COURSE : DMFD 2822

SEMESTER/YEAR : 2/2020/2021

LECTURER : Dr. Mohd Edeerozey bin Abd Manaf

En. Mahasan Bin Mat Ali

SUPERVISOR : Dr. Mahasan Bin Mat Ali

TITLE : FINAL REPORT

SUBJECT : DESIGN PROJECT 1

NAME MATRIX NO.

MUHAMMAD FAWWAZ BIN ABD D052010091

WAHAB

NURUL AMANINA BINTI AHMAD D052010124

FAIZUL
 Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction.................................................................................................................3
1.1 Problem statement........................................................................................................4
2.0 Literature review.........................................................................................................5
2.1 History........................................................................................................................5
2.2 Self-powered lamp.......................................................................................................6
2.3 Current product...........................................................................................................6
2.3.1 Kerosene Lamp.........................................................................................................7
2.3.2 Lamp Oil...................................................................................................................8
2.3.3 Safety Lamp.............................................................................................................9
2.3.4 Solar Lamp..............................................................................................................10
2.4 Technology...............................................................................................................11
3.0 Methodology..............................................................................................................12
3.1 Process Flow Chart....................................................................................................12
3.2 Market and surveying................................................................................................13
3.2.1 Development of the questionnaire............................................................................13
3.3 Material Selection......................................................................................................16
3.4 Design.......................................................................................................................17
3.5 Cost Analysis Method................................................................................................17
3.6 Concept Screening (Pugh Concept Selection)............................................................18
3.7 Concept Scoring.........................................................................................................19

2
 CHAPTER 1

1.0 Introduction

We choose to create a Self-Powered Lamp for this project. This lamp may be lit
using the motion of rotation to create electricity. These kinds of lamps do not require an
electrical source, a dry cell, constant presences of sunlight or a bucket of light energy.
We want to construct a self-powered light with capabilities to light longer and has
alternative ways to generate and provide energy to switch it on. A wearable energy
harvester technology is developed for generating electricity from the movement of
human motion. Basically, it's a backwards electric motor. Rather than using electricity
to create rotation, it uses rotation to create electricity. As you pull the cord converting its
rotation to electricity to power the attached light. The lamp provides an instant source of
light, with no running costs after purchase. It provides a light with five times the
brightness of kerosene, with none of the dangers associated with open-wick lamps.

The lamp merges a significantly capable dynamo with front line battery development
just a single snapshot of manual charging gives a whole snapshot of life. Simply said
dynamo is a machine for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, typically
by means of rotating coils of copper wire in a magnetic field. Dynamos were the first
electrical generators that were used to deliver power for industry, and the foundation
upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based. The lamp
utilizes both dynamo and biomechanics to light up. Over the years, harvesting energy
from human motion is an innovative alternative to using batteries as a source of
electrical power for portable devices. Yet there are no guidelines as to whether energy
harvesting should be preferred over batteries. The self-powered lamp works each time
the system is pulled by one minute of manual charge it can provide up to 20 minutes of
call time and 2 hours of light without the use of any batteries. It is designed to provide a
good quantity of power with the least amount of effort by combining biomechanics with
the most contemporary battery technology.

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1.1 Problem statement

In recent decades, global access to energy has gradually increased. In 1990, just over
71% of the world's population had access to the internet; by 2016, that number had
climbed to over 87 percent. When we consider the entire number of individuals without
access to power. For the first time in decades, the total number of people without
electricity dipped below one billion in 2015 quite possibly the first time in the history of
energy generation. It has dropped to 940 million by 2016.In certain regions of the globe,
lighting is provided by kerosene, which is both expensive and polluting. Kerosene
lamps are detrimental to one's health and the environment, and they must be replaced on
a regular basis. The fumes produced by the combustion of biomass fuels can induce
cataracts and eye infections, as well as generate smoke equivalent to smoking two packs
of cigarettes every day. Therefor, self-powered lamp can replace kerosene lights in the
developing world as a safe alternative. The phenomenon can be used to illustrate the
conversion of potential energy into other forms of energy. More importantly it conveys
the message of sustainability and social responsibility. A powerful and bright portable
light, the device lets you charge it via solar, USB or using the pull cord on the front.

1.2 Objective

 To provide a sustainable and affordable lighting solution for the 1.5 billion
people without reliable access to electricity.

