more fully in his
“An Investigation of the Laws of Thought” (1854). According to
Huntington, the term "Boolean algebra" was first suggested by Sheffer
in 1913, although Charles Sanders Peirce in 1880 gave the title "A
Boolean Algebra with One Constant" to the first chapter of his "The
Simplest Mathematics". Boolean algebra has been fundamental in the
development of digital electronics, and is provided for in all modern
programming languages. For example, the empirical observation that
one can manipulate expressions in the algebra of sets by translating
them into expressions in Boole's algebra is explained in modern terms
by saying that the algebra of sets is a Boolean algebra. In fact, M.
H.Stoneproved in 1936 that every Boolean algebra is isomorphic to
afieldofsets.Itisalsousedinsettheoryandstatistics.
In the 1930s, while studying switching circuits, Claude Shannon
observed that one could also apply the rules of Boole's algebra in this
setting, and he introduced switching algebra as a way to
analyze and design circuits by algebraic means in terms
of logic gates. Shannon already had at his disposal the
abstract mathematical apparatus, thus he cast his
switching algebra as the two-element Boolean algebra. In
circuit engineering settings today, there is little need to
consider other Boolean algebras, thus "switching algebra"
and "Boolean algebra" is often used interchangeably.
Efficient implementation of Booleanfunctions is a
fundamental problem in the design of combinationallogic
circuits. Modern electronic design automation tools for
Very large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits often rely on
an efficient representation of Boolean functions known as
(reduced ordered) binary decision diagrams (BDD) for
logic synthesis and formalverification.

Applications

Boolean algebra as the calculus of two values is

fundamental to computer circuits, computer
programming, and mathematical logic, and is also used in
other areas of mathematics such as set theory and
statistics.

Recent days, all modern general purpose computers

perform their functions using two-value Boolean logic;
that is, their electricalcircuits are a physical manifestation
of two-value Boolean logic. They achieve this in various
ways: as voltages on wires in high-speed circuits and
capacitive storage devices, as orientations of a
magneticdomain in ferromagnetic storage devices, as
holes in punched cards or paper tape, and soon.

TASK 1

a.Whom do you consider as the creator of Boolean

Algebra? Discuss its origin andevolution
…………………………………………………………………………………
………

31
 …………………………………………………………………………………
………

…………………………………………………………………………………
………

…………………………………………………………………………………
………

…......................................................................
..............

b. What have you understood about the application of

Boolean
Algebra?………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………

…………………………………………………………………………………
………

………………….........................................................
.............................

.........................................................................
...................................

.........................................................................
..................................

 TASK 2:Combinethesentencebarsusing“OR” &

“AND” in theexamplesgiven

OR (V) AND ( ∧ )

Do you need pen or I need pen and paper

paper?

Shall I buy lemon or oranges? You buy…………..

…………………………………… I want a trip to sea and mountain?

32
 Notes............................................................................................................
....................

.....................................................................................................................
...................

TASK 3Think in Pictures

How to learn
Boolean
algebra for

I am tired hereLet
me go out
andponder.

1
2

Buddy I got it.

Boolean Algebra
is And, Or, Not
Only one crow
here. So either itis

One or it isZero

msdfgfee

33
1. Use your imagination to develop a story from the above
cartoon strip. Give the story a beginning, a climax (turn-
ingpoint) and an ending. You can add details about the
setting of the story (time and place) and the characters
(name, profession, personality traits, etc.). Discuss your
ideas with your partner and modify the story. You may
then narrate the story to your class. Havefun!!

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

….....................................................................................
....................................

TASK 4 .Make a list on the everyday applications of two-value

Boolean logic and present it in theclass

…………..…………………………………………………………………………………………
……

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………

……………………………………………………………………...................................

34
35
 COMMUNICATION

LISTENING

PROCESS DESCRIPTION
A process description describes how something works, beginning with
general information to the specific. The description can be a flow chart or a
schematic representation that shows steps of actions in the process in
sequential order. The sequential order is identified by using link words such
as “first, initially, then, thereafter, finally, next, etc.” Process description
should be written in the passive voice and simple present tense.

TASK 1 Listen tothe following passage and draw a flow chart: a

Process Of Making Photocopies

Static electricity enables a photocopier to produce almost instant copies of

documents. At the heart of the machine is a metal drum which is given a
negative charge at the beginning of the copying cycle. The optical system
then projects an image of the document on the drum. The electric charge
disappears where light strikes the metal surfaces, so only dark parts of the
image remain charged.

Positively charged particles of toner powder are then applied to the drum.
The charged parts of the drum attract the dark powder, which is then
transferred to a piece of paper. A heater seals the powder to the paper,
and a warm copy of the document emerges from the photocopier.

SPEAKING

36
Role Play

Role-play is an effective speaking activity. It is a technique that allows

students to explore realistic situations by interacting with others. The role
play helps students to develop different and strategies in a supported
environment. Through this role-play a student can put him from different
situations and act; indeed this acting will help him develop an
understanding of the situation from the ‘opposite’ point of view.

Role play is remarkably interesting with imaginary people and imaginary

situations. The joy of role-playing is that students can 'become' anyone
they like for a short time! The President, the Queen, a millionaire, a pop
star ……. the choice is endless! Students can enjoy an imaginary situation
where they get the liberty to use language interestingly. 'At the restaurant',
'Checking in at the airport', 'Looking for lost property' are all possible role-
plays.

TASK 1

1. Imagine yourself as an employee in a multinational company as a

Team Leader. You are explaining to your teammates the recent project
and the importance of completing it in a month and Clear the doubts
raised by your team members as and when they ask them.

2. Imagine yourself as a student of Computer Science, and you attend a

Lab class, and you discuss the use of learning computer graphics and
cryptography with your friends.

READING

I. Pre- task:

1. What kind of reading strategy do you

follow to decipher the meaning of any
text?
2. What do you mean by reading
between the lines?
3. Which among the following do you
consider as the most effective reading
method to comprehend a text?

37
 a. Skimming b. Scanning
c. Intensive d. Extensive
4. Identify the ways to speed up reading
and comprehending skills?

II. Read the following passage and answer the questions below!
(Your teacher will help you find out the meanings of the difficult
words/phrases in the passage)

THE EFFECT OF MOBILE PHONES

Can talking on a mobile phone be hazardous to your health? It is

difficult to know for sure. Some research suggests that heavy users of mobile
phones are at a greater risk of developing cancerous brain tumors. However,
many other studies suggest that there are no links between cancer and mobile
phone use. The main problem with current research is that mobile phones have
only been popular since the 1990s. As a result, it is impossible to study long-
term exposure to mobile phones. This concerns many health professionals
who point out that certain cancers can take over twenty years to develop.
Another concern about these studies is that many have been funded by the
mobile phone industry or those who benefit from it.

Over five billion people now use mobile phones daily, and many talk for
more than an hour a day. Mobile phone antennas are like microwave ovens.
While both rely on electromagnetic radiation (EMR), the radio waves in
mobile phones are lower in frequency. Microwave ovens have radio wave
frequencies that are high enough to cook food, and they are also known to be
dangerous to human tissues like those in the brain. The concern is that the
lower-frequency radio waves that mobile phones rely on may also be
dangerous. It seems logical that holding a heat source near your brain for a
long period is a potential health hazard.

Some researchers believe that other types of wireless technology may

also be dangerous to human health, including cordless phones,
wireless gaming consoles, and laptop or tablet computers with wireless
connections. They suggest replacing all cordless and wireless devices with
wired ones where possible. They also say that many cordless phones can emit
dangerous levels of Electromagnetic Radiation even when they are not in use.
They even suggest keeping electronic devices such as desktop and tablet
computers out of the bedroom, or at least six feet from the head while we're
sleeping.

38
 A growing number of health professionals worldwide are recommending
that mobile phone users err on the side of caution but this cannot be
accepted, until more definitive studies can be conducted. They use the
example of tobacco to illustrate the potential risks. Many years ago,
people smoked freely and were not concerned about the effects of cigarettes
on their health. Today, people know that cigarettes cause lung cancer, though
it is still unknown exactly how or why. Some doctors fear that the same thing
will happen with mobile phones. In May 2016, the UK's Independent
newspaper reported on research by the US government's National Toxicology
Program that showed a slight increase in brain tumors among rats exposed to
the type of radio frequencies commonly emitted by mobile phones. This doesn't
prove that mobile phones can cause brain tumors in humans, but it does show
that it's possible. As a result, many experts now recommend texting or using
headsets or speakerphones instead of holding a mobile phone to the ear.

Source: https://www.englishclub.com/reading/health/cell-phone.htm

TASK 1- Test your reading:

1. How does the usage of mobile phones affect our health?

2. In what way does a cordless phone harm our body?
3. What are the dangers caused by the microwave oven to humans?
4. Why should electronic gadgets be kept out of the bedroom while
sleeping?
5. What was the finding of the US government's National Toxicology?

TASK 2 Study the following detailed graph on the use of electrical

gadgets and answer the questions given below:

Electrical Gadgets Usage

39
 1. Identify the type of graph given above.
2. What are the electrical gadgets mentioned in the graph?
3. Which Appliance has the least Usage in 2019? Which Gadget was mostly
used by people in 2017?
4. What are the uses of these electrical gadgets in today’s world?
5. What will the increase in the usage of electronic devices lead to?

TASK 3- Discuss in groups and collect ideas on the use of the following
electrical gadgets and their impact (Positive /and Negative)
on the lives of people.

1. Mobile Phone
2. Microwave Oven
3. Refrigerator
4. Earphone
5. Wi-Fi Router

DEFINITIONS

The word ‘definition’ originates from the word ‘define’, which ‘states exactly
what a thing is’. A definition has two distinct elements. First, the term
should be identified as an item of a large group or category. Then its
distinguishing characteristics are to be specified in such a way that no other
object, device, or process fits into the definition.

40
Steps to writing Definitions:

1. Use of articles: A definition usually begins with an article ‘a’, ‘an’ or

‘the’.
2. State what it is – whether it is a tool, or, a device, a machine, a
component, an instrument, or, a concept, or an idea or a study.
3. Describe the primary use(s) of the thing.
4. State the condition of the thing, description of the thing.(parts) etc.

Example:

1. An abacus is an ancient device that is used for arithmetic

calculations.

2. A lathe is a machine for shaping metal or wood.

3. Acoustics is a branch of science that deals with sounds.

4. A burette is an apparatus used in labs for chemical analysis which

is used to measure the volume of a liquid or gas. It is made up of a
glass tubewith measurements marked on it.

5. An accelerator is a device for increasing speed, especially the

pedal in a vehicle that controls the speed of the engine.

EXERCISE: Write the definitions for the following words

1. Barometer:

2. Computer program:

3. A flow chart:

4. Gober gas plant:

5.Microphone:

Extended Definitions

Defining a word can be with a synonym, a brief phrase, or a formal

sentence that explains the term in its most basic form.

41
Terms are words, compound words, or multi-word expressions that are given
specific meanings in specific contexts —these may deviate from the meaning the
same words have in other contexts.

Steps to write extended definitions:

 Explain the word and its term.

 Describe its Classification, principle, and its operation.
 Discuss its Cause and Effect attributes, and its parts
 Compare and contrast, if needed.

Example:

Mini drafter / Drafting machine:

It is a device with two scales set at right angles to each other. It combines
the functions of T-square, set squares, scales, climograph, and protractors.
It can be moved easily and quickly to any location on a drawing sheet
without altering the relative horizontal and vertical positions of two scales.
The edges of the scales are used for measuring as well as drawing

Write extended definitions for the following terms

1. Radiator:

2. Rheostat:

3. Robot:

4. Scientist:

5. Sensor:

SOURCE PASSAGE: HISTORY OF MATCHES AND LIGHTERS

The fire was the basis of modern human kind

and a catalyst for the expansion of our
ancestors beyond the borders of Africa. It
gave us the power to survive in harsh

42
environments, process food, and change the
shape of the environment we live in. As the
millennia went on, and the human race
started developing advanced tools from the
first Neolithic civilizations, the ability to create
fire became common place all around the
world. However, that process was still slow,
unreliable, and dependent upon many
conditions (rain, wind, low
portability).Because of these problems, many
scientists, chemists, and engineers of the
early human civilizations (Mesopotamia,
Egypt, India, China, Greece, and Rome) tried
to find some ways to make a fire which would
be portable and reliable. Since they lacked
the knowledge of chemistry and physics;
their early efforts were unsuccessful. The
only relatively successful of example of the
making fire came from China in the
5thcentury
AD, where sulphur coated wooden sticks
were used as a catalyst for creating fire. By
the 10th century manufacture of these "light-
bringing slaves" or “fire inch-sticks” was
found in all parts of China, but the self-
igniting match stick was not found.

