Get The Origin of Dialogue in The News Media Regula Hänggli Free All Chapters
Get The Origin of Dialogue in The News Media Regula Hänggli Free All Chapters
Get The Origin of Dialogue in The News Media Regula Hänggli Free All Chapters
com
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-origin-of-
dialogue-in-the-news-media-regula-hanggli/
https://textbookfull.com/product/in-the-news-the-practice-of-media-
relations-in-canada-william-wray-carney/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-independence-of-the-news-media-
francophone-research-on-media-economics-and-politics-loic-ballarini/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-collected-translations-of-the-
sanskrit-epics-1st-edition-valmiki/
textbookfull.com
Ceramics for Environmental Systems Ceramic Transactions
Volume 257 1st Edition Fukushima
https://textbookfull.com/product/ceramics-for-environmental-systems-
ceramic-transactions-volume-257-1st-edition-fukushima/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/extreme-sports-medicine-feletti-2/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/research-methods-for-education-
gregory-j-privitera/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-battle-of-britain-in-the-modern-
age-1965-2020-the-states-retreat-and-popular-enchantment-garry-
campion/
textbookfull.com
Series Editor
Hanspeter Kriesi
Department of Political and Social Science
European University Institute
San Domenico Di Fiesole, Firenze, Italy
Democracy faces substantial challenges as we move into the 21st
Century. The West faces malaise; multi-level governance structures
pose democratic challenges; and the path of democratization rarely runs
smoothly. This series examines democracy across the full range of these
contemporary conditions. It publishes innovative research on estab-
lished democracies, democratizing polities and democracy in multi-level
governance structures. The series seeks to break down artificial divisions
between different disciplines, by simultaneously drawing on political
communication, comparative politics, international relations, political
theory, and political economy.
The Origin
of Dialogue
in the News Media
Regula Hänggli
Department of Mass Media
and Communication Research
University of Fribourg
Fribourg, Switzerland
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and
information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied,
with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published
maps and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Acknowledgements
This book emerged within the framework of the Swiss research pro-
gram on democracy—the National Center of Competence in Research
(NCCR) Democracy—which has used interdisciplinary research to inves-
tigate the Challenges to Democracy in the twenty-first century. Thus,
I would like to thank the Swiss National Science Foundation and the
University of Zurich, that jointly financed the NCCR Democracy pro-
gram. My deep gratitude goes first to Hanspeter Kriesi for his generous
support, and his enormous energy and drive, which paved the way for
this work. It also goes to Laurent Bernhard for letting me be part of this
journey, for meaningful (phone) discussions, and for many humorous
moments. I would like to thank the former Swiss Federal Chancellor,
Oswald Sigg, and the former Secretary-General of the parliament,
Christoph Lanz, for the support they have given to our study. I would
also like to thank Urs Dahinden, Jörg Matthes, Christian Schemer, and
Werner Wirth for their contributions in the data collection and beyond.
I am also very grateful to all the politicians, campaign managers, public
officials, journalists, newspaper editors, and all respondents of the sur-
vey samples who were willing to devote their valuable time to answer
our questions. The cooperation of all these people has allowed us to put
together a truly exceptional data set, without which I would not have
been able to describe the origin of dialogue in the news media, and its
role in the opinion formation process.
I owe particular gratitude to Dennis Chong for invaluable publish-
ing guidance, a very careful reading of the entire manuscript and for
v
vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
vii
Contents
ix
x CONTENTS
9 Conclusion 225
Appendix 241
Bibliography 259
Index 279
Visit https://textbookfull.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks, textbook
and enjoy exciting offers!