 To create a truly independent source of electricity that can provide lighting

and power for small devices

4
 CHAPTER 2

2.0 Literature review

This chapter will cover a brief development of the lamp, how this product has evolved
through time with different stages of development as a product, and the technologies
that has been improved to be the best emergency light. We'll also go through some of
the similar goods that have been made by other companies using the same concept as
ours. The main reason we picked invention of self-powered lamp as our project is to
ensure that source of light is possible for areas without electricity. This literature
review's goal is to fully comprehend and examine the development of the self-powered
lamp.

2.1 History

In 2009, a nascent industry had sprung up manufacturing and distributing small

solar lanterns to serve the two out of three people without electricity access in Sub-
Saharan Africa. The problem was that the photovoltaic panels and batteries that
powered the products accounted for more than 60 percent of their cost. The expense of
those two technologies compromised the efficacy of the products in emerging markets,
pushing up their prices out of range for many of the people who needed them. Later on
Martin Biddeford and Jim Reeves decided to take on the task of producing a low-cost
solar lamp for individuals who don't have access to power in 2009. The objective is to
provide a safe and long-lasting light source for the hundreds of millions of people in
poor nations who now rely on kerosene lamps. English engineers turned to another
source of energy after determining that batteries for solar panels were simply too pricey.
They created a lamp that runs on dynamo and biomechanics rather than batteries or fuel.

5
2.2 Self-powered lamp

There can be no doubt that off-grid solar products have been of enormous
benefit, providing millions of people with access to electricity. Self-Powered Lamp are
available in many different sizes, materials, and weights. Each kind may be used in a
number of settings, with differing degrees of sophistication and technology, most
notably in emergency situations or when there is no power source to produce light. In
order to ensure that our product is the best, our lamp will be focused on delivering the
utmost convenience. This is why it comes with a solar panel and uses a battery for
energy storage. Yet by also incorporating a uniquely efficient means of harnessing
human effort, we offer a solution that offers all the benefits of off-grid solar, while
avoiding its most obvious weakness.It was designed to address energy poverty. With
one in seven people live without access to electricity and millions more only have
unreliable power. Emergency preparedness as if an emergency forces you out of your
home, you’ll want a reliable source of light and power. Even the biggest power bank
will eventually run out of battery and solar doesn’t work at night. Our product allows
you to generate power on demand at any time and almost anywhere.

2.3 Current product

In this segment, we explored Google Patents to uncover all the technologies

connected to self-powered lamps and the current products that has a familiar concept
as ours. This is essential because we can encourage research creativity by ensuring that
effort is focused on fresh ideas.

6
2.3.1 Kerosene Lamp

Kerosene lamp is a vessel containing kerosene with a wick for burning to provide light.
Such lamps were widely used from the 1860s, when kerosene first became plentiful until
the development of electric lighting. Compared with other oil lamps they were safer,
efficient, and simple to operate. The kerosene fed the wick by capillary action alone. An
adjustment knob, the only mechanism needed, controlled the lamp’s brightness by raising
or lowering the wick to vary the size of the flame. A glass chimney, which was used more
widely and effectively on kerosene lamps than on any previous lamps, enhanced the
steadiness, brightness, and cleanness of the flame.

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2.3.2 Lamp Oil

Argand burner, first scientifically constructed oil lamp, patented in 1784 in England by a
Swiss, Aimé Argand. The first basic change in lamps in thousands of years, it applied a
principle that was later adapted to gas burners. The Argand burner consisted of a
cylindrical wick housed between two concentric metal tubes. The inner tube provided a
passage through which air rose into the center to support combustion on the inner surface
of the cylindrical flame in addition to that on the outer surface. A glass chimney increased
the draft, allowing more complete burning of the oil; an Argand lamp gave about 10 times
the light of an earlier lamp of the same size, as well as a cleaner flame, but its oil
consumption was great. Lamp oil is in the same family as kerosene, but it has been
purified to make it burn cleanly. The burning of lamp oil produces fewer pollutants than
burning kerosene. It does not produce the unpleasant odors of burning kerosene and can
be purchased in a variety of scents. It also does not burn as brightly as kerosene.