1000 years passed, and scientists still did not

come close to finding the way how to create
a self-igniting source of fire that could be
used reliably by the general population(few
impractical and extremely dangerous

43
chemical reactions were present). The basis
of the modern match and lighter technology
was founded by none other than Hennig
Brandt, a German merchant, pharmacist, and
alchemist, in the second half of the 17th
century,who in his entire life dreamed of
creating gold from other metals. During his
career, he managed to extract pure
phosphorus and test his interesting
flammable properties. Even though he
discarded phosphor in his alchemic
experiments, his notes proved to be an
important stepping stone for future
generations of inventors. The first match was
created in 1805 by Jean Chancel in Paris. This
crude match looked nothing like the modern
“striking” matches we use today. Instead of
using phosphorus, Chancel elected to coat a
wooden stick with potassium chlorate,
sulphur, sugar, rubber, and then dip that
stick into the small asbestos bottle filled with
sulphuric acid. The connection between acid
and the mixture on the stick would start the
fire and release very nasty fumes into the
face of the user. Over the last 200 years,
scientists, and engineers from all over the
world managed to create match sticks that
we use today.

Glossary of Terms:

a. Millennia: plural of millennium

b. Neolithic: relating to the period when

44
 humans used tools and weapons made of
stone and had just developed farming
c. Alchemist: a person who uses or seems
to use alchemy (change ordinary metals
into gold)
d. Flammable: Something that is flammable burns easily
e. Discard: to throw something away or get
rid of it because one no longer wants it.

TASK 1: Describing People and Their Actions:

1. Think of things people do with the matches and lighters. Use

theseverbs:

a. strike the match

…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………..
b. generate heat
………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………
………..
c. set fire
…………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………
………..
d. ignite the stove
………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………
………..
e. light the candle
………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………
………..

45
TASK 2:Read the above text and fill the gaps with the
answers in the box:

1. Gold 2.Potassium chlorate 3. 1805 4. 5th Century 5.

Other metals

f. Wooden sticks coated with sulphur paved the way as a

catalyst for fire in …………….
g. Chancel opted wooden s t i c k with
than
phosphorus.

h. Hennig Brandt dreamt of ……………… from

other …………………. in his lifetime.
i. Jean Chancel was instrumental in creating the first match
in Paris in
………………...

2. Write a few sentences about each of these pictures

belowexpressing their purpose:

46
 ………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………

TASK 3: Write a paragraph using sequence

expressions on the process of making safety
matches using the following flowchart.

………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………

TASK 4: Use the following hints and discuss in pairs the technology
of thefuture. Present the facts to the others in the class:

Imagine a world where wireless devices are

47
as small as a grain of salt. These miniaturized
devices have sensors, cameras, and
communication mechanisms to transmit the
data they collect back to a base to process.
Today, you no longer have to imagine it:
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS),
often called motes, are real and they very
well could be coming to a neighborhood near
you. Whether this fact excites or strikes fear
in you it’s good to know what it’s allabout.

WRITING

SOURCE PASSAGE: LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a

semiconductor light source that emits light
when current flows through it. Electrons in
the semi conductor recombine with electron
holes, releasing energy in the form of
photons. The colour of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photons)
is determined by the energy required for
electrons to cross the band gap of the
semiconductor. White light is obtained by
using multiple semiconductors or a layer of
light-emitting phosphor on the
semiconductor device.

Appearing as practical electronic

components in 1962, the earliest LEDs,
emitted low- intensity infrared (IR) light.
Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control

48
circuits, such as those used with a wide
variety of consumer electronics. The first
visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and
limited to red. Modern LEDs are available
across the visible, ultraviolet (UV), and
infrared wavelengths, with the high light
output.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator

lamps, replacing small incandescent bulbs,
and in seven-segment displays. Recent
developments have produced high-output
white light LEDs suitable for room and
outdoor area lighting. LEDs have led to new
displays and sensors, while their high
switching rates are useful in advanced
communications technology. The first white
LEDs were expensive and inefficient.
However, the light output of LEDs has
increased exponentially. The latest research
and development has been propagated by
Japanese manufacturers such as Panasonic,
and Nichia, and by Korean and Chinese
manufacturers such as Samsung, Kingsun,
and others. This trend in increased output
has been called Haitz's law after Dr.Roland
Haitz. Light output and efficiency of blue and
near-ultraviolet LEDs rose and the cost of
reliable devices fell. This led to relatively
high-power white-light LEDs for illumination,
which are replacing incandescent and
fluorescent lighting. Experimental white LEDs

49
have been demonstrated to produce 303
lumens per watt of electricity (lm/w); some
can last upto 10,000hours. However,
commercially available LEDs have an
efficiency of upto 223 lm/w. Compared to
incandescent bulbs, this is a huge increase in
electrical efficiency, and even though LEDs
are more expensive to purchase, the overall
cost is significantly cheaper than that of
incandescent bulbs.

Glossary of Terms:

a. Intensity: the quality of being felt strongly or having a

strong effect

b. Infrared: a type of light that feels warm but cannot be

seen.

c. Incandescent: producing a bright light from a heated

filament or other parts

d. Exponentially: in a way that becomes

quicker and quicker as something that
increases becomes larger

e. Propagate: to produce a new plant using a parent plant

Note: Freewriting is very much like

brainstorming. Here, too, you tap your
natural creativity, free from the confines of
structured thought. Write your ideas as they
pop into your mind and then revise what you
have written.

TASK 1:Write in about 50 words without

making corrections or refining your text,

50
the ways and means of saving
electricity.

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………

TASK 2 LED Display is a screen display

technology that uses a panel of LEDs as
the light source. Currently, a large number
of electronic devices, both small and large,
use LED display as a screen and as an
interaction medium between the user and
the system. Modern electronic devices
such as mobile phones, TVs, tablets,
computer monitors, laptops screens, etc.,
use a LED display to display their output.
Discuss with your friends the uses of these
devices – Report your ideas to the class,
when your teacher asks you.

51
TASK 3.Fill in the blanks with appropriate words
given in thebox:

electronics handhelds consumption light-

emitting advantage

The LED display is one of the main

screen displays that are being
commercially used. The biggest
…………….. of the LED display is it is
efficient and low-
energy…………………., which is
especially needed for ……………… and
chargeable devices such as mobile
phones and tablets. An LED display
consists of many LED panels that, in
turn, consist of several LEDs. LEDs
have numerous advantages over

52
other …………………. sources that can
be used alternatively. Aside from
being power efficient, LEDs produce
more
brillianceandgreaterlightintensity.LE
D Display is different from the
vacuum fluorescent display used in
some consumer………………..
Such as car stereos, video cassette
recorders, etc., and, hence, these
two should not be confused with
eachother.

TASK 4:Here are some

sentences from the
passage.Fill in the gaps with
prepositions from thebox:

By for of in to

The colour of the light (corresponding to the

energy of the photons) is determined by the
energy required electrons .…………………. cross

the band gap of the semiconductor. White light

is obtained …………. Using multiple semi
conductors or a layer……………..light-emitting
phosphor on the semiconductor device.
Appearing as practical electronic components in
1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low- intensity

53
infrared(IR) light. Infrared LEDs are used
…………………. remote-control circuits, such as
those used with a wide variety of consumer
electronics.

SOURCE PASSAGE: APPLIED NUMBER THEORY IN

ATM

Some novel applications of elementary

andparticularlyalgorithmicnumber
theory have been employed to design
computer (both hardware and
software) systems, coding and
cryptography, and information security,
especially network/communication
security. Leonard Eugene Dickson
(1874- 1954),oneofthekey
figuresof20th-
centurymathematics,particularlynumbe
r
theory,wasborninIndependence,Iowa,a
descendantofoneWilliamDickson
whohademigrated from
NorthernIrelandtoLondonderry,New
Hampshire in the 18th century. Dickson
obtained his Ph.D. in 1896 from the
UniversityofChicago,thefirstPh.D.award
edinMathematicsbytheinstitution. One
of the most productive of all
mathematicians, Dickson wrote over
250

54
 papersand18books,includingthethree-
volume1600pageHistoryoftheTheory
ofNumbers.

The most famous English

mathematician G. H. Hardy (1877-
1947) in his Apology stated that if the
theory of numbers could be employed
for any practical and honorable purpose,
and if they could be turned directly to
the furtherance of happiness or relief
from suffering, as physiology and even
chemistry can, then, surely, neither
Gauss nor any other mathematician
would have been so foolish as to decry
or regret such applications.
Glossary of Terms:

a. Cryptography: the practice of

creating and understanding codes
that keep informationsecret
b. Descendant: a person who is related to you and who
lives afteryou.

c. Emigrate: to leave a country permanently and go to

live in anotherone.
d. Furtherance: the process of
helping something to develop
ormake progress.
e. Decry: to criticize something as bad, without value,
orunnecessary

TASK1.Which of these sentences from the text are true,

andwhich are false?

a. William Dickson was the descendant of Leonard

EugeneDickson.

b. G H Hardy wrote the “History of the Theory

55
 ofNumbers”.

c. G H Hardy was of the view that the

theory of numbers could not be
employed for any practical and
honorablepurpose.

d. William Dickson, one of the most

productive of all mathematicians,
belonged to the 18thcentury.

e. Gauss said that human sufferings

can be relieved through physiology
and evenchemistry.

TASK 2:Express your views on the advantages and

disadvantages of ATM (Automated Teller Machine) when
compared to the Teller in aBank.

Thetable shows some compare and contrast expressions that we can

make use of when we compare or differentiate two or more items or
topics.

ADDING And, also, As, moreover, Besides, also Furthermore

as well

CAUSE & Because, so, Therefore, thus, Consequently, As a result of

EFFECT

SEQUENCING Next, then Firstly, secondly, Meanwhile, after Eventually

finally Before

CONTRASTING Whereas, Alternatively, On the other hand In contrast

instead of, otherwise However
unlike

56
 QUALIFYING However, Unless, except If, as long as, apart Yet, despite
although from

EMPHASIZING In particular Especially, Significantly, indeed Most of all

notably Above all

ILLUSTRATING For example, As revealed by, In the case of As shown by

such as For instance

COMPARING Equally, in the Like, similarly, Likewise, in As with, as

same way similar to comparison with/to compared with,

………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………

Read the following excerpt written by Ramanujan on 31st January

1913 to a mathematician named G. H. Hardy in Cambridge,

England. Fill in the blanks in the letter with the words given

below. Also discuss with your friends the style of writing used by

Ramanujam. How different is it from the style adopted to draft

emails and letters today.

57
University investigation conventional approximates
enclosed convinced published indicated
Inexperienced excused

Dear Sir,

I beg to introduce myself to you as a clerk in the Accounts Department

of the Port Trust Office at Madras on a salary of only £20 per annum. I
am now about 23 years of age. I have had no ………….. education but
I have undergone the ordinary school course. After leaving school I
have been employing the spare time at my disposal to work at
Mathematics. I have not trodden through the ………… regular course,
which is followed in a University course, but I am striking out a new
path for myself. I have made a special …………… of divergent series
in general and the results I get are termed by the local mathematicians
as "startling"

Third Paragraph
Very recently I came across a tract published by you styled Orders of
Infinity in page 36 of which I find a statement that no definite
expression has been as yet found for the number of prime numbers
less than any given number. I have found an expression which very
nearly ………… to the real result, the error being negligible. I would
request you to go through the ……….. papers.

58
Fourth paragraph

Being poor, if you are ………. that there is anything of value I would
like to have my theorems ……….. I have not given the actual
investigations nor the expressions that I get but I have ……….. the
lines on which I proceed. Being …………. I would very highly value
any advice you give me. Requesting to be ………… for the trouble I
give you.

