epts | 1.1 Introduction The term Cloud refers to a wide-area network community that houses data centers and their associated software/hardware applications, other IT resources and infrastructures that can be accessed using internet connectivity. Cloud computing refers to accessing the hardware and software resources remotely as shown in figure 1.1. Pool of It Resources FIGURE 1.1Some examples of Cloud Computing uses in everyday life are : @) E-Mail Our data gets stored on the cloud server of the e-mail provider. (ii) YouTube Vidoes YouTube videos are stored on the cloud system. (iii) Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin and instagram All text, pictures and videos that we post on these platforms everyday oe stored on cloud system (iv) Google Docs Google Docs is also an example of a cloud service. In cloud computing, network technology is one of the core technologies that suppor cloud computing. All cloud services need to rely on the network, which provides remote access to IT resources anytime, anywhere. 1.2 Computer Network Basics Computer network (referred to as network) was born in the 1960s and is a prod“ of the combination of communication technology and computer technolo! A computer network is a system that interconnects two or more computers throug @ connecting medium. The connection medium can be cable, twisted pait, 0P!* fiber, microwave, carrier wave, and communication satelite. Computer network has the function of sharing hardware, software and data resou® a can centrally process, manage, and maintain shared data. Figure 12 snows simple computer network. 1Computer network is an interconnection of various computers to share software, hardware and data through acommunication medium between them. | Definition : There is no limit to the distance between two computers in a network. Technically defining, a computer network is an interconnected collection of autonomous computers. Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information through transmission media like coaxial cables, fibre optic, copper wire, microwaves, satellites etc The term “autonomous” means thal no one computer can forcibly start or stop the other computer. Any type of data i.e. text, picture, audio and video can be transmitted by using network. [11]1.2.1 Uses (or advantages) of Computer Network Advantages of Computer Network are : (i) Resource Sharing Sharing of hardware, software and datais a major benefit of computer Networks, Fig. 1.3 shows a printer being shared among various users/workers in ay organisation. — FIGURE 1.3 (ii) Simultaneous Access Computer Ip network allows many users to access Programs and data at the same time. At any gi 'y given moment in any business, several workers may need to use the sar ; me data at the same time. We can store a single copy of a data file on the : Server, which is accessible to each employees in the organisation as shown in fig 1.4. [12](iiiy (iv) (v) The hard disk in this server is a shared storage device, which b the network's users can access. OA AVA Ie FIGURE 1.4 High Reliability Reliability is a main benefit due to which networks are becoming very popular among organizations. By using networks, the critical data can be saved at puters or locations. if a computer fails or crashes, the data more than one com| can be recovered from the ‘other computers of the network. This way, the data is secured in a network. Reduced Costs As we can share software and hardware resources, it will automatically reduce the cost of executing the data. Easier Backup lored on the server, backing up the critical data is a simple As all data is st process. [13]AN (vi) Communication Medium 5 a powerful communication medium among A computer network provide: easy for two OF mor, widely separated employees. Using a network, it is people who live far apart to write a report together. 1.3 Types of Computer etwork There are four types of computer network : (i) Personal Area Network (PAN) (ii) Local Area Network (LAN) (ii) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) (iv) Wide Area Network (WAN) 4 14. Personal Area Network (PAN) 7 Personal area network (PAN) is an interconnection between different devices like smartphone, tablet, computer and other digital devices as shown in figure 1.5. PAN is used for a personal purpose like data sharing among devices. FIGURE 1.5~ PR __Sangita Mehta & uy) lance with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2 Local Area Network (AN) A local area network is relatively smalier and A focal avon nor nd privately o#ned network witt . 10 km to provide local connectivi ine manu sown! vity within a building oF In private offices, this S, this type of Networking is very popular and ott mvarwmicns ty y 1 and otfectivaly used The ely used to connect personal computers and workst uters and workstations in corporate offi Ices and factories to share resources and exchange int nd exchange information a a / Work Station Work Station . Oo | | Work Station Printer C_i | = a Work Station Work Station Work Station FIGURE 1.6 Both wired or wireless communication can be used in LANs. Twisted pair cables are the most common carriers of the information ina local area network. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) MAN is a computer network that connects computers ina metropolitan area, alarge city ora university. A Metropolitan Area Network is formed by g multiple LANs. MAN is defined for less than 50 km. A Metropolitan k is more extensive than a LAN Network but smaller than a wide- as shown in figure eT such as connectin Area Networ! area network (WAN) {15}FIGURE 1.7 A MAN is either owned by private or public organization. Some Metropolitan Area Network examples are : @ = Cable TV network e Telephone networks Wide Area Network (WAN) A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large geographical area comprising a region, a country, a continent or even the whole world. WAN includes the technologies to transmit data, image, audi? and video information over long distances and among different LANS and MANs. Some examples of WAN are : @ = The Internet e 5G Mobile Broadband Systems (16)FIGURE 1.8 1.4 Network Models Anetwork model describes the organization of various computers in a network. It describes the way in which individual computers are interconnected in a network. Let us consider some networking models. 