List of Figures
xi
xii LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
xiv LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.3 How did you treat your opponents’ strongest argument? 81
Table 4.4 Did you try to avoid certain arguments?, by camp
and campaign 81
Table 4.5 Contest frames in the naturalization initiative: Percentage
shares by camp and actor type 85
Table 5.1 Total number of articles coded of the two camps,
by campaign and communication channel 96
Table 5.2 The main substantive frames of the two camps,
by communication channel: percentages 107
Table 5.3 Use of opponents’ main frames in the different
communication channels 111
Table 5.4 Dialogue in the different communication channels 113
Table 5.5 The offensive use of opponents’ frames
in the communication channels: percentage
of adversaries’ frames which were used offensively 114
Table 6.1 Balancing: Number of arguments on each side
by campaign and ratio of contra/pro arguments 139
Table 6.2 Zero-inflated negative binomial regression of media
framing: ratios, robust standard errors, and p-levels 142
Table 6.3 The media frames, with input by the different
actor types on either side: average number
of frames per day 145
Table 6.4 Predicted change in the news media counts 147
Table 6.5 Shares devoted to the “Tax Equity” frame
in the news media of the tax reform campaign:
comparison between experts and rest 150
Table 6.6 Standing of regional political actors in different media
types and campaigns 151
Table 6.7 Use of the “SME” frame in different media types 151
Table 6.8 Level of dialogue by campaign, media type, and media genre 152
Table 7.1 Substantive (Offensive and Defensive Use) and contest
frames of the two camps in the media input
and the news media: percentages 169
Table 7.2 Who is driving whom? Results of zero-inflated negative
binomial regression of media framing on lagged framing
by the two camps, and vice versa: Ratio, robust standard
errors, and p-levels 171
Table 7.3 Percentage of organizations that adapted their campaign
based on opinion poll(s) 178
Table 7.4 Which channel is influential? Results of zero-inflated
negative binomial regression of media framing on lagged
LIST OF TABLES xv
this happened and the people were able to vote on a new asylum law.
This example from the real world serves to illustrate what I mean by
options and interpretations. The options are either to accept or reject the
new law, while interpretations we will look at below.
The new law contained these most important aspects: It stipulated
that asylum requests from refugees who have already been given refu-
gee status or some other form of protection by another state will not
be dealt with. The new law also prohibited social assistance for refugees
whose requests have been legally rejected. Moreover, it introduced more
restrictive rules for considering the question of refugees without proper
identification; it adopted a so-called airport procedure allowing for rapid
decisions at the refugees’ point of entry, and it enabled the possibility
of exchanging information with the refugees’ home countries. The new
law also brought an improvement for asylum seekers with a provisional
admission. They are allowed to work and to receive a residence permit
for their families after three years. The interpretations of the leaders are
part of the alternatives. Political leaders offered these interpretations
(I shall call them frames, see below): Proponents of the new law argued
that Switzerland needs instruments to fight the abuse of its asylum legis-
lation (abuse), and that the new law provides a more efficient implemen-
tation of the asylum legislation (efficacy). Opponents claimed that the
new asylum law is contrary to the humanitarian tradition of Switzerland
(human. trad.), and that the provision of the new law undermines the
rule of law (rule-of-law). Their interpretations make clear that the new
law is more restrictive than the previous one. In the vote on the new asy-
lum law, similarly to related previous votes in 1987 and 1999, the pro-
posal for a new asylum law was accepted by two-thirds (67.7%) of the
Swiss people (compared to 67.3% in 1987 and 70.6% in 1999). The first
asylum law dates back to 1981 and was considered liberal. Previously,
asylum matters were part of the law on foreigners. Over the years, the
asylum law was gradually tightened. In this book, alternatives and their
interpretations are of key importance and I will keep a constant eye on
competing interpretations. I will raise the question: Under what condi-
tions do we see competing interpretations (= dialogue)? As Schattschneider
points out, the process of defining the alternatives is competitive. Political
elites deploy arguments and attempt to steer thinking toward their point
of view in order to gain an edge in partisan contests.
The alternatives need to be presented in the news media. Since, in our
diverse society, the media play a vital role in conveying information from
1 DIALOGUE IN THE NEWS MEDIA 5
the political scene to the public, citizens get an important share of their
information from the news media. In other words, democracy today is
largely mediated democracy. People not only learn about the options and
their interpretation directly from politicians (be it in person or imper-
sonal contact like a speech on TV). They also learn about the alterna-
tives indirectly through the media. They read about them in a newspaper
report, or listen to a discussion about or summary of a political issue
being presented in the news on the radio and TV. As a consequence, the
alternatives (i.e., the yes or no choice and its interpretation) should also
be found in the news media.