I remain, Dear Sir,

Yours truly,

S. Ramanujan

TASK 4: Identify the jumbled letters and complete

thesentences:

The storyofthenumber 1729 goes back to 1918

when…………(India)
mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan lay sick in
aclinicnear….(odoLnn)and
his friend and collaborator G.H. Hardy visited
him. Hardy said that he had arrived in
…………… (tax) number 1729 anddescribedthe
.......................................................................(unborn) “as rathera

59
 UNIT 3

Raman’s Equipment and Experimental Setup

Pre Task : Key Terms

Acoustic A branch of physics that deals with the

study of mechanical waves in gases,
liquids, and solids

60
Optics A branch of physics that studies the
behaviour and properties of light
Opalescence The quality of reflecting light and changing
colour with reference to an opal
Polarizing To make optical waves to oscillate in one
particular direction or to make light waves
move only in one direction
Surface The reflection that occurs when light wave
reflection bounces off an object
Diffraction An optical element that disperses light
grating composed of lots of different wavelengths
(e.g., white light) into light components by
wavelength
Molecules An electrically neutral group of two or more
atoms held together by chemical bonds
Molecular Various phenomena that occur when a
diffraction wave encounters an obstacle or a slit,
otherwise knowns as the bending of waves
around the corners of an obstacle, caused
by molecules
Fluorescence The emission of light by a substance that
has absorbed light or other
electromagnetic radiation
Acoustic The interaction of light (optics) and sound
optical (acoustics).
effects
Infrared An electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with
spectra wavelengths longer than those of visible
light.
Heliostat An apparatus containing a movable
mirror, used to reflect sunlight in a
fixed direction
Refracting (also called a refractor) a type of optical
telescope telescope that uses a lens as its objective to
form an image
Photodetector sensors of light or other electromagnetic
s radiation
Photons A type of elementary particle representing
a quantum of light or other
electromagnetic radiation

61
 Raman’s Equipment and Experimental Setup

The main challenge Raman faced in his experimental work was

posed by the extremely weak intensity of the scattered light. In his early
studies, Raman used a heliostat — a mechanically driven mirror that
tracked the motion of the sun to provide a light source. Eventually,
however, he came to realise that the sunlight was not sufficiently intense
on its own. Thus, in 1927, he acquired a 7-in. refracting telescope, which
he used in combination with a short-focus lens to condense the sunlight
into a narrow beam. In the following year, he created an even more
powerful light source by using highly monochromatic light from a
mercury arc lamp together with a large aperture condenser and cobalt-
glass filter. Sometimes, he replaced the glass filters with liquid ones.
Raman used a violet filter to isolate a band of violet light incident on a
sample liquid. At 90 degrees to the incident light, he placed another
violet glass filter. This enabled him to observe violet light scattered from
the sample, which represented normal Rayleigh scattering.

When he replaced the second filter with a green one,

however, the Rayleigh- scattered light was blocked but there was still
some green light visible, demonstrating the second form of scattering.
Perhaps most interestingly, Raman used his own dark-adapted eyes as
photodetectors. Only after he had observed the frequency shift with his

62
eyes and a direct-vision spectroscope did he repeat the observation
with a mercury arc lamp and a Hilger baby quartz spectrograph.
Surprising as it may seem, the human eye can detect single photons
over a high dynamic range. Raman used a small Adam Hilger
spectroscope for his initial studies, and he detected the spectrum of
the scattered light using photography. Since the intensity of the
frequency-shifted light was extremely weak, long exposure times were
required to record the spectra.

Nobel Committee decided to give the Nobel Prize to Raman

for his invention. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics on
December 11, 1930. He was a great man known for his driving ambition
and passion for science. At the age of 60, Raman formed the Raman
Research Institute (supported with his own funds and donations that
he raised). He also remained a professor, as well as the President of
the Indian Academy of Sciences in Bangalore, until his death in 1970.
A few days before his death on November 21, 1970, Raman spoke
these words, “Science can only flower out when there is an internal
urge. It cannot thrive under external pressure.” A tree grows where
Raman died.

TASK 1 :Unscramble the following words

Sl. SCRAMBLED UNSCRAMBLED

No
.
Naeoelcepsc OPALESCENCE

1. Ramanerdeetni

2. Oarcmlule

63
3. Ecuryfqen

4. Nucsereclfeo

5. Mmrocoichtnoa

6. Stenyinti

7. Rutpaere

8. Pcagpsrhoetr

9. Emurcyr

10. Ottecpsedohtro

TASK 2: Locate related words from the passages

S
l Topic Related Words
.
N
o
.
Physics, Universities,
Education Oxford, Research,
Institute,
professor, Academy
India,
1 Places
.
Sea,
2 Nature
.
Telescope,
3 Instruments
.
Completed,
4 Action words
.

5 Physics
.

64
 65

TASK 3: Create Write a sentence using each of the following

words

Sl. Word Sentence

No.
Voyage Sea voyages are interesting.
1. Urge
2. Mystery
3. Discovery
4. Congress

5. Molecule
6. Demonstra
te
7. Phenomen
on
8. Narrow
9. Condense
10. Dynamic

SOURCE PASSAGE: THE SOAP BUBBLE

Pre TASK : Key Terms

Iridescent Iridescence is the phenomenon of

certain surfaces that appear to
gradually change colour as the angle of
view or the angle of illumination
changes
 66

Refraction The fact or phenomenon of light, radio

waves, etc. being deflected
in passing obliquely through the interface
between one medium and another or
through a medium of varying density
Interference a phenomenon in which two waves
superpose to form a resultant
wave of greater, lower, or the same
amplitude

Mean an extrinsic measure of curvature that

curvature comes from differential
geometry and that locally describes the
curvature of an embedded surface in some
ambient space such as Euclidean space
Young– a nonlinear partial differential equation that
Laplace describes the capillary pressure difference
equation sustained across the interface between two
static
fluids, such as water and air
Surface the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into
tension the minimum surface
area possible
Concave a surface that curves inward, or is thinner in
surface the middle than on the
edges
Convex a surface that is having an outline or surface
surface curved like the exterior
of a circle or sphere or is thinner in the
edges than in the middle

A soap bubble is an extremely thin film of soapy water

enclosing the air that forms a hollow sphere with an iridescent surface.
Soap bubbles usually last for only a few seconds before bursting, either
on their own or on contact with another object. They are often used for
children's enjoyment, but they are also used in artistic performances.
Assembling several bubbles results in foam. When light shines onto a
bubble it appears to change colour. Unlike those seen in a rainbow,
which arise from differential refraction, the colours seen in a soap
bubble arise from interference of light reflecting off the front and back
surfaces of the thin soap film. Depending on the thickness of the film,
different colours interfere constructively and destructively.
 67

Mathematics

Soap bubbles are physical examples of the complex

mathematical problem of minimal surface. They will assume the shape
of least surface area possible containing a given volume. A true
minimal surface is more properly illustrated by a soap film, which has
equal pressure on inside as outside, hence becoming a surface with zero
mean curvature. A soap bubble is a closed soap film: due to the
difference in outside and inside pressure, it is a surface of constant
mean curvature. While it has been known since 1884 that a spherical
soap bubble is the least-area way of enclosing a given volume of air (a
theorem of H. A. Schwarz), it was not until 2000 that it was proven
that two merged soap bubbles provide the optimum way of enclosing
two given volumes of air of different size with the least surface area.

Merging (Physics)

When two bubbles merge, they adopt a shape which makes

the sum of their surface areas as small as possible, compatible with
the volume of air each bubble encloses. If the bubbles are of equal size,
their common wall is flat. If they aren't the same size, their common
wall bulges into the larger bubble, since the smaller one has a higher
internal pressure than the larger one, as predicted by the Young–
Laplace equation. At a point where three or more bubbles meet, they
arrange themselves out so that only three bubble walls meet along a
line. Since the surface tension is the same in each of the three surfaces,
the three angles between them must be equal to 120°. Only four
bubble walls can meet at a point, with the lines where triplets of bubble
 68

walls meet separated by cos−1(−1/3) ≈ 109.47°. All these rules, known

as Plateau's laws, determine how a foam is built from bubbles.
Stability

The longevity of a soap bubble is limited by the ease of

rupture of the very thin layer of water which constitutes its surface,
namely a micrometer-thick soap film. It is thus sensitive to:
 Drainage within the soap film: water falls down due to gravity. This
can be slowed by increasing the water viscosity, for instance by
adding glycerol. Still, there is an ultimate height limit, which is the
capillary length, very high for soap bubbles: around 13 feet (4
meters). In principle, there is no limit in the length it can reach.

 Evaporation: This can be slowed by blowing bubbles in a wet

atmosphere, or by adding some sugar to the water.

 Dirt and fat: When the bubble touches the ground, a wall, or our
skin, it usually ruptures the soap film. This can be prevented by
wetting these surfaces with water (preferably containing some
soap).

Wetting

When a soap bubble is in contact with a solid or a liquid surface

wetting is observed. On a solid surface, the contact angle of the bubble
depends on the surface energy of the solid. A soap bubble has a larger
contact angle on a solid surface displaying ultra-hydrophobicity than on
a hydrophilic surface. On a liquid surface, the contact angle of the soap
bubble depends on its size - smaller bubbles have lower contact angles.
 69

Medicine – Contact dermatitis

The composition of soap bubbles’ liquid has many recipes

with slightly different ingredients. The most common one contains 2/3
cup of dishwashing soap, 1 gallon of water, 2/3 tablespoon of glycerin.
Because of the presence of dishwasher soap, it's not uncommon for
children to contact dermatitis on face, hands with consequences as
rashes, swelling of the eyes, vomiting and dizziness.

Freezing

If soap bubbles are blown

into air that is below a temperature
of −15 °C (5 °F), they will freeze
when they touch a surface. The air
inside will gradually diffuse out,
causing the bubble to crumble
under its own weight. At
temperatures below about −25 °C
(−13 °F), bubbles will freeze
in the air and may shatter when hitting the ground. When a bubble is
blown with warm air, the bubble will freeze to an almost perfect sphere at
first, but when the warm air cools, and a reduction in volume occurs, there
will be a partial collapse of the bubble. A bubble, created successfully at
this low temperature, will always be rather small; it will freeze quickly
and will shatter if increased further. Freezing of small soap bubbles
happens within 2 seconds after setting on snow (at air temperature
around –10...–14 °C).

TASK 1 :Read the text and find out who I am

Sl. Hint Who am I?

No.

1. I am an extremely thin film of Soap bubble

soapy water.
 70

2. I am a curved band of different

colours that appears in the sky
when the sun shines through rain.

3. I am a mass of small air bubbles

on the surface of a liquid.

4. I am the process of a liquid

changing or being changed
into a gas.
5. I am the feeling that
everything is spinning around
you and that you are unable to
balance.

TASK 2: Locate the ANTONYMS of the following words from the

text.

WORD ANTONYM

Displeasure enjoyment

unimaginative

constructively

Inconstant

Drying

instability

I. Read to be Ready
Bubbles can be effectively used to teach and explore a wide variety of
concepts to even young children. Flexibility, colour formation, reflective
or mirrored surfaces, concave and convex surfaces, transparency, a
variety of shapes (circle, square, triangle, sphere, cube, tetrahedron,
and hexagon), elastic properties, and comparative sizing, as well as the
more esoteric properties of bubbles listed on this page. Bubbles are
 71

useful in teaching concepts starting from two years old and into college
years. A bubble is made of transparent water enclosing transparent air.
However, the soap film is as thin as the visible light wavelength,
resulting in interferences. This creates iridescence which, together with English 80
B.Sc. Professional

the bubble's spherical shape and fragility, contributes to its magical

effect on children and adults alike. Each colour is the result of varying
thicknesses of soap bubble film. Adding coloured dye to bubble mixtures
fails to produce coloured bubbles, because the dye attaches to the water
molecules as opposed to the surfactant. Therefore, a colourless bubble
forms with the dye falling to a point at the base.

1 What are the scientific concepts you have learnt through soap
. bubbles?

2 What have you understood of iridescence?

.
3 Can you give examples of transparent elements other than
. water and air?
What defines the different colours in the bubble?

5 Do you like soap bubbles? If Yes, why? If NO, why not?

.

II. Frame ‘Wh’ Questions to the answers given below

Answer: Foam

Question: What is produced when assembling several

soap bubbles?
Ans: Soap bubbles lasts for a few seconds.
1.
Que:

Ans: Interferences of different colours

2.
Que:
 72

3. Ans: constant mean curvature

Que:

4. Ans: When two bubbles merge

Que:

5. Ans: Evaporation

Que:

III. Discuss answers for the following in pairs and write it

down
1. If you are a soap bubble seller, how will you sell it effectively?
Demonstrate.
2. Share your memorable experiences with soap bubbles from your
childhood to the present.