1.4.1 Centralized Model In centralized model one powerful computer is used to serve one or more low powered computers. In centralized model the nodes are not connected with each other, they are only connected to the server as shown in figure 1.9. = FIGURE 1.9 [17y ie! mee fic computer is kT fodel mse " wn as server which is specially dedicatey 01 mputers (called Clients). In simple Words, client can be as a requester tg formation from the server ang figure 1.10. ous S' other co! fine ider of services and “a for any kind of inf akes @ request y id to the client request as shown in a services. Cl server in turn respon ss Client + Client 2 at FIGURE 1.10 Client Inaclient-server model, a client is a program that makes requests for data from server. This could be @ —aweb browser (like Chrome or Firefox), e i i an installed computer application (example outlook is an email applicatic that you can install on your computer), or @ ~amobil ‘bile app, any software that seeks something from a server. Server , A server i 5 onthe ars ec romputerimachine which sends data requested by the client. Ba’ a compute ns which we anticipate this server will receive, we nee’ Ig Power, RAM, disk space and other configuration of! "machine. If we will be receivii req evi server else we renee ee Seances ee alarger and more expensive In earlier times, we u: . . ised ir For example the same mi ‘ tener ccc 2 i otabe . achine will be running a Python progr: oo ‘am ir database program (such as mysql) as shown in ad 4 aneakonnnns GENERAL SERVER 1. Application Program 2. Database Program CLIENT 1, Web browser 2. Installed application FIGURE 1.11 Slowly We started having different servers for different purposes : ) Application Server = st your core application logic (J h hosts the applicatio (a java program, phython One server used to ho: program etc). Such a server whict n and responds to the client is called an application server. (b) Database Server : e or computer g/hosting the database on a separate machine We started storint tabase server. .e server and sends it known as the da’ ata from the databas' server fetches the di The application s own in figure 1.12. back to the client as sl DATABASE ‘SERVER APPLICATION SERVER CLIENT 1, Web browser 2. Installed applicationSome other types of Servers are * @ Web Server @ = Proxy Server @ = Mail Server @ Print Server DNS Server etc. 1.4.3 Peer-to-Peer Model In peer to peer model, there are no dedicated servers. All computers are equal and, therefore, are termed as peer. Normally, each of these machines functions both as a client and a server. This arrangement is suitable for environments with a limited number of users (usually ten or less). In this models users need to freely access data and programs that reside on other computers across the network. O O CLs 8 4 L_=t~_L_Hi FIGURE 1.13 1.4.4 Web-based Model In this model, s is nn » Server Is connected to the Internet. Therefore, server can be accessé via internet by any client computers around the world [201.5 Concept of Distributed tem A distributed ee 'S a group of computers or Servers working together as to appear as a single computer or server to the end-user, These eee have a shared State, operate concurrently and can fail independently without affecting (or damaging) the whole system. Stores data in database FIGURE 1.14 Distributed system is a collection of autonomous computer systems that are physically separated but are connected by a centralized computer network that is equipped with distributed system software. Distributed System Software enables computers to coordinate their activities and to share the resources such as Hardware, Software, Data etc. Distributed systems must have a network that connects all components (machines, hardware or software) together so they can transfer messages with each other in Order to achieve common goals. To transfer the data to Autonomous Computer System, Centralized Computer System should be connected to a Network. [21]C= Definition * ated servers anddata | = a is a collection of physically separ lata 1 A distant cross muitiple systems worldwide. These components | | seesrate and communicate with the objective of being a single, unified | | J | system with powerful computing capabilities. Some examples of Distributed Systems are : e@ = The internet (World Wide Web) with multiple antennas, amplifiers, and othe, @ — Telecommunication networks nd-users. networking devices that appears as a single system to el @ Multiuser videos conferencing systems @ = Airline and hotel reservation systems @ — Global, distributed retailers and supply chain management. y SN =| Definition (Distributed Computing) : 1 Distributed computing is the method of making multiple computers work together to solve a common problem. It makes a computer network appear \ | ! \ | as a powerful single computer that provides large-scale resources to deal | 1 with complex challenges. \ | \ ! 1 Distributed systems, distributed programming, and distributed algorithms are some other terms that all refers to distributed computing. ena ne ia od 1.5.1 Concept of Scaling As the number of users grows, the amount of requests we are sending are n lor it nger handled by a single server. We have two options if the amount of request: made to the server increase a lot. 1. Vertical Scaling First option i ption is to use a larger server with more computing power and memo!) However as the server size i | size increases it's cost incr ignifi in figure 1.15. eases significantly as sho"VERTICAL SCALING HORIZONT, ‘AL SCALING add more resources to the same server add more servers to scale & Ss Ss SS Seas FIGURE 1.15 Hotizontal Scaling Hortizontal scaling means adding more servers into your pool of resources as shown in figure. A distributed system allows you to scale horizontal. Usually it is cheapter to buy more computers with less computing power and memory than buying a single computer with a large computing power and memory beyond a certain point as showin in figure 1.16. Vertical scalability costs rise # sharply after a certain point Initial costs associated with horizontal scalability tend to be higher Horizontal scalability becomes much more efficient after a certain point Price per capacity unit Extra Capacity Needed FIGURE 1.16 [231.5.2 Concept of Load Balancer When we use multiple servers instead of a single server We call it distributey now the requests are being served by agroup of servers insteag in distributed systems we have a separate server Called loag plication servers we need to send the ich of the ap} balancer is to make sure, every application serve, systems. Because of a single server. I balancer which decides whi requet to. The task of a load serves almost equal number of requests. 