Thus, I investigate: Under what conditions do we see dialogue (= com-
peting interpretations) in the news media? What are the driving mecha-
nisms? To complete the picture, I will end with the question: What is the
role of dialogue in the Public Opinion formation process?
definition. The other elements mentioned by Entman would be called reasoning devices
by Gamson and Modigliani (1989: 3) and explain what should be done about the problem.
Framing devices, as opposed to frames, are condensing symbols that suggest the frame in
shorthand (Gamson and Modigliani 1989: 3). They include metaphors, illustrative exam-
ples (from which lessons are drawn), catchphrases, descriptions, and visual images (icons).
What Iyengar (1991) calls “episodic” frames, I would call a framing device.
6 R. HÄNGGLI
Frame
Frame
Pro arguments Con arguments
Human. 25 25 100 0 48 25
trad.
Rule-of-law 25 25 0 0 15 8
Abuse 25 25 0 100 26 46
Efficacy 25 25 0 0 12 21
Total (%) 100 100 100 100 101 100
Dialogue 100 0 70
dialogue occurs, and each side talks about its own interpretations here.
Situation 3 is what actually occurred in the news media regarding the
asylum law. It is highly dialogical (Dialogue = 70, resulting from 100 −
((│48 − 25│ + │15 − 8│ + │26 − 46│ + │12 − 21│)/2). In this situa-
tion, each camp mostly presents its own interpretations, but engages also
with the interpretations offered by the other camp. The observed cluster-
ing of scores around 70 indicates that, on average, the attention profiles
of the competing sides were seven-tenths of the way toward perfect con-
vergence. In this instance, only about 30% of the proponents’ attention
would have had to be reallocated to bring about a perfect match with the
opponents, or vice versa.
As mentioned, my understanding of dialogue is inspired by Sigelman
and Buell (2004) and Kaplan et al. (2006). According to their under-
standing, dialogue means convergence on the same issue(s). Their stud-
ies are at the issue level. In my study, the issue is given and we look at
the exchange of arguments about this issue between two camps. Thus,
dialogue investigates the argument level. In this regard, my definition
comes close to the understanding put forward by Simon (2002: 22,
107), who defined (sustained) dialogue as responding to the opponent’s
claims and also discussing the minority opinion of an issue. It also comes
close to the understanding used by Jerit (2008, 2009). She defines dia-
logue as issue engagement (focusing on the same consideration) or direct
rebuttal (a statement making the opposite prediction).
The value of 70 is very high. Simon (2002), who analyzed US Senate
Campaigns, reports relatively low levels of dialogue. He finds that
1 DIALOGUE IN THE NEWS MEDIA 9
are not formed exogenously (as many have thus far assumed), but are
rather formed based on the content of news. Thus, elites’ strategies of
communications, conditions that moderate elite influence, and gen-
erally the factors that influence the presence of alternatives in the news
media are relevant for gaining a better understanding of the public–elite
interactions.
Fourth, dialogue in the news provides a counterbalance to possi-
ble “filter bubbles” (Pariser 2011), “echo chambers” (Sunstein 2001),
or “cyber apartheid” (Putnam 2000). These concepts refer to the risk
of fragmentation, allowing people to sort themselves into homogene-
ous groups, which often results in them receiving news tailored to their
own interests and prejudices, amplifying their preexisting view. Dialogue
in the news media is a counterbalance in the sense that people are con-
fronted with unsought, unanticipated, and even unwanted ideas, and dis-
senting people.
Fifth, dialogue in the news media not only counterbalances “echo
chambers” in social media; it can also work as a corrective to interper-
sonal communication where citizens mainly talk to like-minded peo-
ple. It increases tolerance among people and awareness of the rationale
behind one’s own and oppositional views (Mutz 2006). Mutz (2006)
showed for personal discussion networks that the most interested and
politically knowledgeable citizens are the least likely to be exposed to
oppositional viewpoints in personal discussion networks. Thus, it is
essential that these citizens are exposed to oppositional viewpoints in the
news media.