8
2.3.3 Safety Lamp

Safety lamp, lighting device used in places, such as mines, in which there is danger
from the explosion of flammable gas or dust. In the late 18th century, a demand arose in
England for a miner’s lamp that would not ignite the gas methane (firedamp), a common
hazard of English coal mines. W. Reid Clanny, an Irish physician, invented a lamp
about 1813 in which the oil-fueled flame was separated from the atmosphere by water
seals; it required continual pumping for operation. In 1815 the English engineer George
Stephenson invented a lamp that kept explosive gases out by pressure of the flame’s
exhaust and held the flame in by drawing in air at high speed. In 1815 Sir Humphry
Davy invented the lamp that bears his name. Davy used a two-layer metal gauze
chimney to surround and confine the flame and to conduct the heat of the flame away.
Electric hand and cap lamps were introduced in mines in the early 1900s and by the
middle of the 20th century were used almost exclusively in mines. A safety device in the
headpiece of the electric lamps shuts off the current if a bulb is broken. Double-filament
bulbs may be used, so the light can remain on when a filament fails. The flame of a
safety lamp elongates in the presence of firedamp, but electric lamps give no warning of
noxious gases or lack of oxygen. Consequently, a flame safety lamp must be kept
burning within easy view of the workers, or frequent inspections must be made, using a
flame lamp or other form of warning device
9
2.3.4 Solar Lamp

Many years ago, the thought of powering lights by harnessing the power of the Sun sounded
like science fiction. Today, though, you can see solar panels dotting the rooftops of buildings
and houses, as well as streetlights in some cities. lights work because of the photovoltaic effect.
The most important part of a solar light is the photovoltaic or solar cell. The solar cell is the
part that converts sunlight into direct electrical current. You can clearly see the solar cell as a
dark panel at the top of a solar light. A solar cell consists of multiple layers of crystalline
silicone and chemicals that create layers of negatively charged electrons and positively charged
spaces. As sunlight passes through the solar cell, it excites the negatively charged electrons and
pushes them into the positively charged spaces. e positively charged spaces then transfer the
electron stream as a direct current of electricity through wires embedded into the solar cell to a
battery where the electricity is stored until it's needed. The battery charges throughout the day
as sunlight continues to be converted to electricity.

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2.4 Technology

We thought of an innovative and extremely versatile hybrid solution that can be

charged off-grid using a variety of methods including solar and both biomechanics also dynamo
concept. The idea is designed to make the light to function using a one pull of a cord to
generates a minute of light, as well as using a solar powered 3W panel as the backup storage of
energy if any of the part are broken. This hybrid system allows you to generate much and useful
amounts of power without being reliant on clear skies and constant presence of sunlight. In
addition, a solar product can’t be charged at night and because a solar panel must necessarily be
outdoors while charging, it may be vulnerable to theft in some areas of the world.

Nowadays there are many existing devices leverage human effort as an energy source,
but in general these devices are inefficient and impractical. For example, imagine a typical
wind-up torch, the user holds the device in one hand and cranks with the other; only using the
muscles in one arm to generate power. Typically, a user can generate around 3-5 Watts of input
power with a wind-up torch. However, the cranking motion relies heavily on small muscles in
the forearm, which means it is difficult for the user to charge the device for an extended period
of time. Basically, wind-up torches don’t produce very much power and they are uncomfortable
to use.

But our approach of harnessing human effort offered an important advantage over
solar products by sunlight independence. After studying the ergonomics and efficiency of
manual charging options, we realised that we needed to develop a hand-over-hand charging
solution linked to a lithium-ion phosphate battery. By using larger muscle groups for power, we
are able to input over 4x more power, over a longer period of time, with less fatigue compared
with traditional wind-up torches. We chose to use Lithium Iron-Phosphate batteries for their
stability and long lifespan. In typical conditions the battery should last for 1,500 – 2,000 cycles.

11
 CHAPTER 3

3.0 Methodology

3.1 Process Flow Chart

12
We studied and discussed about which product we should make depending on the challenges
and problems that consumers confront. We have done surveys to clearly see why the
problem statements are and try to come up with the best solutions to challenges that the general
population is facing nowadays. Following that, we conducted a literature review on our
product. We drew designs and chose the three best models from the literature research and
made adjustments to ensure the best solution for the public.

3.2 Market and surveying

A survey is necessary to obtain information on the chosen product. These elements are essential
to maintain the general flow of the project's decision-making process is acceptable. This data
gathering procedure's main objective is to confirm our actual problem definition and objectives.
We utilised Google Form to conduct our survey, which required at least 30 participants in order
to justify and clarify the product's need and requirements of our product that should be applied
to meet customer expectations. We were able to get 32 people to reply to our survey.