1.5.3 Types of ‘Application Servers There are two types of Application Servers - Stateful Application Servers . Stateful servers are those which can serve only a su 4 Stateful servers usually have their own separate database server. If we use stateful servers, load balancer has to be intelligent enough to understand which server will be responsible for which data. For example, let's say we have three application servers, and we have an application which manages data of students in a college. Now college provides three degrees, BSc, MSc and PhD. Let's say the first server handles BSc students, the second server handles MSc students and the third server handles d a request to the load balancer. The load PhD students. The client will sen balancer will decide which server the request should go to based on the query, te server and gives the response back forwards the request to the appropria' Server! 1. bset of requests or data, to client as shown in figure 1.17. CLIENT 1, Web browser 2. Installed application(b) Stateless Application Servers Since we known the ees nearumber of BSe students is far more than MSc or PhD hosenerooreeners we oe Send to server1 would be high compared ; It's hard for load bal: ‘i all the application i lancers to distribute load tise ‘atelose sory Sewers in case of stateful servers. Therefore wo, we, . EEecesearion i In this case all the application servers share a come a. eae balana ” Server can serve any request (BSc, MSc or Pai incer does not need t : i 10 worry about which data. It just r ich server has wh: JuStroutes the request in a round robin way (one by ene to each an or a bit more intelligently b: ased on which s more free as shown in figure 1.18. cea ieeee anna Servert tnd / = Balancer FIGURE 1.18 CLIENT 1. Web browser 2. Installed application Autoscaling Another advantage of stateless servers is the ability to autoscale up or down. Let's say suddently the amount of traffic increases on the servers, for example it's result time and everyone is checking their marks. Then the system can er and use that to handle increased traffic. and the amount of traffic on the system servers to help save the cost. automatically spin up a new serv Similarly, let's say it's summer holidays is low, it can also reduce the number of 1.5.4 Advantages of Distributed System Advantages of distributed systems are - 1. Scalability ale horizontal. A distributed system allows you to sc [25]ince Fault Tolera' | nodes withou re designed to handle failures in individual ‘il lems al . Cee syst inuous operations, disrupting the entire system, ensuring reliability and conti Cost Effective The initial cost is higher than a traditional system, but because of their scalability, they quickly become more cost effective. Low Latency Users can have a node in multiple locations, so traffic will hit the closet node. Speed and Efficiency Tasks can be processed in parallel across multiple nodes, improving overall system performance. This parallel processing capability enhances speed and efficiency. Resource Sharing Hardware, software or data can be shared. Concurrency Multiple machines can process the same function at the same time. Load Balancing or Optimal Resource Utilization Distribution of workloads across various nodes, preventing bottlenecks and ensuring optimal resource utilization. 1.5.5 Disadvantages of Distributed System Disadvantages of distributed systems are : 1. Complexity Designing, implementing and maintaining distributed system is complex. Security Concerns Data security and Sharing have increased risks in distributed computer systems. The network has to be Secured, and users must be able to safely access replicated data across multiple locations.3 Higher Initial Infrastructure Costs The initial deployment cost of system A distributed system can be higher than a singlo 4 Concurrency A common issue occurs when several clients resource simultaneously. You must ensure that concurrent environment. attempt to access a shared t all resources are sate in a 5. Network Communication Overhead Communication between Nodes introduces latency and consumes network bandwidth. 1,6_Concept of Cloud Computing Cloud can be defined as a wide-area network community that houses data centers and their associated software/hardware applications, other Information Technolog (TT) resources and infrastructures that can be accessed using internet connectivity. FIGURE 1.19 (DATA CENTER) ing computer On the other hand, computing is defined as the process of adopting technology to solve a given goal-oriented problem. le de At present, there is no standard and generally acceptable computing. Some definitions of Cloud Computing are - on finition for cloudDefinition 1 : | | 1.7 ( delivery of computing service-including servers, Storage 7 software, analytics and intelligence - over the internet on, an Cloud computing is the databases, networking, on-demand and pay-per-use basic. User Organization FIGURE 1.20 Definition 2 : Forrester defines cloud computing as "A pool of abstracted, highly scalable, and managed compute infrastructure capable of hosting end-customer applications and billed by consumption. Definition 3 : The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines "a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, servers, storage, applications and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction". Definition 4 : The delivery of IT infrastructure and applications as a service on-demand to individuals and organizations via internet platforms. Thus, an organization or individuals can use various computing services whenever it is required from anywhere and at any time. [28]1.7_Characteristics of Cloud Computing The major characteristics of cloud computing are : 1. On-demand Self-service All computing services like storage, applications, networking ete. can be co whenever required and without any interaction with service providers. Users or organizations can use the web self-service portal to access the required resources. This means that cloud customers can sign up for, pay for and start using cloud resources very quickly on their own without help from a sales agent. Broad Network Access Customers access cloud services via the Internet. Resource Pooling In order to serve multiple customers, service providers create a pool of various physical as well as virtual computing resources. This pool should be large and flexible enough to meet all the requirements of multiple clients. Many different customers (individuals, organizations or different departments within an organization) all use the same servers, storage or other computing resources. Rapid Elasticity computing has the ability to assign resources when tomers and remove them when they don't need h no This means that cloud they are in need by the cust them. The usage, capacity, and additional contract or penalty. Therefor urces up or down as their nee cost can be scaled up or down with e, Cloud customers can easily scale their use of reso! ds change. Measured Service principle. Users are charged ed on the pay-per-use riable and is based on e. Hence, the cost is val Cloud computing is bas for the resources that they ar the consumption of resources. 