3. Can you connect the characteristics of the soap bubble with any
other object? Present it effectively

SOURCE PASSAGE :“TOO BAD!”:

AN INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Key Terms

Miniaturization Size reduction

Radiation therapy a therapy using ionizing radiation,

generally as part of cancer treatment to
control or kill malignant cells
Planck’s constant a quantum of electromagnetic action
that relates a photon's energy to its
frequency
 73

Quantum a fundamental theory in physics, which

mechanics describes the physical properties of
nature on an atomic scale
Pinheaded a form of electrical connector

Anthropomorphism the attribution of human traits,

emotions, or intentions to non- human
entities
Quanta the plural form of quantum. In
physics, a quantum is the
minimum amount of any physical
entity involved in an interaction.
Brownian motion the random motion of particles
suspended in a fluid (a liquid or a gas)
resulting from their collision with the
fast-moving molecules in the fluid
Electron a subatomic particle, whose electric
charge is negative one elementary
charge
Laser beam a device that emits light through a
process of optical amplification based on
the stimulated emission of
electromagnetic radiation. The term
“laser” originated as an acronym for
“light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation”
Recoil the backward movement of a gun when
it is discharged (often called knockback,
kickback or simply kick)
 74

THE THREE LAWS OF ROBOTICS

1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to
come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given it by
human beings except where that would
conflict with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as
long as such protection does not conflict with
the First or Second Law.

Dr.Gregory Arnfeld is a robotic scientist, living in the twenty second century. He is

an expert in miniaturisation. He suffers inoperable cancer and refuses any chemical
treatment or radiation therapy. Arnfeld believes that his robotic invention Mike, a
microbat, can cure him better than any other treatments. His wife Tertia reminds him
that there are a lot of ways to cure cancer in the twenty second century that they live
in. But he reassures, “Yes, but Mike is one of them, and I think the best.” Tertia
retaliates, “how certain are you of miniaturization? That’s an even newer technique than
robotics.” Arnfeld replies, “The miniaturisation boys can reduce or restore Planck’s
constant in a reasonably precise manner, and those controls are built into Mike. He can
make himself smaller or larger without affecting his surroundings.” Arnfeld is proud of
this experiment, as his name will be engraved in the history as the principal designer of
Mike. But he says, “My greatest feat will be that of having been successfully treated by
a minirobot—by my own choice, by my own initiative.” “It’s dangerous,” says Tertia,
his wife. He responds, “There’s danger to everything. Chemicals and radiation have
their side effects.” He is happy that even if it fails, it will be a glorious experiment.

When Tertia wants to have more clarity on what is to happen, Louis Secundo, of
the miniaturization group, says, “We can’t guarantee success. Miniaturization is
intimately involved with quantum mechanics, and there is a strong element of
unpredictability. As MIK-27 reduces his size, there is always the chance that a sudden
unplanned re-expansion will take place, naturally killing the patient. The greater the
 75

reduction in size and the tinier the robot becomes, the greater the chance of re-
expansion. And once he starts expanding again, the chance of a sudden accelerated
burst is even higher. The re-expansion is the really dangerous part.” When Tertia
enquires about the risk level, Secundo says, “The chances are it won’t, Mrs. Arnfeld.
But the chance is never zero.” “What if Mike makes a mistake or reduces himself too
far because of a glitch in the mechanism? Then re-expansion would be certain, wouldn’t
it?” asks Tertia. He replies, “It remains statistical. The chances improve if he gets too
small. But then the smaller he gets, the less massive he is, and at some critical point,
Mike will become so insignificant and the programme will send him flying off at nearly
the speed of light.” Anxious Tertia asks, “Well, won’t that kill the doctor?” The scientist
assures, “No. By that time, Mike would be so small he would slip between the atoms of
the doctor’s body without affecting them.” Mike would re-expand within seconds, but
by the time he re-expanded, he would be a hundred thousand miles away in outer
space and the explosion that results would merely produce a small burst of gamma rays
for the astronomers to puzzle over. In addition, MIK-27 will have his instructions and
he will not reduce himself to smaller than the size needed to carry out his mission.

It is coincidental and surprising that the chief designer of Mike, the Microbot,
becomes his first patient. Mrs. Arnfeld discloses to the media that the present condition
of Dr. Arnfeld is the result of a predisposition and there have been others in his family
who have had it. For this reason, they have no children and Dr. Arnfeld devotes his life
to produce a robot that is capable of miniaturisation.

Ben Johannes, a co-worker with Dr. Arnfeld for five years, takes Mrs. Arnfeld to
the robot’s quarters. Mike says, in his curiously neutral voice, which is smoothly
average to be quite human, “I am pleased to see you, Mrs. Arnfeld.” Mrs. Arnfeld had
seen Mike soon after his construction, when he was undergoing the primary tests, and
Mike remembered her. He is not a well-shaped robot. He looks pinheaded and very
bottom heavy. He was almost conical. Mrs. Arnfeld knows that it is because his
miniaturization mechanism is bulky and abdominal and because his brain has to be
abdominal as well in order to increase the speed of response. It is an unnecessary
anthropomorphism to insist on a brain behind a tall cranium, her husband had explained.
Yet it makes Mike seem ridiculous, almost moronic. He represents the psychological
 76

advantages to anthropomorphism too. When Mrs. Arnfeld ask whether he has

understood the task, he says, “I will see to it that every vestige of cancer is removed.”
Mike has the ability to recognise a cancer cell when he is at the proper size. He can
quickly destroy the nucleus of any cell that is not normal. He further says proudly, “I
am laser equipped, Mrs. Arnfeld.” Mrs. Arnfeld is still not convinced and she continues
to question, “How long will it take to get them one by one?” Johannes intervenes and
tells, “Even though the cancer is widespread, it exists in clumps. Mike is equipped to
burn off and close capillaries leading to the clump, and a million cells could die at a
stroke in that fashion. He will only occasionally have to deal with cells on an individual
basis.”

Johannes further informs that this process would take hours and every next
moment will increase the chance of re-expansion. But Mike confidently guarantees,
“Mrs. Arnfeld, I will labor to prevent re-expansion. By monitoring my size and making
an effort to keep it constant, I can minimize the random changes that might lead to a
re- expansion. Naturally, it is almost impossible to do this when I am actually re-
expanding under controlled conditions.” Understanding the danger involved, Mrs.
Arnfeld expresses her anxiety regarding the safety of her husband and Mike says
solemnly, “The laws of robotics ensure that I will, Mrs. Arnfeld.” Johannes further
comforts that there is a holosonogram and a detailed cat scan of the area. Mike knows
the precise location of every significant cancerous lesion. Most of his time will be spent
searching for small lesions undetectable by instruments. Mike is strictly instructed as
to how small to get and he will not get smaller beyond that. As a microbot, he obeys
orders. Johannes explains the re-expansion process, “Tertia, we’re in the lap of the
quanta. There is a more reasonable chance that he will get out without trouble.
Naturally, we will have him re-expand within Gregory’s body as little as possible – just
enough to make us reasonably certain we can find and extract him. He will then be
rushed to the safe room where the rest of the re-expansion will take place.”

The observation room is underground and half-a-mile away from the viewing
room. There are three miniaturists working on this experiment. If anything untoward
happens, that will take the lives of the three miniaturists as well. So the miniaturists are
very careful in handling this procedure. From the observation room, Mrs. Arnfeld
 77

watches the miniaturisation procedure and sees Mike growing smaller and disappear.
She sees the procedure of injecting Mike into the body of Dr. Arnfeld and his movement
through his tissues by way of his bloodstream. Every move is captured and shown in
holosonogram, which is a three-dimensional representation, cloudy and unfocused,
made imprecise through a combination of the finite size of the sound waves and the
effects of Brownian motion. Mrs. Arnfeld reaches a stage where she could not hold it
further. She is sedated and she slept until evening. When she wakes up, Johannes is
near her and she reveals the happy news, “Success, Tertia. Complete success. Your
husband is cured. We can’t stop the cancer from recurring, but for now he is cured.”

After two days, she is able to meet and talk to her husband Dr. Arnfeld. She
says happily, “They can’t find a trace of cancer in you.” But he says, “Well, we can’t be
too confident about that. There may be a cancerous cell here and there, but perhaps
my immune system will handle it, especially with
the proper medication, and if it ever builds up again, which might well take years, we’ll
call on Mike again.” On saying this, he wants to see and thank Mike for the wonderful
thing that he has done for his life. There Mrs. Arnfeld reveals the news, “Actually, dear,
Mike is not available.” Shocked Dr. Arnfeld asks, “Not available! Why not?” His wife
replies, “He had to make a choice, you see. He had cleaned up your tissues marvellously
well; he had done a magnificent job, everyone agrees; and then he had to undergo re-
expansion. That was the risky part. Mike decided to minimize the risk. he decided to
make himself smaller.” Unbelievingly he cries, “What! He couldn’t. He was ordered not
to.” But the wife says, “That was Second Law, Greg. First Law took precedence. He
wanted to make certain your life would be saved. He was equipped to control his own
size, so he made himself smaller as rapidly as he could, and when he was far less
massive than an electron he used his laser beam, which was by then too tiny to hurt
anything in your body, and the recoil sent him flying away at nearly the speed of light.
He exploded in the outer space. The gamma rays were detected.” Dr. Arnfeld stares at
her and says, “But I didn’t want that. I wanted him safe for further work. My life was
less important than his.” “Not to me, dear. Not to those who work with you. Not to
anyone. Not even to Mike,” says his wife putting her hands out to him. Pushing aside
her hands, he says, “You don’t understand. Oh, too bad. Too bad!”
– Abridged version of the short story “Too Bad” by Isaac Asimov
 78

Isaac Asimov

Isaac Asimov is a remarkable American figure in science

fiction. He is a writer and Biochemist. He is a prolific writer of
science fiction and science books. He has edited or wrote more than
500 volumes. He is known for his Foundation and Robot Series. He
became popular with his short story “Nightfall” (1941), which talks
of a planet in a multiple-star system which
experiences darkness only one night in every 2049 years. This short
story brought him to the forefront among the science fiction writers and it is considered
as one of the best short stories of this genre. He developed a set of ethics for robots
and rejected the idea that robots are marauding metal monsters, which changed the
way the subject was treated by other writers. Using the pseudonym Paul French, he
wrote science stories for children in the series Lucky Starr (1952-58), each volume of
this series took place on a different world of the solar system.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Asimov

I. Find the missing letters and write the word

II. Fill the following blanks with suitable words (not from the text)

Dr. Gregory Arnfeld suffers _______ cancer and ________ any chemical
treatment or radiation ________. Arnfeld believes that his robotic ________ Mike can
_________ him better than any other ________. His wife Tertia reminds him that
there are a lot of ways to ________ cancer. But he ______, “Yes, but Mike is one of
them, and I think the ______.” Tertia _______, “how ____________ are you of
miniaturization? That’s an even newer ________ than robotics.” Arnfeld replies, “The
 79

miniaturisation boys can reduce or ________ Planck’s constant in a reasonably

_______ manner, and those controls are _________ into Mike. He can make himself
smaller or larger without __________ his surroundings.” Arnfeld is ________ of this
experiment, as his name will be _______ in the history as the principal ______ of
Mike. But he says, “My greatest ________ will be that of having been successfully
________ by a minirobot—by my own choice, by my own __________.” “It’s
___________,” says Tertia, his wife.

III. Read to be Ready (Read the passage aloud and take notes)
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines

that are programmed to think like humans and
mimic their actions. The term may also be
applied to any machine that exhibits traits
associated with a human mind such as learning and
problem-solving. The ideal characteristic of
artificial intelligence is its ability to rationalize and
take actions that have the best chance of
achieving a specific goal. When most people hear the
term artificial intelligence, the first thing they usually think of is robots. That's because
big-budget films and novels weave stories about human-like machines that wreak
havoc on Earth. Artificial intelligence is based on the principle that human intelligence
can be defined in a way that a machine can easily mimic it and execute tasks, from the
most simple to those that are even more complex. The goals of artificial intelligence
include learning, reasoning, and perception. The applications for artificial intelligence
are endless. The technology can be applied to many different sectors and industries.
AI is being tested and used in the healthcare industry for dosing drugs and different
treatment in patients, and for surgical procedures in the operating room. Other
examples of machines with artificial intelligence include computers that play chess and
self-driving cars. Weak AI tends to be simple and single-task oriented, while strong AI
carries on tasks that are more complex and human-like.
 80

1. What are the goals of artificial intelligence?

2. What is artificial intelligence based on?

3. Which are the sectors that use AI in the present?

4. Define weak and strong AI.

5. Do you think it is a good idea to programme human

intelligence in machines? If so, what are the traits that can be
programmed?

Explore the Text

1. Why did Greg refuse chemical and radiation therapy?

2. Why is re-expansion considered dangerous?

3. Why did Mike disobey the instruction programmed in him?

4. Was Johannes supportive to Mrs. Arnfeld?

5. What is the safe room used for?

IV. Discuss the following questions and put forth your ideas to the class
1. Are we becoming too dependent on robots? Justify your answer
 81

2. Can Artificial Intelligence replace human intelligence? State reasons.

3. Do you think creating robots with human thinking skills is a good idea?
4. If you get a chance to change the climax of the story, would you
save Mike or Greg or both or neither?
5. What kind of robot will you create in future if you get a chance? Why?