3.2.1 Development of the questionnaire

Section A

1. Age

_______________________________________

2. Gender

◻ Male

◻ Female

3. Have you ever had a blackout?

◻ Yes

◻ No

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4. When you’re in the middle of a blackout, how do you temporarily change your source
of light?

_______________________________________

5. Do you think it is convenient for everyday use?

◻ Yes

◻ No

6. Do you think this lamp has the potential of solving long-term light source problems?

◻ Yes

◻ No

7. Do you think this innovative device that needs neither batteries nor sun for storable light
is beneficial? and why.

_____________________________________

8. Do you think we should add any other features to the product? Give your idea.

_____________________________________

9. What is the appropriate price to be placed ?

◻ 60-80

◻ 90-100

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◻ 150-200

10. What is the preferred weight for the lamp?

◻ 5 kg

◻ 10 kg

◻ 15 kg

◻ 20 kg

11. Maximum height of the lamp to be replaced?

◻ 1 meter

◻ 1.5 meter

◻ 2 meter

◻ 2.5 meter

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3.3 Material Selection

Material selection involves a broad set of considerations. Choosing the material best suited to
achieve the requirements of a given application. Many different factors and steps go into
determining the selection requirements, such as physical properties, electrical properties, cost
and more. These has been weighed during the material selection process. We want our product
to be as strong and as long lasting as possible. There are also the safety implications to
consider.

A few factors are into consideration when we were selecting materials such as whether our
chosen material would be suitable to be indoors and outside in the elements. If the correct
material is not selected, the product life will be notoriously unpredictable.

Other than that, we have to make sure the choice of material has the ability to help in other
aspects of the product advantages such as durability and lightweight. The material should be
weight reduction and increases the durability of product to be long lasting. Throughout the
entire selection process, materials are assessed in term of strength, fatigue endurance and so on
depending on the future application. This will make sure that the design is more likely to
succeed in the long term in addition to ensuring that the design is technically fit for purpose.

It is important that the chosen material with sustainability elements as it becomes an

increasingly critical factor to consider. In addition to a material’s properties, ease of
manufacturing, cost, and other attributes relevant to its application areas, its impact on the
environment has become an indispensable consideration. Every material and end product hold
an environmental footprint, characterised by their fabrication, processing, design, durability,
and reusability

Lastly, we have to keep in mind that the materials based on variables such as environmental
effect, cost, finishing, durability and more. In order to avoid difficulties that may develop once
this product is manufactured and minimizes energy consumption, pollution and health risk.

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3.4 Design

During the design process, we created a solution that’s equally at home in off-
grid homes in sub-Saharan Africa as it is brightening up BBQs or preparing for power-
cuts worldwide. The device functions as both a light, and an off-grid electricity source
using manual power. The innovative an extremely versatile hybrid solution that can be
charged off-grid using a variety of methods including solar and kinetic. We have
designed the light to function using a one pull of a cord to generates a minute of light,
as well as using a solar powered 3W panel, or they can be charged from the mains.
This hybrid system. Also, the design was added with additional features such as five
brilliance levels from night to a ultra-splendid light and the light force show adjusts the
measure of intensity you are utilizing. It can even charge your gadgets by simply plug
in your telephone or some other device, and it will charge it for

3.5 Cost Analysis Method

Cost analysis is a comparison of costs. Costs used to prepare financial statements are not the same as
those used to control operations. It may be controllable or non-controllable and are subject to time
periods and constraints. For example, controllable costs are those the manager may authorize. However,
costs that may be able to be controlled over the long-term, may not be controllable in the short-term.

Total cost is the relationship between production quantity and costs, expressed as:

Total Cost = ¿ Cost +Variable Cost ×Output

Other than that , Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis (CVP analysis), also commonly referred to as Break-
Even Analysis, is a way for companies to determine how changes in costs and sales volume affect a
company’s profit. With this information, companies can better understand overall performance by
looking at how many units must be sold to break even or to reach a certain profit threshold or the margin
of safety.

17
Besides that, is used to determine whether there is an economic justification for a product to be
manufactured. A target profit margin is added to the break-even sales volume, which is the number of
units that need to be sold in order to cover the costs required to make the product, to arrive at the target
sales volume needed to generate the desired profit. The decision-maker could then compare the
product's sales projections to the target sales volume to see if it is worth manufacturing the product.

The breakeven threshold for different sales volumes and cost structures is determined by the cost-
volume-profit analysis, which can be valuable for managers making short-term business choices.
Several assumptions are made in the CVP study, including that the sales price, fixed and variable cost
per unit are all constant.