31 [210. MW. 13. Multi-tenancy me resource OF application We omers can share the Sal Multiple cust a only one server instance can ny, acy and secunty With thus, maintaining pr number of customers among 2 !ar Reliability of multiple redundant sites «s an approach being adopted f0 attain The use reliability. Cost Effectiveness Cloud adoption relieves the users of heavy investments in high pensive computing systems and the technical expertise performance complex and exi involved Security Cloud providers implement robust security measures to protect data, applications and infrastructures Efficient Resource Utilization The cloud computing arciwlecture ensures that resources are efficiently utilized Virtualization Physical fesources aré provisioned viftually, thus allowing users work accessitie from anywhere and at any ime Network Access Cloud allows resources and sennices to be accessed using any internet-ready devices lke smartphones tops laptops and so on High Performance arge Storage and high computing speciticatio” y™MANCE Computing environments. 1see Oe pr Necessity of Cloud Computing Let us consider an example of Mr. Rakesh who owns a small business company He has 25 employees in his company. To run the business, Mr. Rakesh needs : e@ = Furniture like Tables, Chairs etc. e@ Computers, Servers, Printers, UPS etc e Software, Services for Database @ Internet, Network to keep themselves connected and they need to be connected to their clients. @ — [Temployees to install, maintain the IT infrastructure and maintain the safety and security of data. Now, as the company grows, Mr. Rakesh needs to appoint more employees, more computers & servers, More space to accommodate people and data. Therfore, Mr. Rakesh needs a large setup of IT infrastructure and more space which will considerably result in spending a huge amount of money. To get rid of all these problems, the idea of cloud computing arose. d computing solutions for businesses include increased The advantages of clou' lity, productivity, less maintenance, and capacity, functionality, scalabil reduced cost. Moreover, cloud computing solutions are easily accessible from anywhere and at anytime with an internet connection. iS considered & necessity : Here are some key reasons why cloud computing i 1. Cost Efficiency . lows users to pay only for the resources they use, avoiding i infrastructure. the need for large upfront investments In hardware and infra {31 Cloud computing all7. i —_—_- Flexibility fe the ability to scale resources UP or down baseq m5 lows businesses to adapt quickly to Changing ant hardware investments or compiey Scalability and Cloud services provid demand. This scalability all without the need for signific requirements infrastructure changes. Accessibility With the help of cloud we can access any data, applications whenever ang whereever we want to, over the internet. Speed Cloud computing enables rapid provisioning of resources, reducing the time it takes to deploy applications and services. Data Security Cloud not only handles data storage rem 12. \otely but it also protects and recovers 1.8 T all crashed or loss data, so we don't have to worry about crashed or loss of Tr data, it gives you high security. Technical Support 1.8.1 C C Day to day issues related to server maintainance or installation of software/ hardware or whether it is renewal of license, all those factors are undertaken via cloud computing service providers. Data Backup and Loss Prevention Allyour data and assets are stored remotely and backed up on servers outside of your organization. If something goes wrong with your local system, eg. your computer breaks down, you won't lose any of your work. Automatic Software Updates Cloud applications update and refresh automatically, so you don't have to download and install anything, and afterward wait for your system to reboot. Collaboration and Remote Work Cloud services facilitate collaboration among distributed teams by providing 4 centralized platform for file storage, communication and project management. [32]10. Space Saving By Nature, the design of cloud saves Space. 41. Unlimited Storage Capacity Cloud service providers provide you with ample amount of storage capacity to store your data. You can expand your storage capacity whenever you require. 42. Improved Performance The database systems are parallelized, which allows the load to be balanced among the servers. 1.8 Traditional Computing Paradigms The traditional computing paradigms are the clusters and grid computing. 1.8.1 Cluster Computing Cluster Computing is a collection of computers that work together so that they act as a single entity. The connected computers execute operations all together thus creating the idea of a single system. The clusters are generally connected through Local Area Network (LAN). Therefore, Cluster computing refers to the process of sharing the computation task to multiple computers of the cluster. puting framework which helps in Cluster computing is a high performance com| ocessing speed solving more complex operations more efficiently with a faster pr‘ and better data integrity. fi 5 , isi Cluster networks eliminate a single point of failure by ensuring that if a node fails in @ network; a standby node takes over as shown in figure 1.21. [33]) © c a wi) - f (vii) Node1 Node2 Nodes Node 4 1.8. FIGURE 1.21 Disz Cluster computing gives a relatively inexpensive, unconventional to the large server w or mainframe computer solutions. many IT companies are implementing cluster computing to augment their scalability, availability, processing speed and resource management at economic prices. (ii) 1.8.1.1 Advantages of Cluster Computing Advantages are : (i (i) Cost Effectiveness Compared with the mainframe systems, cluster computing is considered to be much more cost-effective. (ii) High Performance 1.8.2 G ¢ The systems offer better and enhanced performance than that of mainframe computer networks. ‘ (ili) Easy to Manage Cluster computing is manageable and easy to implement. (iv) Scalable Re lesources can be added to the clusters accordingly. (34!ae oe ee (vy Expandability Cluster computing represents an opportunity for adding any number of additional resources and systems to the existing computing network. (vi) Availability Failure of any connected active node can be easily passed on to other active nodes on the server, ensuring high availability. (vil) Improved Flexibility In cluster computing, superior specifications can be upgraded and extended by adding newer nodes to the existing server. 