Biomass and Biofuels

Fuels in use today, like coal and oil, are made from fossils, plants, and
animals which died thousands of years ago. Biofuels are fuels made from crops which
have just been harvested and from biomass, which contains chemical energy stored
from the sun. Biofuel (also called agrofuel) is an abbreviation for bio-organic fuel. It
describes any plant or animal which can burn and be used for fuel.
 82

Trucks,
cars, and
busses and
other
vehicles used for transportation need clean-burning fuels. They have internal
combustion engines. The fuel in a liquid state is more portable and easily pumped.
Petroleum is used today. It is a fossil fuel. Coal and wood are also, used for energy
but produce much more pollution in the atmosphere. They are fossil fuels too, made
from dead plants and animals of long ago. Wood and its byproducts can now be
converted into biofuels such as wood gas, methanol or ethanol fuel.

The goal for all the production of energy is to turn away from the use of fossil
fuels. Biomass from which biofuel is made includes products like wood, sugar cane,
manure and waste from agriculture. Biomass is a storehouse of the sun's energy. If it
is handled wisely, more will be produced indefinitely. Fossil fuels may at some point
run out. Chlorophyll from plants takes carbon dioxide from the air and combines it with
water to form carbohydrates. When these carbohydrates are burned, they release the
stored energy.

However, recent discoveries have shown that there is a more efficient way
to get energy from biomass rather than burning it. It can be turned into liquid fuels or
heated to produce gases which will burn. Willow trees and willow grass are grown
specifically to be used to produce energy. Some plants can be grown only for producing
energy. Energy can be found also in the by-products or waste products from plants
used for other purposes. The products used for energy purposes vary from region to
region depending on climate and other conditions.

Power crops which produce energy directly can be grown on large farms.
Trees and grasses are the most readily available, although corn is starting to be used.
Some trees may grow back very quickly after being cut down to the ground. This
process is called coppicing. They can be harvested every three to eight years. They
can grow as much as forty feet in that space of time. Poplar, willow and black locust,
which grow in the cool, wet areas of the northern states, are the best choice for 'short-
rotation woody crops' there. Sycamore and sweet gum trees are used in the warm
Southeast. Eucalyptus accomplishes the purpose in Florida and California.
 83

Corn and sorghum are grown mainly for food, but in the United States corn
provides most of the liquid biofuel. However, because it must be planted, fertilized and
harvested every year, it is not the best source for biofuels. Soybeans and sunflowers
produce oil which can be used to make biofuel. However, just like corn, much
maintenance is required each year to produce a crop of soybeans and
sunflowers. Microalgae is another type of crop with oil. This may have the potential
for the future of biofuel.

For many years, the way to produce energy from biofuels has been to
burn it. However, during this process, energy can be lost or wasted, and some pollution
can occur. A new process called 'co-firing' now is being used. Coal is mixed with up
to twenty percent of a biomass product in a boiler in a power plant. Operating costs
will be lower, less pollution will occur, and energy will be saved. In Iowa, the
Department of Energy and a local energy company have begun using switchgrass to
substitute for a certain percentage of the coal. The project has worked well. Biomass
can also be used to substitute for petroleum in many other products.

Source : https://www.softschools.com/

Read the above passage and answer the questions given below

State whether the following sentences are TRUE or FALSE

1. Biomass contains solar energy.

2. Grass is not used to make biofuel.
3. Wood is both a fossil fuel and a biofuel

Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the passage
1. Biofuels are converted into energy by the process of _________.
2. ._________ can be used as an alternative to petroleum in many products.
3. ._________ is a power crop that is easily available.

Write a sentence describing the given words from the context of the passage

1. Potential

2. Accomplishes

3. Substitute

4. Efficient
 84

Write a short paragraph detailing the similarities and differences between Biomass
and biofuels

UNIT 4

SOURCE PASSAGE-1: THE MYSTERY OF THE BLACK HOLE

Pre Reading: Vocabulary Enrichment

New words and concepts

Gravity- a force of attraction that exists between any two masses

Relativity-the notion that the laws of physics are the same everywhere

Principle- a general scientific theorem or law

ultimate- being the best

phenomenon- a fact or an event in nature, which is not fully understood

 85

A black hole comes from the death of a large star (at least 10 times
bigger than our Sun) exploding at the end of its life in a supernova. The Sun,
being too small, won’t ever become a black hole, it will expand, contract and
cool off in its death process. This is a simple explanation of what a black hole
is and how astronomers identify them. The constant fusion of hydrogen to
helium creates the energy and radiation from a star. A star is in a stable state
for most of its life as the energy pushing out from the star balances with the
gravitational force pulling in.

At the end of a star’s life, stars like our Sun will continue fusing elements
together like helium to carbon, carbon to neon, but not much further. Large
stars will continue fusing elements until the star reaches iron. Iron is a very
stable element, and gravity alone cannot compress it further. Iron builds up in
the core, and the internal pressure of energy radiating outwards becomes out
of balance with the pressure of gravity pulling inwards. The outer layers of the
star are no longer supported by the radiation pressure of nuclear fusion, and
the star’s gravity pulls the outer layers into the core. When the incompressible
core connects with the outer layers, a shockwave is sent through the densely
packed star, which results in the fusion of other elements on the periodic table
after iron.
Now the energy being released overwhelms the pressure of gravity, and
the collapsing star explodes in a supernova, the largest explosion known. The
lighter outer layers are flung off into space, and the remaining core can create
a black hole. A black hole has so much mass tightly packed into a small
space that, close up, its gravity is so strong that nothing nearby can escape
it. To get away from a black hole, you’d have to travel faster than the speed
of light, which isn’t possible. The Cygnus X-1 black hole formed when a large
star caved in. It is pulling matter from the nearby blue star.

Astronomers observe black holes by watching the light from stars in the
background warp as the gravity of the black hole pulls on the light. They also
observe stars as they cross the ‘event horizon’ (the point of no return) and the
radiation emitting from the black hole. But not everything gets pulled into the
black hole. There is an orbital pattern to objects near some black holes. They
get close to the black hole and then are ‘flung’ out again.

The ‘black’ part of the black hole is the event horizon. If an object
breaches the event horizon and approaches the singularity it will become
‘spaghettified’ – stretched and pulled apart by the black hole’s gravitational
forces. Scientists think that in the middle of the black hole is a ‘singularity’. It’s
 86

at this point in the black hole discussion that classical physics principles can
no longer be applied (it stops making sense in this context) and quantum
mechanics takes over. The theory is that the singularity is an infinitely small
point where gravity and density are also infinite. The black hole is packed with
all the heavy elements from the star but in a much smaller space. Imagine the
mass of a star 10 times the size of our Sun compressed into something the
size of a city.

Black holes are fascinating because there is so much we don’t know.

It’s an area ripe for investigation, and NASA is doing just that. There is a NASA
campaign under way that aims to understand black holes further. From 5–14
April, astronomers used a network of radio telescopes to look at the gigantic
Sagittarius A* black hole located at the centre of our galaxy. These
telescopes were all pointing towards Sagittarius A* and worked together to
create the first photo of a black hole. The data from the radio telescopes will
be converted into an image. At the time of writing this article, the photo had
not been released.

TASK 1 Answer the following questions

 How are black holes formed?

.………………………………………………………………………………….

 How do you observe black holes?

….………………………………………………………………………………..

 Explain the Cygnus X-1 black hole.

….…………………………………………………………………………………

 What is Spaghettification?
….………………………………………………………………………………..

TASK 2 Reading Activity

Match the two columns (Refer Para No: 5)

PART A PART B
 87

1 A

The ‘black’ part of the black It will become

hole is

2 B

If an object breaches the The event horizon

event horizon

3 C

In the middle of the black hole In a much smaller pace

4 D

‘Spaghettified’ Is a singularity

5 E

Black hole packed with all Stretched and pulled

the heavy elements apart by the black
hole’s gravitational
forces

TASK 3: Writing
Write a summary of the text on the mystery of black holes

SOURCE PASSAGE-II: GRAVITY

Pre Reading: Vocabulary Enrichment
 88

Gravitational Lensing Phenomena

Thunderstorms Electrical Discharges

Gravity Earth Function Properly

Silicon Manufacture in Transistor

Copernicus Earth was not the focal point of

the Universe

Ionization Diminish during the

Overshadowing

GRAVITY:

Sir Isaac Newton was a physicist and mathematician who

discovered the gravity of nature's powers while researching. An apple
inadvertently fell on his head as he was lightening up under the oak. He
began to question at that moment about the natural force that drew the
apple toward the ground. He assumed this is the force that keeps the
moon on its orbit and helps the earth function properly. He called that
force 'gravity' and he explained the gravity influence on all objects.

.
 89

Universe formation extends beyond human rationality,

creativity, and imagination. Understanding how it (universe) functions,
moves and changes over time is subtle. In the past, the celebrated
scientists made an outstanding effort to explain the universe, and yet
it persists in the present. Isaac Newton is the first person to think about
Gravity and everyone knows an apple is falling from the tree. The
advent of the 'Gravity Theory' has stated that gravity influences
everything in the universe. Consequently, in his "The Treatise of Human
Nature," David Hume is another man who believed that 'scientific
concepts should be based on experience and evidence rather than on
reason alone.' He also indicated that time doesn't occur separately from
object movement.

These philosophers lead to the study of relativity, Einstein himself

wrote, "It is very possible that I would not have arrived at this solution
without these philosophical studies." As a result of these ideas Albert
Einstein has developed a new theory on two principles. First he said,
'for all observers, the laws of physics appear the same. Secondly, he
calculated the speed of light remaining unchanged. The ultimate
formation of relativity theory has emerged and he said time-space is
one continuum; therefore, time and space cannot be separated from
each other. For this Einstein describes that gravity falls in relative
terms. Hence he said gravity bends light and the mathematical
phenomena called 'Gravitational Lensing' emerges there.

TASK 1 Answer the questions given below

1.How did Newton identify the gravitational force
……………………………………………..

2.Explain the functionality of gravitational force with examples.

…………………………………………….

TASK 2 Writing Activity: Write five sentences about the significance of Newton’s
theory in Physics.
 90

….……………………………………………………………………………………….

….………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

SOURCE PASSAGE-III: COSMIC RAYS

Pre Reading: Vocabulary Enrichment

Inflatable – capable of being filled with air

Hypothesis - a proposed explanation for a phenomenon
Abatement – the action of subsiding
Obscuration –the action of hiding something
Overshadowing - to cover something Contemplate – to think

In 1911 and 1912 Austrian physicist Victor Hess made a

progression of risings in an inflatable to take estimations of radiation in
the climate. He was searching for the wellspring of an ionizing radiation
that enrolled on an electroscope – the common hypothesis was that the
radiation originated from the stones of the Earth. To test the hypothesis,
in 1909 German researcher Theodor Wulf estimated the pace of ionization

close to the highest point of the Eiffel tower (at a stature of around 300
meters) utilizing a convenient electroscope. Despite the fact that he
expected the ionization rate to diminish with stature, Wulf noticed that the
ionization rate at the top was simply under a large portion of that at
ground level – a substantially less huge abatement than foreseen.
 91

Victor Hess' inflatable flights took such estimations further. In 1911

his inflatable arrived at a height of around 1100 meters, however Hess
found "no fundamental change" in the measure of radiation contrasted
and ground level. At that point, on 7 April 1912, Hess made a rising to
5300 meters during a close complete obscuration of the Sun. Since
ionization of the air didn't diminish during the overshadowing, he
contemplated that the wellspring of the radiation couldn't be the Sun it
must be originating from farther in space. High in the air, Hess had found
a characteristic wellspring of high-vitality particles: inestimable beams.

TASK 1: LISTENING:

 In this activity, the learners will listen to the passage carefully

read by the teacher.

 Then they have to describe the facts or the content of the source
text

 The instructor may ask some questions to test the listening skill
of the students

 Listen carefully and answer the questions

TASK 2:
1. Who invented Cosmic Rays?
2. Write down the technical words that were used in the
paragraph.
 92

SOURCE PASSAGE-IV:
Kalpana Chawla: Biography & Columbia Disaster

New words and concepts

Immigration- action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country

Deployed- move or equipment into position for military action

Malfunction- failure to function normally

depressurized- release the pressure of the gas inside a pressurized vehicle

Astronaut- a person who is trained to travel in a spacecraft

Shuttle- a spacecraft used to make repeated journeys between the Earth and space

Insulation- material used to retain the heat of an object

Plunge-dive nose down

The tragic loss of the space shuttle Columbia killed seven astronauts. One
of those, Kalpana Chawla, was the first Indian-born woman in space.
Born in Karnal, India, on July 1, 1961, Chawla was the youngest of four
children. The name Kalpana means "idea" or "imagination." Her full name is
pronounced CULL-puh-na CHAV-la, though she often went by the nickname K.C.