The formula for CVP's breakeven sales volume is as follows:

FC
Breakeven Sales Volume=
CM

In which CM is contribution margin find by = Sales- Variable Cost and FC is Fixed Cost,

CVP analysis is only reliable if costs are fixed within a specified production level. All units produced
are assumed to be sold, and all fixed costs must be stable in a CVP analysis. Another assumption is all
changes in expenses occur because of changes in activity production level.

18
 CHAPTER 4

4.0 Results

4.1 Results of the survey

The bar chart above shows the number of age respondent who answering the survey. Based
on the chart, over 25 respondents we saw that majority of the respondent are mostly 19 years
old while 1 respondent from 18 years old and followed by 20 years old where both has the
same amounts of respondent. So, we can conclude that average of the respondent is teenagers.

The pie charts illustrate number of male and female who answering the question or survey
regarding the gravity light. On that pie chart, it is very clear show that male have the biggest
19
amount compare to female where male is 17 people and female is 8.

20
The pie chart shows the people’s opinions about light source for undeveloped regions. We
can see clearly that most of the respondents agree with the statement where gravity light can
be the light source for undeveloped regions. A total of 87.5% which is 22 respondents agree
about it and 12.5% which is around 3 respondents disagree about the statement.

The diagram shows bar chart that illustrate the survey of respondents on their method to
change the source of light during blackout. Based on the chart above, majority of the
respondent use candle as their way to change the source of light during blackout. Almost 8
respondent use candle and just only 4.2% using flashlight phone and also torch light. The
highest number of respondents on the chart is candle or torch light.

21
The diagram shows the result of the survey about people’s opinion about the potential of
gravity light solving long-term light source problems. Based on the chart, majority of the
respondent agree about the potential of the gravity light. Almost all of the respondents agree
where 92% which is around 23 over 25 respondents agree about the survey. It shows only
8% that represent for 2 respondent who disagree with it.

The chart illustrates the result of survey on appropriate price to be placed at gravity light.
According to the pie chart above, 50% of the respondent choose the average price in the
range 90 to 100. Price range which is 60 to 80 have 37.5% voting where 10 respondents
choose it and 150 to 200 is the smallest amount of voting among respondent which is only
12.5% represent 4 respondents.

22
The pie chart above shows the number of respondents choosing the preferred weight for
gravity light. The highest percentage of those who choose 5 kg that looks light and easy to
bring anywhere. 50% of 25 respondents choose 5kg as a preferred weight for gravity light.
Other than that, the amount of respondent for 10kg and 15g is same which is 25%. The chart
shows that no one of the respondent choose 20kg for gravity light. Therefore, we conclude
that most respondent want to have a light stuff that easy to bring and use everywhere.

The pie chart above shows the rate of survey were asked about the maximum height to pl ace
a gravity light. Overall, a majority response to 2meter for maximum height where 62.5% of
the respondents choose it. For 1.5 meter, 7 respondents which is around 25% over 25
respondents choose it and only 12.5% represents 4 respondents choose 2.5 meter. The data
show that no one of the respondent choose 1 meter for the maximum height of gravity light.

23
The pie chart illustrates the number of respondents who think that Gravity Light is convenient
for everyday use. Majority of the respondents which 92% answer yes while only 8% answer
no. 92% that represents for 23 respondents while 8% for 2 respondents. Based on the chart
above, we can see that almost all of the respondents agree with that statement.

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4.2 House of Quality

DETAILS HOUSE OF QUALITY.

The customer's voice was translated into engineering characteristics for our product to
create this house of quality. Our survey found that customers want our product to be
affordable, safe, high quality, easy to use, dependable, light weight and long lasting. We
ranked the importance by numbering 0 to 5, with 5 indicating very important and 0
indicating not important, based on the following criteria. Our survey found that most
importance stuff is the cost of production because their importance rating is the highest
compare to others. It has also the highest percentage of importance. In the row of cost
production, it has 3 strong relationship matrix with durability, cheap and high quality.

25
4.3 Concept Design Sketches

DESIGN 1

Design 1 shows that the selected nowlight is in a diamond shape where it can save
more space to be hang on the wall. This is the best design to be used in our project.
Plastic has been chosen as a material for this product where plastic material is
inexpensive and lightweight exactly to the consumer’s wishes. This design has two
pulley and gear that can make the product works better.

