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    Wheatstone Bridge Investigatory Project

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    vedantparihar2507

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Wheatstone Bridge Investigatory Project

    Uploaded by

    vedantparihar2507
    19 views16 pages

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    wheatstone bridge investigatory project

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    19 views16 pages

    Wheatstone Bridge Investigatory Project

    Uploaded by

    vedantparihar2507

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    In the accomplishment of this project


    successfully, many people have best owned
    upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
    support, this time Iam utilizing to thank all the
    people who have been concerned with project.
    Primarily Iwould thank god for being able to
    complete this project with success. Then I would
    like to thank my principal Mrs.Shalu Babbar
    and physics teacher
    Mr.Mukesh Shrimali, whose valuable
    quidance has been the ones that helped me
    patch this project and make it full proof success
    his suggestions and his instructions has served
    as the major contributor towards the completion
    of the project.
    Then Iwould like to thank my
    parents and friends who have
    helped me with their valuable THANK
    suggestions and guidance has YOU
    been helpful in various phases
    of the completion of the project.
    AIM

    To study the construction


    and application of
    Wheatstone Bridge
    CONTENTS
    7 Introduction
    2- Components of Wheatstone bridge
    3 Circuit Construction
    4- Working principle of Wheatstone
    bridge
    5- Example Circuit
    6 Applications of Wheatstone bridge
    7: Limitations of Wheatstone bridge
    8 Limitations of Wheatstone bridge
    9-Summary
    70-Bibliography
    17- Precautions
    INTRODUCTION
    Samuel Hunter Christie invented the
    Wheatstone bridge in the year 1833,
    which became popular with the works of
    Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843.
    An electrical circuit that is set up to
    measure the unknown value of a resistor
    and creates a balance between the two
    legs of the bridge circuit is called a
    Wheatstone Bridge. As shown in the
    figure below, three resistances are known
    (one is variable/adjustable) and the
    fourth one has to be found out.
    Compared to the other measuring
    instruments such as voltage divider, the
    concept of Wheatstone bridge is widely
    used because of the accuracy in its
    measurement of resistance.
    Components of
    Wheatstone Bridge
    " Aresistor with an unknown resistance
    value.
    Two resistors (with known resistance
    value)
    Variable Resistor (a device like
    Rheostat or Preset could work)
    Voltage/DC source
    Galvanometer (or any device which
    indicates the voltage difference or the
    flow of current)
    Connecting Wires
    Circuit Construction
    Construction of Wheatstone Bridge
    CIRCUIRT
    CONSTRUCTION

    +
    B

    A Wheatstone bridge is a bridge-type


    structure having four resistors, three of
    known and one of unknown value.

    Here R1, R2, and R3 have known values


    among which R2 is adjustable and finally
    Rx is the value to be measured. Along
    with these resistances, agalvanometer
    (Vg) is there between B & D, and aDC
    supply between A & C.
    WORKING PRINCIPLE
    OF WHEATSTONE
    BRIDGE

    Now according to the Wheatstone


    bridge principle if the ratio of the two
    resistances (R1/R2) on one edge is
    equal to the ratio of the two resistances
    (R3/Rx) on another edge then there will
    be no flow of current between the
    midpoints of the two edges of
    resistance. This condition of the bridge
    is known as the Balanced Bridge
    Condition.

    In the Balanced Bridge condition, the


    current through the galvanonmeter is
    zero and also the voltage difference
    between the points B & D becomes
    zero, i.e., at both points voltage level
    Would be the same.
    Writing equations for the balanced
    bridge condition would look like:
    R1/R2 =R3/Rx (or) R1 * Rx =R2 * R3

    Thus, RX = R3 * (R2/R1)
    This detection of zero current in
    galvanometer is of high precision, thus
    depending on the level of precision of
    known values, the unknown resistance
    can be found with the highest rate of
    accuracy and precision.

    In the Wheatstone bridge experiment,


    one resistor should always be variable
    in order to obtain a balanced condition.
    The Circuit performs at its best when
    the regulated voltage source is used,
    instead of the current with repelling
    characteristics.
    EXAMPLE CIRCUIT
    Let us consider the below circuit where
    the bridge is in an unbalanced condition
    and we need to calculate the voltage
    difference between Q1 and Q2, i.e., Volt
    and hence the value of R4 needed to
    make the bridge balanced.

    P1

    R1 R2
    100

    100V Vout Q2

    40 2

    RaZ
    Example of Wheatstone Bridge
    As per the voltage division law,

    Vq1 = (R3/(R3+R1)) * Vs ,where Vs


    =100volts (voltage source)
    Putting values of R3 = 40 ohms, R1=50
    ohms, and Vs= 100 volts, we get
    Vg1 = 44.4 volts

    Similarly, Vq2 = (R4/(R4+R2)) * Vs


    putting the values, R4 =50 ohms, R2
    =100 ohms, and Vs =100 volts, we get
    V2 =33.3 volts
    Thus, Volt can be found as,

    Volt = Vq1 - Vq2


    So, Volt =44.4 - 33.3 = 11.1 volts
    Nowto make the bridge balanced, we can
    find asuitable value for R4 as done
    below:

    R4 = R2 * (R3/R1)

    putting the values of R1, R2, and R3, we


    have

    R4 = 100 * (40/50)
    = 80 volts

    Therefore, R4 = 80 volts is the value of


    resistor which should be used to make
    the bridge in a balanced conditior
    APPLICATIONS OF
    WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
    Used in Light detecting devices.
    For measuring the changes in the
    pressure.
    For measuring the changes in the
    strain of the circuit.
    Used for the Sensing of mechanical
    and electrical quantities.
    Also, photo resistive devices use this
    circuit.
    Thermometers also use Wheatstone
    bridges for the temperature
    measurements which need to be
    accurate.
    Values like capacitance, inductance,
    impedance, etc. can be measured
    with some variations in the
    Wheatstone bridge circuit.
    LIMITATIONS OF
    WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
    Along with all these advantages, there
    are afew limitations of the Wheatstone
    bridge as well, Such as:

    Readings may be inaccurate under


    unbalanced conditions.
    The range of measured resistance
    varies from a few ohms to mega
    ohms.
    Susceptibility for high dc current is
    not there.
    SUMMARY
    Created in 1833, popularized in 1840s
    Wheatstone bridges are one of the
    best methods of measuring resistance
    due to the basic mathematical ratio
    involved.
    Accurate standards with sensitive
    enough voltmeter, measurements of
    resistance within .05% can be
    reached.
    Many calibration laboratories still use
    this method today.
    " The Wheatstone Bridge are
    replaceable; however, for its
    simplicity and versatility the circuit is
    an indispensible piece of technology
    BIBLIOGRAPHY
    WEBSITES
    http://www. www.google. com
    www.wikipedia.com
    www.scribd.com

    Books
    NCERT CLASS
    12th Physics
    PRACTICAL
    Physics
    CLASS 12th
    PRECAUTIONS
    ANIMAL SHARP INSTRUMENT HEAT HAZARD
    HAZARD HAZARD
    GLASSWARE
    HAZARD

    CHEMICAL ELECTRICAL EYE & FACE


    FIRE
    HAZARD HAZARD HAZARD HAZARD

    BIOHAZARD LASER RADIATION RADIOACTIVE EXPLOSIVE


    HAZARD HAZARD HAZARD

    Clean the connecting wires properly.


    Hold the jockey perpendicular to the
    wire.
    Allconnections should be neat and
    tight.

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