Chawla obtained a degree in aeronautical engineering from Punjab

Engineering College before immigrating to the United States and becoming a
naturalized citizen in the 1980s. She earned a doctorate in aerospace
engineering from the University of Colorado in 1988, having previously obtained
her masters degree from the University of Texas. She began working at NASA's
Ames Research Center the same year, working on power-lift computational fluid
dynamics.

In 1994, Chawla was selected as an astronaut candidate. After a year of

training, she became a crew representative for the Astronaut Office
EVA/Robotics and Computer Branches, where she worked with Robotic
Situational Awareness Displays and tested software for the space shuttles.
PLAY SOUND

Chawla's first opportunity to fly in space came in November 1997, aboard

the space shuttle Columbia on flight STS-87. The shuttle made 252 orbits of the
 93

Earth in just over two weeks. The shuttle carried a number of experiments and
observing tools on its trip, including a Spartan satellite, which Chawla deployed
from the shuttle. The satellite, which studied the outer layer of the sun,
malfunctioned due to software errors, and two other astronauts from the shuttle
had to perform a spacewalk to recapture it.

Disaster strikes

In 2000, Chawla was selected for her second voyage into space, serving
again as a mission specialist on STS-107. The mission was delayed several times,
and finally launched in 2003. Over the course of the 16-day flight, the crew
completed more than 80 experiments.

On the morning of Feb. 1, 2003, the space shuttle returned to Earth,

intending to land at Kennedy Space Centre. At launch, a briefcase-sized piece
of insulation had broken off and damaged the thermal protection system of the
shuttle's wing, the shield that protects it from heat during re-entry. As the
shuttle passed through the atmosphere, hot gas streaming into the wing caused
it to break up. The unstable craft rolled and bucked, pitching the astronauts
about. Less than a minute passed before the ship depressurized, killing the crew.
The shuttle broke up over Texas and Louisiana before plunging into the ground.
The accident was the second major disaster for the space shuttle program,
following the 1986 explosion of the shuttle Challenger.

The entire crew of seven was killed. In addition to Chawla, the crew
included:
 Commander Rick D. Husband
 Pilot William C. McCool
 Payload Commander Michael P. Anderson
 Payload Specialist Ilan Ramon, the first Israeli astronaut
 Mission Specialists David M. Brown and Laurel B. Clark
Over the course of her two missions, Chawla logged 30 days, 14 hours, and 54
minutes in space. After her first launch, she said, "When you look at the stars
and the galaxy, you feel that you are not just from any particular piece of land,
but from the solar system."

Chawla's legacy

The events of Columbia have been officially investigated and reported on

to understand what happened and how to prevent the tragedy from re-occurring
in future spaceflights. Examples include the Columbia Accident Investigation
Board (2003) NASA's Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report (released in
2008).
 94

Several documentaries have been produced about the Columbia crew.

Some examples include "Astronaut Diaries: Remembering the Columbia Shuttle
Crew" (2005), and one that focused on Ilan Ramon, called "Space Shuttle
Columbia: Mission of Hope" (2013).

The University of Texas dedicated a Kalpana Chawla memorial at the

Arlington College of Engineering in 2010. At the time of its opening, the display
included a flight suit, photographs, information about Chawla's life, and a flag
that was flown over the Johnson Space Center during a memorial for the
Columbia astronauts.

There have been several rumors about films in production concerning

Chawla's life, including a rumour in 2017 that had the actress Priyanka Chopra
(known for Baywatch and Quantico, as well as Bollywood films) attached to it.
But in a Quora discussion in 2017, Chawla's husband — Jean-Pierre Harrison —
said: "Until I issue a public statement confirming my participation in such a
project, take it for granted that I have not signed any agreement nor licensed
any rights necessary to produce such a movie."

Additional reporting by Elizabeth Howell, Space.com contributor

https://www.space.com/17056-kalpana-chawla-biography.html

TASK 1 Write a summary of the above passage in about 50 to 60 words

TASK 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below

1. Write any 3 achievements of Kalpana Chawla

2. What were the documentaries produced about the Columbian Crew?
3. What were the two major disasters of the space shuttle program?
4. Give two chief causes for the 2003 disaster
5. How was Kalpana Chawla honoured by the University of Texas?
 95

SOURCE PASSAGE V: THE INVINCIBLE Π

Pre Reading: Vocabulary Enrichment

Perimeter = Outer limits (C=2πr)

Egyptologist - Any archaeologist, historian, linguist, or art historian

who specializes in Egyptology, the scientific study of Ancient Egypt and
its antiquities.

The significance of pi has been felt for at least 4,000 years. It is not
easy to determine exactly who first discovered the constant ration between
the circumference of a circle and its diameter though this idea was
conceptualized by the early human civilization even early as 2550 BC in the
invention of the Wheel.

The Great Pyramid of Egypt which was built between 2550 and 2500
BC, whose perimeter is calculated approximately as 2 times pi. Though
archaeologists and Egyptologists believe that these measurements were
chosen for symbolic significance, one cannot ignore its usage entirely.
 96

The textual reference to pi dates back to 1900 BC. Both the

Babylonians and Egyptians assessed the value of pi to be about roughly
around 25/8 (3.125), and 256/81 (3. 16) respectively. But, the undisputed
credit of calculating the accurate value of pi that lies between 3.1408 and
3.14285, goes the Ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes (287-212
BC). He arrived at this this by finding the areas of two polygons: the
polygon that was inscribed inside a circle, and the polygon in which a circle
was circumscribed.

Chinese mathematician Zhu Chongzhi (AD 429-500) used an

identical method to estimate the value of pi as 355/113.

In the 15th century, Indian mathematician Madhavan of

Sangamagramam discovered the much celebrated Madhava-Leibniz series
(named after German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz, who rediscovered
the series in the 17th century), an infinite series that converges to four.
Later, Madhavan calculated pi to 11 decimal places. Aryabhatta calculated
the circumference of the earth and used Pi= 22/7 as constant in the
calculation around 5th century BC.

Subsequently, in 1707, a Welsh mathematician William Jones first used the

Greek letter pi (π) to denote the constant ratio. This Greek letter, which
meant ‘perimeter’ in Greek, was popularized by a Swiss mathematician,
Leonhard Euler.
 97

In 1945, it was D. F. Ferguson, who calculated the value of pi

to 620 digits which was the most accurate calculation even before the
advent of the computer. Ferguson’s accuracy grew by leaps and bounds
with the aid of computer, which extended to 206,158,430,000 digits in
1999. By using Alexander Yee’s y-cruncher program, in 2011, Shigeru
Kondo created a record by accomplishing the longest calculation of pi to
10 trillion digits.

In the present times, the value of pi in decimal form, is

approximately 3.14. But pi is an irrational number, meaning that its
decimal form neither ends (like 1/4 = 0.25) nor becomes repetitive like
1/6 = 0.166666... So, the value of pi is restricted to only 18 decimal
places, thus pi is 3.141592653589793238.)

TASK 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below

1. List out the names of Mathematicians mentioned in the given

passage while tracing the growth of pi.

2. How did Archimedes calculate the value of pi?

3. Name the invention which is closely associated with pi?

4. What is meaning of pi in Greek?

5. What is the longest calculation achieved with the aid of computer program?

Task 2: Discuss in pairs and choose the correct answer

1. When is Pi Day celebrated around the world?

A. 14 Feb B. 14 March C. 14 April D. 15 March

2. What is the value of Pi?

A. 3.14159 B. 3.14358 C. 3.14258 D. 3.14289

3. Which of the following statement is correct about Pi?

A. It is non-repeating decimal value
B. It is non-terminating decimal value
C. It is repeating and terminating decimal value
D. It is non-repeating, non-terminating decimal value
 98

4. Who has calculated the circumference of the earth and considered the
value of Pi = 22/7?
A. Archimedes B. John Machin's C. Aryabhata D. None of the above

5. Who was the first to use the Greek letter pi (π) to denote the constant?
A. Leonhard Euler B. William Jones C. Mayans D. Papyrus

TASK 3: Interpret the given pie-chart and answer the questions below

The pie-chart below provides the names of the states with the highest number of
employed children (in lakhs).

1. Which state has the largest number of children working in it?

2. How many children in Tamil Nadu are child labourers?

3. Name three states that are not mentioned in the pie-chart and have a lower
percentage of child labour.

4. Which state has 2.49 lakh children working as child labourers?

5. Name two states that have less than 1 lakh working children.

Child Labour Statistics, India

Punjab, 0.909
Karnataka, 2.49 Andhra Pradesh, 4.04
Chhattisgarh, 0.63
Jharkhand, 0.903 Tamil Nadu, 1.51
Odisha, 0.92

Bihar, 4.51
Rajasthan, 2.52
Assam, 0.99
Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra,
2.86 4.96

Gujarat, 2.5

Uttar Pradesh, 8.96

Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Bihar Rajasthan

Gujarat Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Assam
All the others Maharashtra Odisha Jharkhand
Chhattisgarh Karnataka Punjab

Data Source: Census, 2011

References: https://labour.gov.in/childlabour/census-data-child-labour
 99

SOURCE PASSAGE VI -HISTORY OF RADIO

Pre Reading: Vocabulary Enrichment

Portable – able to be easily carried

Broadcast- the act of transmitting sound or images by radio or television
Compete- strive to gain or win something by defeating or establishing
superiority over others

The development of the telegraph and the telephone led eventually

to the search for a way to communicate without wires. In 1865, James
Clerk Maxwell thought that such communication could be possible through
a layer of the atmosphere called the ether. In 1888, A German, Heinrich
Hertz, proved that this theory was correct. He transmitted a wireless code
signal across a room. In 1883-1884, Thomas Edison discovered the
principle of the vacuum tube but did not know any application for it at that
time.
 100

Nicolas Tesla is the inventor of the wireless radio. However,

Guglielmo Marconi did design a practical application for this invention. In
1901, he sent the first wireless message across the Atlantic Ocean. It was
the Morse Code letter, S. This invention would soon compete with the
undersea telegraph cables.

In 1900, Reginald Fessenden developed an electrolytic detector

which could be used for the transmission of voices. He thought Marconi's
vision for wireless communication was too limited. Along with Lee de
Forest, he formed other wireless companies. They looked for new ideas to
compete with Marconi's wireless transmission of code only. Marconi used
the 'spark' technology.

Fessenden thought that wave technology could be used to transmit

voice and music. He wanted to develop wireless telephony. By 1900, he
developed a rotary spark transmitter. It could carry a voice for one mile.
When sending a voice signal, the audio signal is first placed onto the radio
frequency wave and then removed at the other end. Originally, the sound
was not very clear. He thought a cleaner radio wave would make the voice
clearer. He then developed a high-speed alternator instead of the rotary
spark technology.

Fessenden partnered with a scientist from General Electric Company to

create such an alternator. In December 1906, he could send voice and
music several miles. DeForest also made some broadcasts of music and
voice in 1907. He then developed a three-element vacuum tube called an
audition. A new era for radio began.

In 1909, because of wireless communication, 1500 passengers were

saved from drowning when the Republic sank. Other ships in the area were
notified and provided rescue help. However, when the Titanic struck an
iceberg in 1912, the wireless system in use showed fatal flaws. Interruption
occurred from other radios which blocked communication with ships which
might have come to the rescue of the Titanic. The Wireless Act of 1912 set
standards for radio operations. During World War I, all non-governmental
radio stations were shut down. The U.S. Navy took over radio.

The Radio Corporation of America was founded after the war by General
Electric Company. It took over the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company.
In 1920, Westinghouse Corporation of Pittsburgh started a radio station
just for entertainment. The first station was KDKA. Hundreds of new
stations followed, as well as government regulation and licensing. Since AM
radio experienced a lot of atmospheric noise, FM (frequency modulation)
radio began. Transistor radios exploded in the 1950's. They became the
mobile device for everyone. By 1979, most radio listening was to FM.
 101

Satellite-digital radio came along in 2000-2001. Most radio stations

today 'stream' their programming on the internet. MP3 portable digital
devices which store music now are competing with radio music.

TASK 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below

1) Which of the following was the first radio station in the United States?
A: KDKA B: KOBG C: KPAD D: KPVC

2) Who is considered to be the inventor of wireless radio?

A: Thomas Edison B: Guglielmo Marconi C: Nicolas Tesla D: Reginald Fessenden

3) Who discovered the principle of the vacuum tube?