Other than that, this design has two source of energy which is a solar panel and also
two powerful batteries inside it. Solar panel that we put on the top of the product is
detachable where we can move the solar panel to sunlight area so that we can use solar
charge even though we are at home. According to the material of this design, the
average weight of this product is around 5 – 10 kg. The small display on the light's face
shows a readout of how much runtime is available, providing motivation for the person
generating energy and a warning when power dips to critical level.

26
 DESIGN 2

Design 2 shows that the shape is rectangle or box with a curve on top of it. The design
is inspired by fly trap where we put the two pendaflour lamp in the center of the product.
The design show that there is one pulley and two gear where the pulley will work to
move both gear at the different part.

At the curve part on top of the product, two battery have been placed to provide a
source of energy towards the lamp. Furthermore, there is a hanger on top of the curve
part where it used for hanging this product. The chosen material is plastic as it
inexpensive and easy to find.

27
 DESIGN 3

Design 3 shows that the product can be adjusted according to consumer wishes where
it can make the light move wider and also can make the light brighter with a limit
space. This design reveal that it has only one pulley and power battery for each side.
Then, there is a rope at the middle of the nowlight where it can be use for hanging the
nowlight. Generally, it comes with two sources of light for both sides with two power
buttons.

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4.4 Concept Screening (Pugh Concept Selection)

The Pugh Analysis, also known as the Pugh Concept Selection Process, is an iterative
method for reducing a large number of alternative product concepts to a single superior one.
Concepts are identified by brainstorming and other means prior to applying the Pugh
Concept Selection Matrix, and are based on the needs determined through the voice of the
customer process and Quality Function Deployment (QFD). Benchmarking establishes a
reference point against which each concept can be measured. This concept is very helpful
when we have more or at least 3 design to choose. The evaluation criteria are based on the
requirements. There are three part of criterions which is:

 Manufacturability
 Customer needs
 Commercial

Selection criteria Concept variants

Design 1 Design 2 Design 3 Ref

Lightweight 0 - 0 0
Affordable + 0 0 0
Easy to use + - - 0
Portable + - + 0
Save energy + + 0 0
Brightness + + + 0
Durable 0 + - 0
Pluses 5 3 2
Sames 2 1 3
Minuse 0 3 2
Net
Rank 1 2 3
Continue? Yes Yes No
concept variants for selection criteria

(0) = same as reference

(-) = worse than reference

(+) = better than reference

29
 4.4.1 Concept Scoring

Concepts

Design 2 Design 3

Selection Criteria weight Rating Weighted score Rating Weighted score

Easy to use 20% 3 0.6 3 0.6

The durable basket 25% 5 1.25 1 0.1

Save energy 15% 4 0.4 4 0.4

Affordable price 10% 4 0.4 3 0.6

lightweight 20% 4 0.4 3 0.6

accuracy 20% 4 0.4 3 0.6

Portable 10% 4 0.4 3 0.6

Total Score 3.85 3.5

Rank 1 2
Continue? Develop No
After generating ideas, use a variety of tools to analyse and filter the ideas to determine
which ones are worth pursuing further. These techniques can be used iteratively to generate
new ideas or refine existing ones. The goal of concept screening and scoring is to assess
concepts before devoting too much time and effort to detailed design work. The goal of
screening and scoring is to condense a large number of ideas into a smaller and more
manageable set. The final set's quality is determined by the quality of the initial set's ideas.
As a result, it is critical to put forth significant effort in the front-end processes of customer
research and ideation.

30
31
4.6 Material Selection

4.6.1 Type of material

The initial stage in material selection is to identify the most important critical design
requirements. Choosing the right materials ensures that the finished product is of the highest quality
possible, from design through production. This is an element we would be taken into account at every
stage of the process, from the initial planning stages through the final product production. We want a
material that is both tough and long-lasting in our circumstance. When we think about materials that
are ideal for our product, the first two that spring to mind are plastic and metal. As byproduct, we'll
look at whether plastic or metal is preferable for our product in this part. For our lamp we will discuss
about the kind of materials we'll use as best for it to be produced by.

