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Lecture 1 Pharm (24-25)

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34 views38 pages

Lecture 1 Pharm (24-25)

Uploaded by

vnrnruvjcrjrvnrcnc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematics MTH101 for Pharmacy

Students
Calculus & Linear Algebra
LECTURES SCHEDULE

Sunday from 2:00 - 4:00 K-LH-4.


Wednesday from 12:00 - 2:00 K-LH-2.

Presented by : Dr. Marwa El Dewaik

Email : [email protected]
ASSESSMENT SYSTEM

One Quizzes Weight: 20%


Three Assignments Weight: 20 %
Participation in the tutorial Weight: 10%
Final Exam Weight: 50%
TEXTBOOKS

➢Calculus
1) James Stewart, "calculus ", Seven edition, international Metric
Version, 2012, CENGAGE learning

2) Greenwell, Ritchey, Lial, "Calculus for Life Sciences," 1st Edition,


ISBN 9-780201-745825.
COURSE OUTLINE
First Part: Calculus Second Part: Linear
Algebra (Matrices)
1.Mathematical Functions and Biology 1. Definition of Matrices
Applications.

2. Matrix Addition and Multiplication


2.Differentation and Biology
Applications.
3. Inverse of a matrix
3.Integration and Biology Application.
4. Solving Linear Systems
4. Separable and Linear Differential
Equations 5. Matrix Applications
LECTURE 1
CALCULUS I

Functions
&
Mathematical Models
TOPICS TO BE COVERED

Functions
The Domain and The Range
Polynomials
Power Functions
Rational Functions

7
FUNCTIONS AND
MATHEMATICAL MODELS

➢ Observing a real-world phenomenon, we often face a


situation when one quantity changes with respect to another.

➢ One can think of the concentration of a drug in a patient's


bloodstream after the drug was administered by mouth.

➢This is how we arrive at the concept of a function.


THE FUNCTION

Let X and Y be
nonempty sets

A function f : X → Y is
a rule that assigns to
each number x from X
exactly one number y
from Y.
THE FUNCTION

➢ This rule is usually expressed by an equation in the form y = f(x).

➢ x represents numbers we start with (the independent variable),

➢ f represents a rule that transforms x,

➢ y is the result of the transformation (the dependent variable).


Functions
Functions
EXAMPLE

➢Consider the equation x2 + y2 = 1

This equation does not define a function

➢Indeed, Solving for y we get, y =  1 − x


2
,

So for each value of x <1, we get two values for y.

This contradicts the definition of a function.


THE DOMAIN AND THE
RANGE

➢The set of all possible values of the


independent variable in a function is
called the domain of the function

➢ The resulting set of possible values


of the dependent variable is called
the range.
THE DOMAIN AND THE
RANGE
The Domain and The Range
FOR EXAMPLE

For example: 1
x
We can not divide by zero, hence in the domain of the function
we exclude x = 0 from the domain.

Another example:
x
Over the real numbers we can not get a negative value under a
square root,
hence the domain of the function contains only zero and the
positive real values.
EXAMPLES
Find the domain of the following functions Solution of the following functions:
POLYNOMIALS
A function P is called a polynomial if
n−1
P( x) = an x + an−1 x
n
+ ... + a2 x + a1 x + a0
2

where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0,a1,…an are constants


called the coefficients of the polynomial.

➢ The domain of the polynomial is R = (−, )


➢ The degree of a polynomial is the highest power existing in it.
➢ A polynomial of degree 0 is of the form P(x) = a0
This is called a constant function.
Polynomial functions
EXAMPLES OF POLYNOMIALS
➢𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 3 + 1 is not a polynomial
1
➢𝑓 𝑥 = is not a polynomial
𝑥 2 +𝑥

➢𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 4 + 1 is a polynomial of degree 4
➢𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 5 + 𝑥 + 4𝑥 6 is a polynomial of degree 6
EXAMPLES
1) 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 (polynomial of 2) 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2 (polynomial of
degree zero or constant), degree 1 or linear polynomial),
EXAMPLES
3) 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2/3 4) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 1
(polynomial of degree2 or (polynomial of degree 3 or cubic
quadratic polynomial), polynomial),
LINEAR FUNCTIONS
Equation of straight line
The simplest mathematical model
for relating two variables is the
linear equation
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
It is called linear because its
graph is a line.
The quantity m is the steepness or
the slope of the line.
By letting x=0, we see that the
y-intercept is y=b.
EQUATION OF STRAIGHT
LINE
The slope m of a line whose equation is given by
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
Is just the coefficient of x

Example: Solution
Find the slope of the
following straight lines,
i) 2𝑦 − 4𝑥 = 8 ⟹2𝑦 =
4𝑥 + 8 ⟹ 𝑦 =
i) 2𝑦 − 4𝑥 = 8 2𝑥 + 4 ⟹𝑚1 = 2
ii) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4⟹𝑦 = −𝑥 +
ii) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 4 ⟹ 𝑚2 = −1
EQUATION OF STRAIGHT
LINE
The slope m of the line passing through 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is
∆𝑦 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= = =
∆𝑥 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Where 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 .

Example: Find the slope of the line passing through each pair of the following
points,
(-2, 0) and (3, 1)
(3, 5) and (2, 1)

Example: Given two lines passing through (1,3),


whose slopes are respectively: 2 and 5
Find the equation of each line,
POWER FUNCTIONS

➢The function of the form

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑎,

where a is a constant

In the next slides we present


the graphs of some power
functions,
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

They are functions of the form


𝒑(𝒙)
𝒇 𝒙 = , 𝑸(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎
𝑸(𝒙)

Example: 3 2x3 − x4 + 1
f ( x) = , f ( x) =
x x −1
FUNCTION COMPOSITION
The composition of two functions f and g is the new function h, where
𝒉 𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒈 𝒙 )
The notation for function composition is
𝒉 = 𝒇𝟎 𝒈 𝒐𝒓 𝒉 𝒙 = (𝒇𝟎 𝒈)(𝒙)
FUNCTION COMPOSITION

Definition

The composition functions 𝑓 and 𝑔, written 𝑓°𝑔 is defined by


𝑓°𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 )
For all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 is in domain of 𝑔 and 𝑔 𝑥 is in the domain of
𝑓.
EXAMPLE

Given the functions,


𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙, 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟒
find each of the following.
1- 𝒉 𝒙 = (𝒇𝟎 𝒈)(𝒙)
2- 𝒌 𝒙 = (𝒈𝟎 𝒇)(𝒙)
SOLUTION (A)

𝒉 𝒙 = 𝒇𝟎 𝒈 𝒙
=𝒇 𝒈 𝒙
= (𝒈 𝒙 )𝟐 +𝒈 𝒙
= (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟒)𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟒
= 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐
SOLUTION (B)

k 𝒙 = 𝒈𝟎 𝒇 𝒙
=𝒈 𝒇 𝒙
=𝟓 𝒇 𝒙 −𝟒
= 𝟓 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟒
= 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟒

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