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Lect 5

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14 views

Lect 5

Hello

Uploaded by

mahdy demarea
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Modulation (Analog Modulation)

1. Linear Modulation
• Modulation: A process by which a property of a signal is varied in proportion
to a second signal.
The Reasons of Modulation are:
1- Modulation for frequency location assignment.
2- Modulation for bandwidth alteration.
3- Modulation to increase efficiency of radiation.
4- Modulation to reduce noise and interference.
5- Modulation to overcome equipment limitation.

• The carrier of the message signal is usually sinusoidal. A modulated carrier can
be represented as:
𝑥c(𝑡) = 𝐴(𝑡)cos [2𝜋𝑓c𝑡 + 𝜑(𝑡)]
where 𝐴(𝑡) is linear modulation, 𝑓! the carrier frequency, and 𝜑(𝑡)is phase
modulation.

• For linear modulation schemes, we may set 𝜑(𝑡) = 0 without loss of generality
𝑥c(𝑡) = 𝐴(𝑡)cos (2𝜋𝑓c𝑡)
with A(t) placed in one-to-one correspondence with the message signal.

2. Types of AM:
1- Double-Sideband, suppressed Carrier (AM/DSB-SC).
2- Double-Sideband, Large Carrier (AM/DSB-LC) [AM].
3- Single-sideband, suppressed carrier (AM/SSB-SC) [SSB].
4- Vestigial –sideband (AM/VSB).

2.1. Double-Side-Band Suppressed Carrier (AM/DSB-SC)


Let 𝑓(𝑡), the message signal, thus:

From the modulation theorem, the spectrum is:

DSB-SC Transmitter:

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Notes:
• No carrier term is presents (carrier is suppressed)
• 𝐵𝑊DSB/SC = 2𝑊 rad/sec
Where W is the bandwidth of message (modulating signal) i.e. the bandwidth is
doubled.
• Above process (multiplication) is called “Frequency conversion” or “frequency
mixing” or Heterodyning.

DSB-SC Receiver
To detect (demodulate) the DSB-SC signal, we multiply it again by 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔!𝑡 as
follows:

Then using LPF of bandwidth 𝜔 rad/sec we obtain the original signal

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2.2. Quadrature Multiplexing:
Using the orthogonality of sins and cosines make it possible to transmit and
receive two different signals simultaneously on the same carrier frequency.

In the low pass filter all terms at 2c are attenuated yielding:

2.3. Double-Side-Band with Large Carrier (DSB-LC) [AM]


For broadcast system (many Rx for each Tx) it is more economical to obtain less
expensive receivers. For such a case, a larger signal is transmitted with the
AM/DSB-SC to eliminate the need of local oscillator in Rx. The AM/DSB-LC
signal [AM signal] is given by:

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Solution:

3. Single Tone Modulation:

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Where 𝑨𝒎 = 𝑨𝒄 ∗𝒎

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4. Sideband and Carrier Powers:

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6. Demodulation of AM/DSB-LC Signals:
1- Synchronous (coherent) detection: The same as in DSB/SC (i.e direct
connection and pilot carrier) [High cost].
2- Asynchronous detection (Noncoherent detection).It is also called envelope
detection since it is extracts the message from its envelope. It is low cost and
applicable only when 𝑚≤1

6.1Noncoherent detection:
Envelope detector:

The discharge time RC is:

- It is a very simple, efficient, and cheap demodulator


- For correct detection: the charge time should be fast and discharge time [RC]
should be slow.
- Usually, this circuit is followed by LPF to eliminate unwanted harmonic
content.
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Solved Problem
Q1) For the sinusoidaly modulated DSB/LC waveform shown in Fig. below.
a- Find the modulation index.
b- Sketch a line spectrum.
c- Calculated the ratio of average power in the sidebands to that in the carrier.
d- Determine the amplitude of the additional carrier, which must be added to
obtain a modulation index of 10%.

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Q2) The modulating signal 𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠100𝜋𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠400𝜋𝑡 is applied at the input
of a DSB/ SC modulator operating at a carrier frequency of 1 𝑘𝐻𝑧. Sketch the
spectral density of 𝑓(𝑡) and the resulting AM-DSB/SC waveform identifying the
upper and lower sidebands.

Q3) The system shown in fig. below is an alternative to the one shown in fig. of
Q2 for sending two messages on one carrier.
(a) If 𝑓1(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔1𝑡and 𝑓2(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔2𝑡 derive an expression for 𝜙(𝑡).
(b) Devise block diagram for suitable demodulator for 𝜙(𝑡).

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Q4) A message signal 𝑓(𝑡) = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠2000𝜋𝑡 modulates the carrier signal 𝑥(𝑡) =
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑓c𝑡 where 𝑓c = 1 𝑀𝐻𝑧 to produce AM signal. For demodulation using
envelop detector the time constant RC is:
a. 0.5 𝑚𝑠 < 𝑅𝐶 < 1 𝑚𝑠
b. 1 𝜇𝑠 < 𝑅𝐶 < 1 𝑚𝑠
c. 𝑅𝐶 ≫ 𝜇𝑠

Q5) Carrier wave of frequency 𝑓 = 1M𝐻𝑧 with pack voltage of 20V used to
modulated a signal of frequency 1𝑘𝐻𝑧 with pack voltage of 10𝑣. Find out the
following:
i. μ?
ii. Frequencies of modulated wave?
iii. Bandwidth

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Q6) Broadcast transmitter transmits AM/DSB-LC signal, with total average
power of 50 kW and uses a modulation index of 0.707 for a sinusoidal message
signal, calculate:
1- carrier signal power (Pc)
2- Efficiency of transmission (η).
3- Maximum carrier signal amplitude if the antenna is represented as a 50Ω
resistance (Ac).

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