4.6.2 Specification of the material

The specification provides clear instructions on project intent, performance, and construction. It
can reference the quality and standards which should be applied. Materials and manufacturers'
products can be clearly defined. Installation, testing and handover requirements can be identified. As
shown in the results of our survey, there are several important product needs that we must priorities in
order to keep our consumers happy, including cheap cost, lightweight, safety, and durability

Specifications Reasons
We want our product to be affordable
because we want to sell it as a need for
Low cost
people in underdeveloped nations to be
prepared in an emergency.
Because this product is intended to be
Lightweight utilised in an places with no light, it will be
easy to bring and hang on the wall.
We aim to ensure the safety of our goods in
Safeness
order to ensure the safety of our users.
Because of its toughness, the product's
Durability
expected life would be extended.

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4.6.3 Main body material

For the main body part, we are looking for a material that is semi-transparent so that the light
from the lamp inside can be seen but not directly. We have two choices to choose from which are,
acrylic and Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA). The table below shows the ranking of which is the
best option:

Specifications of the Material 1: Material 2:

material Arcylic Frosted PVC

Low cost 0 1

Lightweight 0 1

Safety 0 1

Durability 0 1

Transparent 1 0

Total score 1 4

We can see from the table above that Material 2: Frosted PVC had a higher score than
Arcylic. As a conclusion, we have decided to use Frosted PVC for the main body part.

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4.6.4 Cord part material

We're seeking for a sturdy and durable plastic material for the cord so that it doesn’t break
easily. Polycarbonate and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) are the two options available for us
to choose. The table below shows which option received the highest rating:

Specifications of the Material 1: Material 2:

material Polycarbonate ABS

Low cost 1 0

Lightweight 1 1

Safety 1 0

Durability 1 1

Sturdy 1 1

Total score 5 3

We can see from the table above that Material 1: Polycarbonate, had a higher score than
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). As a conclusion, we have decided to use polycarbonate for
the cord.

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4.7 Product Analysis

Functional and Operational aspect

Self – Powered Light has a different operation and function compare to the other light. By
pulling the chord, this lamp can be generate up to 60 watt of led power. There is 2 main
operations and function of this design.

Cord
Cord is the main function or components in this lamp. By pulling the cord, the lamp will be
start to generate according to how long the cord be pulled. This design shows that on that
cord has the marking of the how long the lamp will generate. As example, if we pull the cord
up to 10 minutes, this self-powered lamp can generate up to 2 to 4 hours per day.

Gear
Gear is the one of the imperative components in this lamp. This final design shows that it has
two gears that interconnected with each other. Once the cord pulled, the gear will rotate and
change from the mechanical energy to electrical energy. The battery is the addition
component that help to add more power to the led light for a better performance.

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4.7.1 Components and Function

1. Battery

A battery is a device that stores and converts chemical energy to electrical energy. The
flow of electrons from one material (electrode) to another in a battery is accomplished via an
external circuit. Electron flow generates an electric current that can be used to perform work.
Charged ions flow through an electrolyte solution that is in contact with both electrodes in
order to balance the flow of electrons. Different electrodes and electrolytes cause different
chemical reactions, which influence how the battery works, how much energy it can store,
and how much voltage it can produce. Two sources of powerful battery is enough to generate
more than 4 hours per day with a brighter light.

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2. Solar Panel

Solar is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of
technologies such as solar power to generate electricity, solar thermal energy including solar
water heating. It is an important source of renewable energy, and its technologies are broadly
classified as either passive solar or active solar, depending on how they capture, distribute, or
convert solar energy into solar power. To harness the energy, active solar techniques such as
photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power, and solar water heating are used. Orienting a
building to the Sun, selecting materials with favourable thermal mass or light-dispersing
properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air are all examples of passive solar
techniques.

Simply put, a solar panel generates electricity by allowing photons, or light particles, to
knock electrons free from atoms. Solar panels are made up of many smaller units known as
photovoltaic cells. The term photovoltaic simply refers to the process of converting sunlight
into electricity. A solar panel is made up of many cells that are linked together.

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3. LED Bulb

An LED lamp, also known as an LED light bulb, is a type of electric light that emits light
by using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LED lamps consume significantly less energy than
equivalent incandescent lamps and can be significantly more efficient than most fluorescent
lamps. The most efficient commercially available LED lamps have efficiencies of 200
lumens per watt (Lm/W).

To operate from mains power lines, LED lamps require an electronic LED driver circuit,
and losses in this circuit mean that the lamp's efficiency is lower than the efficiency of the
LED chips it uses. To be compatible with lamp dimmers designed for incandescent lamps, the
driver circuit may require special features. Depending on the technology of the luminaires,
the current waveform generally contains some distortion.