1.8.1.2 Disadvantages of Cluster Computing Disadvantages are : (i) Problem in Finding Fault Itis very difficult to trace and locate faults. (i) Complexity There are a lot of issues associated with programming the network. (iil) More Space is Needed Infrastructure may increase as more servers are needed to manage and monitor. 1.8.2 Grid Computing Grid computing is defined as connected by networks that work together to accomplish a joint task. le machine to handle. a distributed architecture of multiple computers There tasks are compute-intensive and difficult for a singl Several machines on a network collaborate under a common lone. The overall grid protocol and work as a single virtual supercomputer to get complex tasks d architecture looks like a Single Computing Entity. [35]eE are located on loosely-coupleg by t grid computing computing resources je" ; se if : tr heterogeneous networks unlike in c) hically dispersed: distributed and geographically 7 comy it re 1.22. t as shown in figure puting Node 2 Node 3 Control Node/Server Node 4 FIGURE 1.22 Atypical grid computing network consists of three machine types : (i) Control node/server A control node is a node or server that administers the entire network and maintains the record for resources in a network pool. (ii) Provider/grid Node Agrid node is a computer that contributes its resources to the network resource pool. (ili) User The computer that uses the resources on the network. Grid computing operates by running Specialized software on every computer involved in the grid network. Fundamentally, the software segregates the main task int? sul i ibtasks and assigns the subtasks to each computer. This allows all the compute [961Se towork simultaneously on their respective suttasks. Upon completion of the suttasks, the outputs of all computers are aggregated to complete the larger main tao. 1.8.2.1 Advantages of Grid Computing some advantages of Grid Computing are The system with different operating systems and located anywhere can use grid computing using the heterogeneous nodes. The cost of installation and usage is zero and allows the concurrent () (ii) ' performance of tasks. (ii) It allows the consolidation of the power and capabilities of several low configuration systems into one. (iv) It ensures easy scaling of applications. (v) It guarantees optimal resource balancing. It supports parallel processing of programs and data Itdoes not deal with central servers but rather only the control node which will switch the nodes between the user and provider node based on the resources. (vi) (vii) (viii) It utilizes underused resources more adequately. 18.2.2 Disadvantages of Grid Computing Some disadvantages of Grid Computing are = (i) tis very complex. (i) The Control node can sometimes behave abnormally and pushes the entire network down. (i) As multiple computers in different places can be used, there will be licensing issues for the software. (iv) Grid computing is one of the evolution steps of cloud computing and it stil Needs some update. [37]1.9 Difference betwee ye n Cloud Computing and Tradition, mputin & and Tradi ional Computing are : Differences betwe' 1. 10. 2. > a 2 ‘en Cloud Computing Cloud Computing Less Cost It refers to delivery of different services through internet on different servers. It provides scalability and elasticity More user-friendly Cloud service is served by provider's support team. Itrequires fast, reliable and stable internet connection to access information Software is offered as an on- demand service. Users can access data or service anywhere at any time. Pay for use Backupis done at remote servers Traditional Computing 4. High Cost 2. It refers 0 delivery of different services on local server 3. Itdoesnot provide any scalability and elasticity. 4, Less user-friendly 5. Itrequires own team to maintain and monitor system that will need alot of time and efforts. 6. It does not require any interest connection to access information 7 Software is purchased individually for every user and requires to be updated periodically. 8. User can access data only on system in which data is stored. 9. Pay for Assets 10. Backup is done at local server. be 1.10 Dij i cere between Cloud Computing and Distributt Diff i ferences between Cloud Computing and Distributed Computing are : {3 ta,> Cloud Computing Distributed Computing Cloud computing refers to providing on demand IT resources/services like server, storage, database, networking, analytics, software etc. over internet Users from around the world can access the hosted services via the internet Numerous benefits come with cloud computing, such as cost effectiveness, adaptability, and dependability, scalable, global market access etc. Some drawbacks of cloud computing include less control, particularly in the case of public clouds with potential service limitations. Cleud computing provides services such as hardware, software, networking resources through internet. The goal of cloud computing is to provide on demand computing services over internet on pay per use model. The main components of cloud computing which serve its characteristics are : Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as & Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (laaS). Distributed computing refers to solve a problem over distributed autonomous computers and they communicate between them over a network. Several computers work together to produce a single result while communicating amongst devices. Distributed Computing offers benefits like adaptability, dependability, improved performance etc. Some disadvantages of distributed computing includes chances of failure of nodes, slow network may create problem in communication. Distributed computing helps to