A: Guglielmo Marconi B: Thomas Edison C: Nicolas Tesla D: Reginald Fessenden

4) Which of the following radio companies was founded after WWI?

A: American Radio Company B: Radio Company of America
C: United States Radio Company D: Radio Corporation of America

5) In which of the following cities did the first radio station begin?
A: Boston B: New York C: Pittsburgh D: Cleveland

6) When is the World Radio Day celebrated?

A: 14th March B: 13th February C: 20th March D: 13th March

TASK 2 Speaking Activity:

Students will select a topic that is of relevance to their
subject and speak for 2 minutes before the class

TASK 3 Listening:
Listen to a Radio interview that will be played to you by the teacher
and answer the questions relating to the interview
 102

UNIT V
Pythagorean Theorem and its application in GPS,
Construction and Video game

Learn the new words and their meanings

Triangle a plane figure with three straight sides and three angles
 103

Hypotenuse the longest side of a right-angled triangle, opposite the right

angle.
Geometry the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties and
relations of points, lines, surfaces, solids, and higher dimensional
analogues.

The process or activity of accurately ascertaining one's position

Navigation and planning and following a route
GPS Global Positioning System, an accurate worldwide navigational
and surveying facility based on the reception of signals from an
array of orbiting satellites.

Semi Circle a half of a circle or its circumference.

Data information processed or stored by a computer. This information
may be in the form of text documents, images, audio clips,
software program

Solar Physicist Specializing in the study of the Sun.

Video games an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface
to generate visual feedback on a two- or three-dimensional video
display

Pre Reading activity

1. What is the Pythagorean theorem?

2. Can you give a brief history of the formulation of the Pythagoras Theorem?

3. Do you know where the principles of the Pythagorean theorem are used?

4. What is the name of the navigation system developed by India?

5. How many of you use Google maps?

We study science for understanding the practical applications of it. Ancient Greek
philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras identified that the square on the hypotenuse of a
right-angled triangle is equal in area to the sum of the squares on the other two sides. The
Pythagorean Theorem introduces the relationship between the two sides of a triangle that
make the right angle and the long side or hypotenuse that connects them. The square of each
of the legs added together will equal the square of the hypotenuse. The Pythagorean Theorem
states that for any right triangle, the sum of the squares of the two legs is equal to the square
of the hypotenuse.

Pythagoras’s theorem has many practical applications directly associated with our
everyday life like construction, Global Positioning System (GPS), data transfer, and Video
games. In construction, it is useful in laying foundations for buildings by measuring the
 104

right length and width. If the string lengths were measured correctly, the corner opposite the
triangle's hypotenuse will be a right angle, so the builders will know that they are
constructing their walls on the right lines. This theorem is useful in erecting proper beams to
support the roof and to calculate the area of the roof. Architects and engineers extensively
use the principles of this theorem for laying the foundation, constructing staircases and
roofs.
 105

It will be surprising to know that this theorem functions as the basic principle of one of
the most advanced inventions in human history, the navigation system. Now many countries
have their navigation systems. The GPS of the United States America, GLONASS of Russia,
Galileo of the European Union, BeiDou of China, QZSS of Japan, and NavIC of India are the
operational navigation systems in the world today. These navigation systems guide aircraft,
ships, and other vehicles accurately to reach their destination. In navigation, the Pythagorean
theorem helps to calculate the distance between two points. The satellites orbiting the entire
globe transmitting positioning and timing data all through the day. Navigation in three
dimensions is the basic function of navigations systems used around the world. Navigation
receivers in the aircraft, ships, and ground vehicles supply data to control systems over radio
signals. The GPS of the USA is the most famous navigation system used almost all over the
world. It uses a constellation of earth-orbiting satellites to send and receive data. Any
navigation system uses signals from three different satellites to calculate the distance by
performing triangulation activity. Navigation systems help in precise positioning and
movement of objects. An Aircraft will use its altitude and its distance from destination to
identify the right place to begin a descent to the airport. Navigation systems are used for
military purposes in the past but now they are provided to all, hence we can use our smartphone
to find out a destination or calculate distance.
 106

Navigation and positioning systems are also useful for cartographers and makes their
work in calculating distances between various places or calculating the steepness of
mountains an accurate one. Cartographers calculate the numerical distances by the process
of surveying before creating a map. To survey the uneven terrain is, surveyors use ways to
take measurements of distance and height systematically. The principles of the Pythagorean
theorem contribute to creating maps with accurate details of the terrain and distance between
places.

Video games are quite popular nowadays, it will be surprising to many to know that
even game developers use the principles of the Pythagorean theorem in creating the games.
The movement of the objects in a game and boundaries for the movement of objects are
determined by the principles of this theorem. The distance between two moving objects, the
player and the enemy, and their speed are calculated employing the principles of the
theorem.

When it comes to the transfer of data through the internet , the data is imagined to be pointed
in space by the Computer programmers and Pythagoras’s theorem is a way of calculating the
right location of these points. It is also helpful in verifying that there is no corruption in the
transmission of data which makes error-free downloading of information possible. This
principle helps to create technology by which people listen to online music and watch videos.
Pythagoras theorem, a statement in geometry, invented thousands of years ago remains to be
the basis of technology used by engineers, architects, cartographers, aviators, sailors,
computer programmers, and solar physicists. In the present day, TV sizes are measured on
the diagonal, one can identify which size of the TV is suitable for a room using the principles
of the theorem.
 107

Activity I. Word Search

Choose the correct definition of these words and expressions in italics in

the context they are used in the text

1. useful in erecting proper beams to support…

(i) put together and set upright
(ii) stand straight
(iii) create
2.this theorem functions as the basic principle…
(i) celebrations
(ii) acts or works
(iii) a mathematical terminology
3.use its altitude and its distance…
(i) a settled way of thinking or feeling about something
(ii) height from the sea level
(iii) time traveled

Activity II. Understanding Contextual the Usage of Words

Read the text and fill in the gaps with the following words

Telescope Steepness Squares length of the slope

Pythagorean theorem Height Hypotenuse right angles

 108

The Pythagorean theorem states that with a right-angled triangle, the sum of the
of the two sides that form the right angle is equal to the square of the third, long
side, which is called the .

One of the classic uses of the Pythagorean theorem is in laying the foundations of buildings.
To make a rectangular foundation, you need to make . But how can you do
that? When you have the length and width, you can use it to make a precise
right angle. A theorem is a great tool for solving distance between two points and creating
symmetrical designs in games like Minecraft.

It's also useful to cartographers, who use it to calculate the of hills and
mountains. A surveyor looks through a toward a measuring stick a fixed
distance away, so that the telescope's line of sight and the measuring stick form a right angle.
Since the surveyor knows both the height of the measuring stick and the horizontal distance of
the stick from the telescope, he can then use the theorem to find the that
covers that distance, and from that length, determine how steep it is.

The same principles can be used for navigation. For instance, a plane can use its
above the ground and its distance from the destination airport to find the correct
place to begin a descent to that airport.

Activity III. Reading Comprehension

Read the third paragraph of the text and answer the questions given
below

1. What is a navigation system?

….………………………………………………………………………………………

2. What is the name of the navigation system developed by India?

….……………………………………………………………………………………..

3. How is the navigation system useful for an aircraft?

….…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. How does the Pythagorean theorem help in navigation?

….……………………………………………………………………………………..

5. How does a navigation system work?

….…………………………………………………………………………………….
 109

Activity IV: Speaking

The navigation system is one of the most advanced inventions in Human

history. Think about this sentence and share your views with him/her.
Talk to your friends about the validity of the statement.Note down points.
Report your views to the class when your teacher asks you.

….………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

Activity VI. Think and Write

Have you ever used maps to locate a place? Write your experiences

….………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 110

Space Exploration

New words and concepts

Transmission- the act of transferring something from one place to another.

Deep space starts from a distance of 2 million kilometers from the Earth's surface.
Orbiters A robotic instrument used to orbit a planet and take pictures

Rovers - a robotic device used to move in a planet

Landers a robotic device that is used to land on a planet
 111

Pre Reading Activity

What do you know about satellites?

How is space technology useful to us?
How do we get signals for our Dish Antennas?

Humans have a great fascination for space and attempted to explore it for a long period
of time. During the later part of the 20th century, the man was able to overcome the force of
gravity and developed rockets that can reach orbital velocity. This invention of space vehicles
that can attain escape velocity paved the way for space exploration. During world war II the
Germans developed missiles with a range of 200 miles. Immediately after the world war both
the then Soviet Union and the USA began their missile and space programmes and competed
for superiority in the space. The Soviet Union tasted success initially as it achieved both the
milestones of launching the first satellite in 1957 and sending a human being to orbit earth in
1961. The USA stunned the world by its moon landing missions when astronaut Neil
Armstrong in 1969 became the first human being to land in the moon. During the beginning of
the 1970s satellites were used primarily for military purposes. Deep space exploration became
the focus of the space powers as many satellites and robotic spacecraft were sent to explore the
planets like Mars, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn. Americans launched and deployed ‘Sky Lab’ the
first space station which has altered the modes of deep space exploration. The 1980s marked
the emergence of a new era in space technology when satellites were used to transmit television
programmes and telecommunication signals. Satellites begin to influence human life in
unprecedented ways as they played a pivotal role
 112

in communication, remote sensing, and earth observation. In a way, satellites contributed

immensely to the communication revolution and it continues to contribute to the evolution of
communication systems.
The reusable space shuttles enhanced the possibilities of interplanetary missions and
sending orbiters, landers, and rovers to various planets. Some rovers landed in asteroids and
brought back material to earth. The world has witnessed the significance of satellites and space
technology during the Gulf war, where the allied forces enjoyed the advantage of space science
in gathering information about troop movements, possible missile attacks, and precise
navigation. The progress of the war clearly indicated the dominance of the allied forces and the
huge difference found was the advanced space technology.

The end of the cold war marked the end of competition between the USA and the USSR
in space. America and Russia along with other countries established an international space
station, a research laboratory in space that collects data that contributes immensely to our
understanding of the origin and evolution of galaxies, planets, and other cosmological
elements. Earth-orbiting satellites provide important services like weather forecasting, resource
management, and telecommunication. They also offer indispensable help in positioning and
navigation.

Activity I: Write about some of the great achievements of the Indian

Space Research Organisation?
….………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Activity II: Listen to the following paragraph as it is read aloud and

answer the questions given below:
In many places on our planet, we experience severe disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis,
and cyclones resulting in loss of life, loss of wealth, and, in some cases, the destruction of
decades of progress made by countries and their valuable cultural heritage. India has
earthquake problems periodically in certain regions. The U.S. Japan, Turkey, Iran, and many
other countries also suffer due to earthquakes. Earthquakes and tsunamis are sub-terrain
 113

phenomena and predicting this from space observations would be a great challenge. Space
scientists of multiple nations should work together to use satellite deep penetration images to
predict the earthquake or shock wave propagation. Other possibilities are a precise
geodynamic measurement of strain accumulation by satellite to detect pre-slip, and
electromagnetic phenomena prior to final rupture. The focus must be on earthquake
forecasting with an adequate warning so that people can move to safer areas. Space
technology can also be used for forecasting and modeling of volcanic eruptions, landslides,
avalanches, flash floods, storm surges, hurricanes, and tornadoes.
(Reference:
https://www.bu.edu/csp/Conferences/Space_Exploration/Day1/Presentations/Kalam_Space%
20Exploration%20and%20Human%20Life.pdf)

Fill in the blanks.

1. Earthquakes and tsunamis are phenomena.
2. Space scientists should work .
3. The focus must be on earthquakes .
Give the synonym from the passage for the following words.

1. picture. ————
2. predict ——————
3. sufficient —————
 114

Give the antonym from the passage for the following words

1. Single. ——————-
2. Experience ——————.
3. Invaluable ——————.

Fill in the blanks with the missing letter.

1. I C EA E
2. V C M
3. M T N

Activity III. Listen to the passage and write on the uses of Space technology.
—————————————————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————————————

Activity IV:

Keywords: Identify the keywords and write down them as the passage is being read.

1.—————-
2.—————-
3.—————-
4.—————-
5.—————
ACTIVITY V: Speaking Activity
Speak on the following topics

1. Describe any physical object that is related to your subject.

2. What are the benefits of space technology to the layman?
3.Discuss in a group the uses and abuses of GPS.

Activity VI: Relate to the following pictures and Speak for Two minutes.
 115

Activity VI: Watch this Video, ‘India’s Space Odyssey’ in YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEKzNH09Vqs

What are the major successes of the Indian

Space programme?
1…………………………………………………………………
2…………………………………………………………………

3…………………………………………………………………
 116

Big Bang Theory

New words or Concepts Introduced

Big Bang theory explanation about how the universe began.

