Ans 5: 1.

Evaluation of (render another-figure)

• another-figure is an instance of the class figure.

• The render generic function is invoked with another-figure as an argument.

• The applicable method is Method #1:

lisp

(defmethod render ((x figure))

(vertical-stroke

(slot-value x 'height)

(slot-value x 'width)))

• This method retrieves the height and width slots of another-figure, which were initialized as
10.0 and 10.0 respectively, when the instance was created with (make-instance 'figure :width
10.0 :height 10.0).

• The vertical-stroke function is then called with height = 10.0 and width = 10.0, which prints
the values as a list:

scss

(10.0 10.0)

• Expected Output:

lisp

(10.0 10.0)

2. Evaluation of (render some-figure)

• some-figure is an instance of the class paint-figure.

• The render generic function is invoked with some-figure as an argument.

• The applicable methods for render are:

o Method #3 (specific to paint-figure)

o Method #2 (a :before method for hue-mixture)

o Method #1 (for figure, which is a superclass of paint-figure)

• The CLOS method combination rules determine that:

1. The :before method (Method #2) runs first.

2. The primary method (Method #3) executes.

3. The primary method can invoke the next applicable method using call-next-method.

Step-by-Step Execution:
 1. Method #2 (Before Method for hue-mixture):

o The set-brush-hue function is called with the cyan, magenta, and yellow values of
some-figure. The values are:

▪ cyan = 60, magenta = 0 (default), yellow = 55.

o set-brush-hue is not defined in the given code, so an error will occur unless it's
defined elsewhere.

o If set-brush-hue is defined, the method runs without outputting anything (as the
provided code snippet doesn't print or return a value from set-brush-hue).

2. Method #3 (Primary Method for paint-figure):

o The clearp slot is checked for some-figure, which is set to nil (:clearp nil).

o Since clearp is nil, the unless condition passes, and call-next-method is invoked.

3. Method #1 (Primary Method for figure):

o The height and width of some-figure are retrieved (height = 84, width = 38), and
vertical-stroke is called with these values.

o The vertical-stroke function prints the values as a list:

scss

(84 38)

• Expected Output:

lisp

(84 38)

Final Observations:

• For (render another-figure), the output will be:

scss

(10.0 10.0)

• For (render some-figure), the output will depend on whether set-brush-hue is defined:

o If set-brush-hue is undefined, an error will occur when Method #2 runs.

o If set-brush-hue is defined, the output will be:

scss

(84 38)
Ans2: The provided program has several components, but the root cause for throwing a
CloneNotSupportedException lies in the clone() method of MyClass and the improper handling of
the cloning process. Let's carefully examine the code to identify the issue.

Key Observations in MyClass:

1. MyClass implements Cloneable:

o This indicates that MyClass supports the cloning mechanism via the clone() method.
However, simply implementing Cloneable does not guarantee a proper cloning
process. The Object class's clone() method needs to be explicitly invoked.

2. clone() Method Implementation:

java

Copy code

protected MyClass clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {

MyClass mc = (MyClass) super.clone(); // Invokes `Object.clone()`

mc.data = new Object(); // Reinitializes `data`

mc.data = data; // Assigns the original data value to `mc.data`

return mc;

o The method calls super.clone() to perform a shallow copy of the object.

o However, there is no issue directly in this method, as super.clone() works if Cloneable

is implemented correctly and Object.clone() is called.

Where the Exception Might Be Thrown:

ArrayList Cloning

• In the main method:

Java

Copy code

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

l3.add(new MyClass(l1.get(size - i - 1)));

This adds new instances of MyClass to l3, but it does not directly invoke the clone() method. Hence,
this block will not cause the exception.

Cloning Issue in ArrayList<MyClass> l2:

• Likely Issue: Somewhere in the code (potentially missing from the snippet), the clone()
method is invoked directly or indirectly on MyClass or ArrayList<MyClass> objects.
 Specifically, if l2 involves cloning objects and the clone() method in MyClass is not properly
handling deep or shallow copies, a CloneNotSupportedException will be thrown.

Reason for CloneNotSupportedException:

• The Object.clone() method (invoked via super.clone()) checks whether the object
implements Cloneable. If the Cloneable interface is not implemented, it throws a
CloneNotSupportedException.

• If the clone() method in MyClass is invoked on an instance of a class that does not
implement Cloneable, the exception will occur.

Likely Cause in This Program:

1. Custom Object (LoremIpsum) Not Cloneable:

o The MyClass has a member loremIpsum of type LoremIpsum. If LoremIpsum is not

Cloneable and is shallowly copied or reinitialized improperly in MyClass.clone(), the
CloneNotSupportedException will occur.

2. Improper Handling of data:

o The data member is reassigned with a new object after cloning:

java

mc.data = new Object();

mc.data = data;

o If data itself is an object that does not properly support cloning, it could lead to an
exception if its clone method is indirectly invoked.