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4.8 Billing Material

MATERIAL & COMPONENTS QUANTITY PRICE TOTAL

DETACHABLE SOLAR PANEL 1

BATTERY 2

60 WATT LED BULB 1

FROSTED PVC 3

POLYCARBONATE 1

MINI GEAR AND PULLEY 2

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4.9 Sustainable Elements

Sustainability is preserving the environment today for the generations of tomorrow to be able
to live in it safely. However, sustainability goes deeper than that to incorporate three main dynamics,
called the three Es of sustainability those are environment, equity, and economics.

Evidently, the environment is what we are making every effort to protect and maintain. When it
comes to making environmental decisions, equity is what ensures fairness is at the forefront of our
considerations. Whereas economics mainly considers the fact that in our endeavors to preserve the
environment, subsistence and livelihoods are also well safeguarded. In our modern-day world, it is
quite challenging and almost unavoidable not to impact our planet’s environment in one way or
another.

When it comes to materials selection, sustainability has become an increasingly critical factor
to consider. In addition to a material’s properties, ease of manufacturing, cost, and other attributes
relevant to its application areas, its impact on the environment has become an indispensable
consideration. Every material and end product hold an environmental footprint, characterized by their
fabrication, processing, design, durability, and reusability. In the context of materials, sustainability
takes the form of smarter production technologies, recyclability, material longevity, biodegradability,
lower CO2 emissions, and a well-established circular economy. Whether it is through discovering
new materials that are less toxic to the environment or reusing and remanufacturing existing materials
and products to minimize waste, sustainable materials are now more important than ever.

First and foremost, the purpose and scope. This step is essential because it establishes why the
life cycle assessment is being carried out. As a result of our discussion, we've decided that the
objective is to make the main body of the lamp more sustainable by minimizing its emissions
throughout its lifespan. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the lamps environmental impact.
Furthermore, there is a life cycle inventory. The data gathering step of a life cycle evaluation is this
phase. It examines the product's environmental inputs and outcomes. The flow diagram below clearly
depicts the system and unit we're looking at, as well as the inputs and outputs. There are four stages as
following raw material, manufacturing, use, recycle, and disposal of the Product.

40
 The following phase includes a life cycle impact assessment. This step is used to evaluate the
various components and determine whether or not they have any environmental implications.

Based on a few studies the main source of environmental concerns caused by acrylic plastics,
is that users do not properly dispose of it. The use of a huge number of disposable items, many of
which are made of plastic, has increased the quantity of rubbish discarded. Acrylics breakdown
slowly, so they end up in the ocean and coastal habitats, posing a risk to birds and other marine life.
This is because acrylic is made from petroleum and fossil fuel compounds, both of which are regarded
non-ecofriendly. Because acrylic is both biodegradable and flammable, only specific types of acrylics
may be recycled. Acrylic is classified as recyclable plastic, which means it is rarely recovered for
recycling. These aren't easily decomposable.

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 Polycarbonate is one of the most widely used engineering plastics because of its superior
physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. The carbonate bond in aliphatic polycarbonates is
facile and hence this polymer is easily biodegradable. However, polycarbonate degrades under
environmental weathering with a significant decrease of physical and mechanical properties and loss
of transparency. Polycarbonate panels are resistant to extreme temperature either hot or cold, sunlight,
snow, rain, and impact. This enables it to last for many years without fading or discoloring while also
remaining damage free from any various impacts over the years. However, polycarbonate has a wide
range of practical applications in manufacturing, the complex chemical chains take longer to break
down and can take hundreds of years to naturally decompose.

Lastly, the final stage of the life cycle assessment is interpretation. The life cycle assessment
improvement analysis summaries the findings of earlier research and discusses them in the form of
recommendations, decisions, and ideas. The interpretation of results may always change overtime due
to different opinions and research. Nonetheless, with all the facts in place, accurate conclusions and
suggestions is made.

Additionally, how fast a plastic breaks down depends on sunlight exposure. Like our skin,
plastics absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, which breaks down the molecules. This
process is called photodegradation, and its why landfills often expose plastic waste to the sun to
accelerate the breakdown process. By that may can accelerate the degradation, allowing
polypropylene wastes to be removed from the environment more quickly. Besides that, by recycling
acrylic materials, you drastically reduce the environmental risks of these materials. This further boosts
the effort to lessen the carbon footprint. Alongside that, recycling reduces the amount of waste in our
oceans.

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5.0 Conclusion

43
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