Multiverse hypothetical group of multiple universes

Large-scale structure patterns of galaxies and matter on scales much larger

than individual galaxies or groupings of galaxies.
an unvarying condition in a physical process, a theory
Steady-state that the universe is eternal and maintained by the
constant creation of matter.
a new kind of dynamical energy fluid or field,
Dark energy
something that fills all of space
a location in spacetime where the gravitational field of
Singularity
a celestial body is predicted to become infinite
the process that caused the matter in the universe to
Reionization
reionize after the lapse of the "dark ages"
colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert,
Helium
monatomic gas
Extremely small elements Containing more than
Atom’s nuclei 99.9% of the mass of an atom and are ten thousand
times smaller than an atom!
Cosmos Universe

Pre Reading Activity

 Who invented the big bang theory?

 What is the big bang theory?

 How did the Big Bang start?

 How fast is the universe expanding?

The Big Bang Theory is a comprehensive account of the expansion of the universe or an
 117

explanation as to how the universe began. The Belgian priest and professor of Physics, Georges
Lemaître was the first to suggest the big bang theory as a cosmological model for the universe
in the 1920s. Many scientists have offered theories in which a single point of infinite density
and

finite time is accounted for the origin of the universe and its expansion. The Big Bang Theory
suggests that the expansion started before 14 billion years from a state where the universe was
compressed into a single point. This expansion of the matter and energy in the universe is called
the big bang. However, the process of expansion still continues. Studies reveal that the universe
was an extremely hot, small, and dense super force. It had no stars, atoms, form, or structure
and was called a “singularity.” According to the reports of NASA, the surrounding temperature
in the first second of expansion was about 10 billion degrees Fahrenheit (5.5 billion Celsius)
and the density of energy was extreme for the first 10 to 43
 118

seconds. Theoretical physics is still unable to provide a clear explanation of what was
happening. The cosmos did contain fundamental particles such as neutrons, electrons, and
protons, and these particles were pooled or decayed as the universe got cooler. Theories on the
existence of “multiverse” are also prominent where some scientists suggest that our observable
universe is just one among many. Like bubbles lying side by side, different universes would
coexist in the “multiverse” model.

The Big Bang Theory is supported by strong empirical evidence that makes it
universally accepted. However, the scientific community was divided between the Big Bang
and its rival, a steady-state model for much of the 20th century. The characteristics of the initial
state of the universe in extreme density and temperature can be calculated using the laws of
physics. Big bang theory offers an explanation for the initial expansion of the universe and
observes phenomena such as the abundance of light elements, the CMB, large-scale structure,
and Hubble’s law. Hubble’s law in physical cosmology detects that galaxies move away from
Earth at velocities proportional to their distance or in other words, the further they are the faster
they move away from Earth. It is confirmed by scientists that the abundance of helium is a key
prediction of the big bang. It was cool enough during the first second of expansion for the
remaining matter to merge into protons and neutrons, the particles of atom’s nuclei. In the first
three minutes, protons and neutrons amassed into hydrogen and helium nuclei. Hydrogen was
75 percent of the matter of early universe and helium was 25 percent, a key factor leading to
the big bang.

Scientists believe that the expansion began with every fragment of energy jammed into
an extremely tiny point. The universe is still expanding at an accelerating pace. The source of
acceleration is thought to be propelled by a force called dark energy that repels gravity. It
covers 68 percent of the universe’s total matter and energy. But dark energy is still ambiguous
to explain. The first star of the universe unleashed light capable enough to once again strip
electrons from neutral atoms, a key chapter of the universe called reionization.
 119

Activity I: What do you understand about the origin of the universe from
the above text? Write in your own words.(100-200)

….………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 120

Activity II. Conceptual Understanding

Match these terms with the concepts

S.No Terms Concepts Answer

1 Galaxy the small, dense region consisting of

protons and neutrons at the center of
an atom

2 Cosmology the observation that galaxies are

moving away from the Earth at
velocities proportional to their
distance

3 Big bang the scientific study of the large scale

theory properties of the universe as a whole

4 Density A single point of very high

temperature and infinite density

5 Singularity A measure of mass per volume

6 Hubble’s law the universe began as just a single

point, then expanded to grow as large
as it is right now

7 Proton A subatomic particle with a

negative electric charge

8 Electron A subatomic particle with no electric

charge

9 Neutron A subatomic particle with a positive

electric charge

10 Atomic nuclei a huge collection of gas, dust, and

billions of stars and their solar
systems, all held together by gravity
 121

Activity III

Read the text and fill in the gaps with the following words

Finite Brane proton fusing

galaxie large- light reionizatio

The beginning of our universe would have been nice and

. The cyclic model posits that our universe consists of
11 dimensions, only four of which we can observe (three of space and one
of time). Our four-dimensional part of the universe is called a
(short for membrane). Just after inflation, the
universe was likely filled with hot, dense plasma. But by around 1
microsecond (10 to the minus 6 seconds) or so, it had cooled enough to
allow the first and neutrons to form, researchers, think. In the first
three minutes after the Big Bang, these protons and neutrons began
together, forming deuterium (also known as heavy hydrogen).
Deuterium atoms then joined up with each other, forming helium 4. Over
time, stars gravitated together to form , leading to
more and more structure in the universe. Planets coalesced around
some newly forming stars, including our own sun. And 3.8 billion years ago,
life took root on Earth. Once the universe's first stars ignited, the
they unleashed packed enough punch to once again
strip electrons from neutral atoms, a key chapter of the universe called
.

Activity IV: Word Search

Find a word in the following paragraph of the text that means the same
as the words and phrases are given below

The Big Bang Theory is supported by strong empirical evidence that

makes it universally accepted. However, the scientific community was
divided between the Big Bang and its rival, a steady-state model for much
of the 20th century. The characteristics of the initial state of the universe
 122

in extreme density and temperature can be calculated using the laws of

physics. Big bang theory offers an explanation for the initial expansion of
the universe and observes phenomena such as the abundance of light
elements, the CMB, large-scale structure, and Hubble’s law. Hubble’s law
in physical cosmology detects that galaxies move away from Earth at
velocities proportional to their distance or in other words, the further they
are the faster they move away from Earth.

1. Verifiable by observation - ———————————————

2. Observable fact or event - ——————————————---

 123

3. Plenty. - —————————————————————

4. Corresponding - —————————————————————

5. Features - —————————————————————

Activity V.

Read the above paragraph and find five words

1.———————

2.———————

3.———————

4.———————

5.———————

Activity VI: Write a summary of the paragraph given above.

————————————————————————————————————————
—

————————————————————————————————————————
—

————————————————————————————————————————
—

————————————————————————————————————————
—
 124

Does 5G pose health risks?

Read the following News article:

By Reality Check team

BBC News
The 5G mobile network has been switched on in
some UK cities and has led to questions about
whether the new technology poses health risks. So
what are the concerns, and is there any evidence to back
them up?
What's different about 5G?
As with previous cellular technologies, 5G networks
rely on signals carried by radio waves - part of the
electromagnetic spectrum - transmitted between an
antenna or mast and your phone. We're surrounded by
electromagnetic radiation all the time - from television and
radio signals, as well as from a whole range of technologies, including mobile phones, and natural
sources such as sunlight. 5G uses higher frequency waves than earlier mobile networks, allowing
more devices to have access to the internet at the same time and faster speeds. These waves
travel shorter distances through urban spaces, so 5G networks require more transmitter masts
than previous technologies, positioned closer to ground level.

What are the concerns?

The electromagnetic radiation used by all mobile
phone technologies has led some people to worry about
increased health risks, including developing certain types
of cancer. In 2014 the World Health Organization (WHO)
said that "no adverse health effects have been
established as being caused by mobile phone use".
However, the WHO together with the International
Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified all
radiofrequency radiation (of which mobile signals are a
part) as "possibly carcinogenic". It has been put in this
category because "there is evidence that falls short of being conclusive that exposure may cause
cancer in humans". Eating pickled vegetables and using talcum powder are classed in the same
category. Alcoholic drinks and processed meat are in a higher category because the evidence is
stronger.
A toxicology report released in 2018 by the US Department of Health, and pointed to by
those expressing safety concerns, found that male rats exposed to high doses of radiofrequency
radiation developed a type of cancerous tumour in the heart. For this study, rats' whole bodies
were exposed to radiation from mobile phones for nine hours a day every day for two years,
starting before they were born. No cancer link was found for the female rats or the mice studied.
It was also found that rats exposed to the radiation lived longer than those in the control group.
A senior scientist on the study said "exposures used in the studies cannot be compared
directly to the exposure that humans experience when using a cell phone", even for heavy users.
Dr. Frank De Vocht, who helps advise the government on mobile phone safety says "although
some of the research suggests a statistical possibility of increased cancer risks for heavy users,
the evidence to date for a causal relation is not sufficiently convincing to suggest the need for
 125
precautionary action". However, there is a group of scientists and doctors who have written to the
EU calling for the rollout of 5G to be halted.

Radio waves are non-ionising

The radio waveband - used for mobile phone
networks - is non-ionising, "which means it lacks
sufficient energy to break apart DNA and cause
cellular damage," says David Robert Grimes,
physicist and cancer researcher.
Higher up the electromagnetic spectrum,
well beyond those frequencies used by mobile
phones, there are clear health risks from extended
exposure. The sun's ultra-violet rays fall within this
harmful category and can lead to skin cancers.
There are strict advisory limits for exposure
to even higher energy radiation levels such as
medical x-rays and gamma rays, which can both lead to damaging effects within the human body.
"People are understandably concerned over whether they might elevate their risk of cancer, but
it's crucial to note that radio waves are far less energetic than even the visible light we experience
every day," says Dr. Grimes. "There is no reputable evidence," he says "that mobile phones or
wireless networks have caused us health problems."

Should we be worried about 5G transmitter masts?

5G technology requires a lot of new base stations - these are the masts that transmit and
receive mobile phone signals. But crucially, because there are more transmitters, each one can
run at lower power levels than previous 4G technology, which means that the level of radiation
exposure from 5G antennas will be lower. The UK government guidelines on mobile phone base
stations say radiofrequency fields at places normally accessible to the public are many times below
guideline levels.

What about heating dangers?

Part of the 5G spectrum permitted under international guidelines falls within the microwave
band. Microwaves generate heat in objects through which they pass.
However, at the levels used for 5G (and earlier mobile technologies) the heating effects are not
harmful, says Prof Rodney Croft, an adviser to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing
Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). "The maximum radio frequency level that someone in the
community could be exposed to from 5G (or any other signals in general community areas) is so
small that no temperature rise has been observed to date."

Limits to exposure
The UK government says "while a small increase in overall exposure to radio waves is
possible when 5G is added to the existing network, the overall exposure is expected to remain
low". The frequency range of the 5G signals being introduced is within the non-ionising band of
the electromagnetic spectrum and well below those considered harmful by the ICNIRP. "The
exposure that 5G will produce has been considered in great depth by ICNIRP, with the restrictions
set well below the lowest level of 5G-related radio frequency that has been shown to cause harm,"
says Prof Croft.
The WHO says electromagnetic frequency exposures below the limits recommended in the
ICNIRP guidelines do not appear to have any known consequence on health.
(https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48616174)

b. Refer to the following news articles in connection with the previous article.

1. How 5G differs from previous network technologies:

https://semiengineering.com/how-5g-differs-from-previous-network-technologies/
 126
2. Prominent scientists warn that 5G could pose health hazards:
https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/scientists-caution-government-to-go-
slow-on-5g-roll-out/article28737197.ece
3. ‘5G is unlikely to cause health concerns’:
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/interviews/science-and-technology/-5g-is-unlikely-to-
cause-health-concerns--63698
4. 5G Features and Benefits- Intel: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/wireless-
network/5g-benefits-features.html

Activity 1 Critically reflect your ideas on the following topic in the form of an
essay based on your previous readings.

1. The Advantages and the Dis-advantages of 5G Network

Technology.

Activity 2 Reading:
Words given in the table are related to various fields. Identify
the discipline to which they belong to and circle them in
different colours.

Hyperlink Air Hack Alchemy

Aerosol Binary Curve Counting
Cylinder Firewall Atomic weight Byte
Broadband Difference Atom Base
Compress Plane ellipse Equilateral
Barometer Cloud computing Calorie Bus
Cache Deflagration Linear Debug
Boiling point Firmware Dynamic Bronze
Imaginary Encryption Buffer Flash drive
Calorimeter Polygon Nano Integer
Abrasive Billion Negative Obtuse
chalcogen Charge Inverse Atomic radius