Sixth, we know surprisingly little about the strategic use of dialogue
in debates, even though dialogue can be a clever strategy, as Jerit (2008)
illustrated. She found considerable evidence of dialogue for the 1993–
1994 healthcare reform debate and showed that dialogue can be effec-
tive, particularly for the pro camp. Thus, political actors have reasons to
engage in dialogue, and convergence on a message can be a successful
strategy.
Seventh, majorities formed on the basis of public dialogue tend to
be more legitimate than simple majorities (Simon 2002; Fishkin 1991,
1992; Chambers 2009; Disch 2011) because a decision based on the
preceding debate in the public is more likely to represent the authentic
will of the public. Furthermore, if minorities can contribute to the dis-
cussion and influence the decision in their favor, dialogue can reduce ine-
quality and empower minorities or the have-nots.
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
deux cygnes de marbre blanc, penchés sur une immense vasque
d’argent, faisaient courir, par leur bec, une eau tiède et parfumée.
Devant chaque glace un oranger, chargé de fruits électriques, versait
une lumière caressante et dorée.
Plus large que les autres, encadrée d’un filet de bronze, une des
glaces dominait, celle du fond. Des corbeilles d’azalées en
soulignaient la base.
— Mais ce n’est pas une salle de bains, murmurait Françoise,
c’est un temple ! L’oncle Provence appellerait ça : la Piscine des
Hespérides !
Elle n’avait pas perdu toute gaieté et, une seconde, elle fut
tentée… Les émotions de la journée précédente, comme celles de la
nuit, l’avaient rendue lasse. Un bain réparateur s’offrait à elle dans
un décor surprenant. Elle eut, instinctif, un geste vers sa robe pour
la dégrafer. L’eau murmurante semblait l’appeler…
Mais un obscur sentiment de prudence la retint. Elle poussa la
porte, à regret, et procéda à ses ablutions dans le cabinet de toilette
où elle s’était arrêtée la nuit.
Pendant ce temps, par la fenêtre ouverte, la Triestine scrutait les
environs. Le château où l’on avait entraîné Mlle de Targes était situé
au milieu d’un parc immense dont les arbres, pour la plupart
séculaires, paraissaient d’une telle hauteur qu’ils masquaient
l’horizon. La suivante remarqua seulement qu’à sa droite un lourd
portail de fer, aux rosaces compliquées, semblait couper le parc en
deux parties distinctes. C’est par là qu’elles étaient venues.
— Descendons, Marina.
Françoise entraînait la brunette.
Elles trouvèrent, devant elles, toutes portes ouvertes. Cette
apparente illusion de liberté leur parut favorable.
— Allons, allons, pensa plus allègrement Françoise, je ne suis pas
encore tout à fait prisonnière.
Elle s’était réjouie trop tôt. Après dix minutes de promenade dans
le parc, Marina poussait un cri où il entrait autant de colère que de
déception.
— Voyez, Signorina ! Il y a un mur !
La propriété était, effectivement, enclose d’une épaisse muraille
de pierre grise, haute de plus de trente mètres, qui rendait
impossible toute tentative d’évasion…
Elles revenaient sur leurs pas, lentes et déçues, quand, au détour
d’une allée, la seconde surprise les guettait.
Une femme, jeune encore, d’allure dégagée, leur souriait, en
cueillant des roses. Les jeunes filles s’arrêtèrent, stupéfiées…
L’inconnue s’avançait vers elles, délibérément. Alors Françoise la
détailla mieux. Malgré l’heure matinale, elle remarqua la richesse
d’un déshabillé luxueux. Sur des cheveux blonds, évidemment
oxygénés, une capeline à larges brides de velours noir était jetée.