achieve computational tasks more faster than using a single computer as it takes a lot of time. The goal of distributed computing isto distribute a: single taskamong multiple computers and to solve it quickly. The management and working of the multiple devices are done by the components which are : the database, primary system controller, and system data store. [39eir Significance f . Th 1.11 Cloud Service Providers and a ide (CSP) is an (T company that provi fore i Acloud service provide ge, or applications ove, it ta stora: computing resources like computing power, dat internet. LILI Types of Cloud Servic Cloud Service Providers (CS' under three types of cloud service providers : (a) IssS (infrastructure as @ service) : laaS is on-demand access to cloud-hosted computing infrastructure-serve, storage capacity and networking resources configure and use in much the same way as they use on-| Some examples of laas cloud service providers are : ‘Amazon Web Services : Amazon Elastic Computer Cloud (EC2) e Providers Ps) offer a variety of services, but typically they, ~ that customers can provisior premises hardwar Microsoft Azure : Azure Virtual Machines Google Cloud Platform (GCP) : compute Engine IBM Cloud Alibaba Cloud : Alibaba Elastic Compute Service i 6. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (b) PaaS (Platform as a service) : i provides a cloud-based platform for developing, running, managint applications. The cloud services provider hosts, manages and maintains a the hardware and software included in the platform — servers, operatint system, storage, networking, databases, development tools etc. Some examples of PaaS cloud service Providers are : 1. Microsoft Azure Amazon Web Service (AWS) Elastic Beanstalk IBM Cloud Platform 25 3. Google App Engine 4. 5. Oracle Cloud Platform(See) ose (c) Saas (software as a Service) : Saas is on-d : demand -t0- use, cloud-hosted application satire and access to ready-to- Some examples of SaaS cloud service Providers are : 1. Microsoft Office 365 2. Google Workspaces 3 Dropbox 4 Salesforce 5. ServiceNow The cloud service providers host these services in a data center, and users can access these services through cloud provider companies using an Internet Connection Cloud services typically are priced using various pay-as-you-go subscription models. Customers are charged only for resources they consume, such as the amount of i'me a service is used or the storage capacity or virtual machines used. Cloud providers are also categorized by whether they deliver public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud or community cloud services. (a) Public Cloud : If the machines managed in the data center can be used and rented by anyone, we call it public cloud. General public can use it. (b) Private Cloud : If the machines stored in the data center are managed by a single company for it's own personal use, we call it private cloud. (c) Hybrid Cloud : Some companies setup the data centers for others as well as themselves. Most cloud platforms do that. We call it hybrid cloud. This is the most common. (4) Community Cloud : Let's say two or more companies did some partnership and data center can only be used by those companies, we call it community cloud. 1.11.2 How to Choose a Cloud Service Provider Factors to consider when Evaluating Cloud Service Providers are : Cost Cost is considered one of t he main reasons to adopt a cloud service platform. (41)‘bili (ii) Scalability and Flexibilly mputing needs may changg i row, their cloud co! ; As businesses evolve and gI rice over ha me Therefore, itis important to choose the right clout both scalability and flexibility. 7 Is and Features | . “me ssment of a provder’s features, including data managemen ‘An overall asse’ ensure it meets current and future IT and security features, |S important to needs. (iv) Compliance and Regulations ; Different industries and regions have unique requirements. Begins by identifying the specific regulations and compliance standards that apply to your business, Look for cloud service providers that hold relevant certifications and attestations. (v) Physical Location of the Servers Server location may be an important factor for sensitive data, which must meet data storage regulations (vi) Reliability Reliability is crucial if customers’ data must be accessible. (vii) Security and Data Protection Businesses must ensure that their data is safeguarded from any unauthorized access, data loss and other potential threats. (viii) Business Strategy An organisation’s business requirements should align with the offerings and technical capabilities of a potential cloud provider to meet both current and long term enterprise goals. (ix) Audit and Reporting Ensure that the provider offers robust audit as well as reporting capabilities. You should be able to track and verify compliance wit ° se, h your chosen regulations. (x) Customer Support and Service Level Agreements Whenever there are any technical i ; nical issues or service di i 4 effective customer support is very important. » Seruptons, promsa ——_— AR discuss Let us some key cloud service Providers and their signiticance 11.3 Amazon Web Services (AWS) AWS (Amazon Web Services) is a se Cul Amazon. r@ cloud service platform provided by amazon 8 webservices FIGURE 1.23 Some important features of AWS are : 1. AWS is scalable. 2. It is cost-effective. 3. It works on a pay-as-you-go pricing model. 4. It provides various flexible storage options. 5. It offers various security services. 6. It can efficiently manage and secure windows workloads. Significance of AWS : AWS is a pioneer and leader in the cloud computing industry. Its extensive suite of services covers computing power, storage databases, machine learning, analytics and more. AWS offers hundreds of services. Some key services are : 1. EC2 (Elastic Cempute Cloud) 2. $3 (Simple Storage Service) 3. Lambda, [43]Amazon DynamoDB. Virtual Private Cloud AWS Key Management Service. Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service) Simple Queue Service Simple Email Service © enone 1.11.4 Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Google cloud platform is a cloud service platform provided by Google. Google Cloud Platform FIGURE 1.24 Some features of Google Cloud are : 1. Google Cloud includes various big data services such as Google BigQuery. 