Fraîche sous son fard, avec une grâce apprêtée, elle donnait un peu
l’impression d’une actrice, « tournant » un rôle filmé. De plus près,
cette femme, grande et vigoureuse, aux hanches puissantes, aux
bras blancs et musclés, aux mains fortes, paraissait accuser une
trentaine bien défendue. La vivacité des yeux trop noirs, la vulgarité
d’un nez canaille et d’une bouche charnue, nuisaient à l’élégance de
l’ensemble.
— Mademoiselle, dit-elle dans un français nuancé d’un
langoureux accent slave, permettez à une Russe de se présenter. J’ai
nom Técla Dortnoff. Personne n’est là pour l’une à l’autre nous faire
connaître. Oh ! Je déplore vraiment !…
Le mutisme de Françoise, au lieu de la dissuader de poursuivre
un tel entretien, parut, au contraire, lui servir d’encouragement.
— Voulez-vous ? Marchons un peu. Si matin, en remuant, le sang
circule facile. Moi, j’ai besoin de marcher. Il faut. Cela est bon. Donc,
c’est le secret de se bien porter. Si vous êtes bien portante, Dieu
vous protège ! Moi, je fais tous les sports. Des armes, du cheval, de
la boxe. Dites quoi ? Rien, je ne crains que seulement Dieu le Père !…
J’étais dans le sommeil, à votre arrivée, hier. Quel regret !… Vers les
cinq heures, tout au jour, je me lève : La douche. Le thé. Dehors !…
Ainsi, j’ai rencontré Basile, en descendant respirer dans le parc.
Basile Ardessy est à moi comme un très vieux bon ami. Il avait
beaucoup d’attachement à mon premier mari, mort en duel. Michel,
le second mari, — devinez ! — il est à Pétersbourg, dans la maison
des fous !… Voilà comment, à ainsi dire, je suis une presque veuve.
Quelle douleur !… Je prends le repos ici, pendant l’été. Cela me
calme. Ce vieux cher Basile, il vient de me dire que vous veniez aussi
pour quelques semaines. Je suis heureuse, vraiment !
Françoise, qui l’avait écoutée avec un sentiment de profonde
surprise, l’interrompait, véhémente :
— Monsieur Ardessy a menti, madame ! C’est un misérable ! Je
suis victime d’une aventure odieuse. J’ignore pour quelle raison vous
tenez à m’exprimer une sympathie aussi subite qu’inexplicable. Je ne
veux connaître personne dans cette maison. Je ne réclame que la
liberté ! Si vous êtes sa messagère, je vous charge de le lui dire. Et
cela sans tarder !
L’étrangère manifestait le plus grand étonnement. Un air
scandalisé avait glacé la mobilité de ses traits.
— Entendez comme elle parle, cette petite !… Voilà un
scandale !… Vous êtes, je pense, comme Michel qui se trouve dans la
maison des fous ! Alors, Pauvre, que Dieu vous protège !… Sinon,
vous faites la morsure dans la main de celui qui vous reçoit. Quelle
honte ! l’ingrat mérite le fouet !…
Et, afin, sans doute, de donner à ses paroles un commentaire
significatif, d’une branche de rosier, arrachée à la botte de fleurs
qu’elle tenait contre son sein, elle sabra l’air furieusement. Puis,
haussant les épaules avec mépris, sans même daigner se retourner,
à pas rapides, elle s’éloigna…
— Mais c’est elle qui est folle ! concluait Françoise, à la fois
inquiète et troublée.
Puis, prenant le bras de la Triestine :
— Nous ne reviendrons plus de ce côté, Marina. Allons vers la
grille.
Ah ! cette grille !… Hallucinante et tentatrice, elle semblait
posséder à leurs yeux comme une mystérieuse attirance… Mais à
peine Marina s’en était-elle approchée que, d’un petit bâtiment qui y
attenait, — le logis du gardien, — un véritable monstre avait surgi.
La petite reculait, épouvantée.
Taillé en géant et balançant des poings formidables, un portier
galonné déclarait d’une voix de stentor, où les mots allemands
roulaient en fracas impétueux :
— Der Durchgang ist verboten ! (On ne passe pas !)
Françoise de Targes était bien prisonnière.
VIII
Sous le Fouet.