2. It provides various services related to networking, including Google Virtual Private Cloud, Google Cloud Load Balancing ete. 3. Itis scalable, High-performance, ; ge, Data Processing and Machine learning (ML). It provides a free cloud Shell environment with Boost Mode[UU significance of GCP : goP ove ane of cloud services and products, emphasizing data analytics, machine learning and containerized applications. It leverages Google's infrastructure and expertise in these areas. some key services are : 1. Compute Engine : Virtual machines in the cloud. 2. App Engine : Platform as a Service (PaaS) for building scalable web applications. 3. Cloud Storage : Scalable object storage for unstructured data. 4, Cloud SQL : Fully managed relational database service. 5, Cloud Spanner : Globally distributed, horizontally scalable relational database. 6. Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) : Networking infrastructure for creating isolated virtual networks. 7. Cloud Load Balancing : Load balancing service for distributing traffic across instances and regions. 8. BigQuery : Serverless, fully managed data warehouse for analytics. 9 Al Platform : End-to-End platform for building training and deploying ML models. 10. Speech-to-text and Text-to-Speech : Speech recognition and synthesis capabilities. LILS Microsoft Azure Microsoft Azure is also known as Windows Az ure. It supports various operating [45]we fi frameworks that allow r ing languages, a lications through a Worldwigg systems, databases, progr age appl i ni professionals to easily build, deploy and mal Mw Microsoft Azure FIGURE 1.25 ul Some features of Microsoft Azure are : 1. It provides scalable. Itis flexible and cost effective. It allows developers to quickly manage applications and websites. It managed each resource individually. 27. wD It provides general-purpose virtual machine in different platforms such as Windows and Linux. 6. It offers a Content Delivery System (CDS) for delivering the images, videos, audios and applications. Significance of Microsoft Azure : Azure is Microsoft’s cloud platform, providing a comprehensive set of services for building, deploying and managing applications. It integrates seamlessly with Microsoft's other products and services. Some Key Services are : 1. Virtual Machines (VMs) : Allow you to create and run windows or Linux virtual machines in the cloud. 2. Azure App Services : Alle i ‘Ows easy creation, deployment and Scaling of web applications. [46]azure Cosmo DB : ° A fully managed serveress distributed database that Supports Postgresal MongoDB and Apache Cassandra. : 4, Azure Data Lake Storage : Designed for big data analytics workloads, 5, Azure DNS : Provide DNS hosting capabilities. 111.6 IBM Cloud IBM Cloud is an open source, faster and more reliable platform. i It is built with a suite of advanced data and Al tools. IBM Cloud FIGURE 1.26 Some features of IBM Cloud are : 1. |BM Cloud improves operational efficiency. Better speed. {t offers various cloud communication services to our environment. A OP {t offers infrastructure as a service (laaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), as Well as Software as a Service (SaaS) Significance of IBM Cloud : s i) a hybrid and multicloud platform, integrating services from infrastructure OA.Some Key services are : a ee coh) IBM Cloud Virtual servers : allows user to deploy and manage virtual Server, in the cloud IBM cloud object storage Watson Al services, IBM Kubernetes service. IBM Cloud Databases IBM Cloud Functions (Serverless Computing) IBM cloud internet services 1.11.7 Oracle Cloud fe. ~ Oracle Cloud platform is offered by the Oracle Corporation. It combines platform as a service, infrastructure as a service, Software as a Service, and Data as a Service with cloud infrastructure. ORACLE’ cLoup FIGURE 1.27 Some Features of Oracle Cloud are : 1. Itintegrates with other cloud service DevOps tools. Its infrastructure uses various lan Javascript. Oracle Cloud Provides various tools for build, integrate, monitor and secure the application. guages including, Java, Ruby, PHP, Providers like Docker, VMware and other (481er 4 It maximizes the value of IT investments. Itoffers customizable Virtual Cloud Netw: . jorks, Firewé securely support private networks. alls, and IP addresses to significance of Oracle Cloud : Oracle Cloud is known for its enterprise-grade cloud solutions, including databases, ications and infrastructure. It aims to provide a complete and integrated cl j stack for businesses. : cloud Some Key services are : Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) : Provides a range of computing, storage and networking services, along with features like load balancing and virtual machines instances. Oracle Autonomous Database : uses machine learning to automate database management tasks. Oracle Cloud Applications (SaaS) Oracle Cloud Platform (PaaS) Oracle Cloud infrastructure Container Engine for Kuberbetes. Oracle Cloud Security Services 1. ao PF © 1.11.8 VMware Cloud VMware Cloud is a software-Defined Data Cente Hybrid Cloud. It allows cloud providers to build a cloud services. r (SSDC) unified platform for the gile, flexible, efficient and robust | vmware FIGURE 1.28 [49]Some Features of vMwalt re are = -as-per-use model. . It works on he pay 257°" tecting the user's data start rol rovides better customer satisfaction by pl tp 2. i i e options. . — Itprovides flexible storag' cine poten ‘ ° ides a dedicated high-performance network for managing pplication 4. Itprovides ° traffic and also supports multicast networking. limit i id cost complexity. 5, _ Iteliminates the time an 6. It can easily create a new VMware Software-defined Data Center (SDDC) a RESTful API. cluster on AWS cloud by utilizing Significance of VMware : at specialize in virtualization, hybrid cloud and VMware offers cloud solutions th ue ent. Their services are designed to help businesses efficiently cloud managem manage and deploy applications across various environments. Some Key services are : 1. VMware cloud foundation 2. Anintegrated cloud infrastructure platform that combines compute virtualization (VMware vSphere), storage virtualization (VMware vSAN), and network virtualization (VMware NSX) into a unified stack. 3. VMware vSphere : A virtualization platform that enables the creation and management of virtual machines (VMs) on a variety of hardware systems. 4. VMware vSAN VMware NSX 6. VMware cloud on AWS : Ajointly engineered service that brit rings VMware's software-defi te (SDDC) to the AWS Cloud, pinedcatacen VMware Cloud Services : A suite of cloud -| i ud -based services that complement on-premises servicesyl Alibaba Cloud jipaba cloud is used to develop data man agemer ; computing services. mt and highly scalable cloud (-) Alibaba Cloud FIGURE 1.29 Some features of Alibaba Cloud are : yo FY NV Its services are available on a pay-as-per-use basis. It globally deals with its 14 data centers. It offers reliable data storage. It is scalable. Alibaba cloud offers a suite of global cloud computing services for both international customers and Alibaba Groups e-commerce ecosystems. Significance of Alibaba Cloud Al It bi libaba cloud is a leading cloud provider in Asia and has a growing global presence. offers a comprehensive suite of services with a focus on supporting e-commerce, ig data and artificial intelligence. Some Key Services are : 1. Qa fF 2 NV Elastic Compute Service (ECS) Object Storage Service (OSS) Alibaba Cloud Database Alibaba Cloud CDN (Content Delivery Network) Alibaba Cloud VPC (Virtual Private Cloud) Alibaba Cloud Server Load Balancer (SLB) [st]1.11.10 Red Hat tandard and desktop virtualization Plat, Red Hat virtualization is an open , a the Linux environment to Provide vay, pulal pOF chnical workstation, produced by Red Hat is very ed servers as well as tech ation, , 6 solutions for virtuallz —_————_! @ RedHat FIGURE 1.30 J infrastructur Some features of Red Hat are : 1 Red Hat cloud includes OpenShift, which is an app development platform» by Fr allows developers to access, modernize and deploy apps It supports up to 16 virtual machines, each having up to 256GB of RAM. ee 2 3 Itoffers better reliability, availability and serviceability. 4 It provides flexibility storage capabilities. 5 Red Hat provides secure, certified and updated container images via the Hat Container catalog 6 In the desktop environment, it includes many features like New on-scri keyboard etc. Significance of Red Hat Red Hat's OpenShift is a Container platform that facilitates the developme Ceployment and management of containerized applications. tt is built on Kubemé and emphasizes Open-source solutions. Some Key Services are: 1 Red Hat OpenShitt Container Plattorm 2 Red Hat Ansible Automation 3. Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)Red Hat virtualization Red Hat CloudForms Red Hat JBoss Middleware ptt pigitalOcean pigitalOcean 1S the unique cloud provider that offers computing services to the organizations. It is one of the best cloud providers that allows us to manage and deploy web applications DigitalOcean FIGURE 1.31 Some features of DigitalOcean are : 4. It uses the KVM hypervisor to allocate physical resources to the virtual servers. 2 Itprovides high-quality performance. 3. Itoffers a digital community platform that helps to answer queries and holding feedbacks. 4. — Itallows developers to use cloud servers to quickly create new virtual machines for their projects. 5. Itoffers one-click apps for droplets. These apps include MySQL, Docker, MongoDB, Wordpress, Ghost, Machine Learning etc. Significance of DigitalOcean DigitalOcean is a cloud service provider that has gained popularity, especially among developers and small to medium-sized businesses, due to its simplicity, ease of Use and cost-effectiveness. [53]Some Key Services are : (i) Droplets : Virtt iv rv wn as Droplets, are sca! lable compute in: | private servers, known as plets, abl instance, irtual privat 7 i: ert that can be quickly deployed and customized based on performang, requirements. (il) DigitalOcean App Platform = Itis a platform-as-a-service (PaaS) offering that simplifies the development scaling and management of web applications. (lil) DigitalOcean Spaces : Itis an object storage service. (iv) DigitalOcean Database : It provides managed database services for various databases; including PostgreSQL, MySQL, and Redis. (v) DigitalOcean VPC (Virtual Private Cloud) 1.11.12 Rackspace Rackspace offers cloud computing services such as hosti ing web icati Cloud Backup, 9 applications oot cloud block storage, Database and Cloud servers. The main aimtt lesignin, is i ; igning Rackspace is to easily manage Private and public cloud deployments Or ackspace . FIGURE 1.32som 5. e features of Rackspace are : Rackspace provides various tools that help Organizations to collaborat rate and communicate more effectively. We can access files that are stored on the Rackspace cloud drive, anywhi , anywhere, anytime using any device. It offers 6 globally data centers. It can manage both virtual servers and dedicated physical servers on the same network. It provides better performance at a lower cost. Significance of Rackspace Rackspace Technology is a leading managed cloud service provider known for its expertise in managing complex cloud environments. Some Key services are : Managed Hosting : Itoffers dedicated servers and infrastructure with a focus on reliability, security and performance. Managed Cloud services : Rackspace specializes in managing cloud environments, including public cloud platforms like AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud and others. Multi-Cloud Solutions : ifferent cloud Rackspace allows businesses to leverage services from di providers based on their specific needs. [55]1 14. 15. 16. ercise naged Security Services : Ma ed security services like threat detection, Rackspace provides manag tance. vulnerability management and ompliance assistal Hybrid Cloud Solutions Managed Database Services Define Computer Network. Explain various advantages of Computer Network. Explain various types of Computer Network Explain centralized Network Model. Explain Client-Server Network Model. Explain various types of Network Models. Explain Distributed System. Explain Concept of Scaling. Distinguish between Vertical Scaling and Horizontal Scaling. Explain the concept of Load Balancer. Explain various types of Appication Servers. Explain advantages and disadvantages of Distributed System. Define Cloud Computing. Explain the characteristics of Cloud Computing. Explain some key reasons why Cloud Computing is considered a necessity Explain advantages and disadvantages ot Cloud Computing. What do you mean by Cluster Computing.17. 19. 23. 24. Explain advantages and disadvantages Of Cluster Computing. What do you mean by Grid Computing. Explain advantages and disadvantages of Grid Computing, Distinguish between Cloud Computing and Traditional Computing, Distinguish between Cloud Computing and Distributed Computing. Explain various types of Cloud Service Providers. How to Choose a Cloud Service Provider. Explain any five Cloud Service Providers along with their significance. Q00 [57]