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Network Routing
Algorithms, Protocols, and
Architectures
Second Edition
Network Routing
Algorithms, Protocols, and
Architectures
Second Edition
Deep Medhi
Karthik Ramasamy
Morgan Kaufmann is an imprint of Elsevier
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
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the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted
herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes
in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information,
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products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-12-800737-2
CHAPTER 2 Routing Algorithms: Shortest Path, Widest Path, and Spanning Tree ........ 30
2.1 B ackg round . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2 Bellman-Ford Algorith m and the Di sta nce Vector A ppro ach . ..... . . . .... . . . 33
2.2.1 Centralized View: Bellman-Ford Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . 33
2.2 .2 Di stri buted View: A Distance Vector Approach . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 36
vii
....�
.. --------------------------------------------
VIII CONTENTS
5.5.2 Computing Composite Metric. .... ............ ... . ......... . ..... 172
5.6 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) . .. . . . ... .... . .. . . . .. 175
5.6.1 Packet Format.. . . .. . . .. . . .... . . . . . . ... .... . . . ... . .. ... . . . . .. .. 175
5.7 Route Redistribution 177
5.8 Summary .. . 179
Further Loo kup . . . . . . . . . 181
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 182
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER 11 Routing and Traffic Engineering in Software Defined Networks. . . . .. . . . ... 378
11.1 Software Defined Networks: An Over view . . ... . ... . ... . ..... . . 379
11.2 OpenFlow .. .... . . .... . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . .. . . ..... .. . ... . .. . . . .. . . 382
11.3 Rou tin g D ecisi on s . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ . . . . • . _ _ . . . .
. 386
11.4 Traffic Engineering for Aggregated Flow Rou tin g. . . . . . . _ . .
. 388
J 1.4.1 Aggregation at Origin-Dest.ination Level .......................... 388
11.4.2 Traffic Engineering for Mul t iple Se rvices . . . ... ........ .... .... . 389
1 1.4.3 Traffic Engi neeri ng in the Presence of Flow Table Limits .......... 390
1.1.4.4 Remark: Using Optimization Models in Practice 392
11.5 Flow Management Approaches ..................................... . 392
11.6 Summary ...... ............ . ..... ........ .... ..... 394
Furrher Lookup .. ..... .. . . . . .... . . . . .. .. .. ..... 394
Exercises. . ...... ....... . 394
CHAPTER 12 Routing and Traffic Engineering in Data Center Networks . .. ............. 396
12.1 Cloud Services and Data Center Applications 397
12.2 Data Center Network: A Simple Illustration.. 39 8
12.3 Data Center Network: RoutingfForwarding Requirements . . ..... . .. 400
12.4 Fat-Tree Data Center Topology ......................... . 401
12.4.1 Addressi ng...... ...... ... ... . ...... ... ... ............. .. 402
12.4.2 Routing Table ... . . . .... . ... .. .... ... ... 404
12.4.3 Routing Paths ........................................ 40 5
12.5 Portland Approach for the Fat-Tree To pology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 405
12.6 Multipath Ro ut ing and Traffic Engine ering for Fat-Tree Topology . . . . . . . . . . . 40 7
....�
.. --------------------------------------------
XIV CONTENTS
22.4.5 Control and Data Path Separallo n and Link Management Protocol , 756
22.5 MPLS Virtual Private Networks. . . . . ... . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . .. 758
22.5.1 BGPIMPLS IP V PN .......... ...... .. ..... ....... .. 758
22.5.2 Layer 2 VPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
22.6 Multicast VPN with MPLS . . . . . . .... . . 762
22.7 Summ ary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Further L ookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
CHAPTER 24 Routing in Optical Networks, Mu ltilayer Networks, and Overlay Networks . . . 786
24. 1 Optical Technology: Overview . .. . .. ..
. . . ..... . 787
24. 1 .1 SONET/SDH...... ............. ..... .. . . . . . . . . . 787
24. 1.2 OTN ............. .. ........... .. . .... ... .... . . ... ... 788
24.2 How Is Opt ical Routing Different? . . . . ..... . .. . ..... ... . 789
24.3 SONET/SDH and OTN Routing . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . ... 790
24.3.' Routing in a SONET Ring. . ... . . .. .... .. .. . . . . ..... ... . .. . .... 790
24.3.2 Routing in SONET/SDH or OTN Transport Cross-Connect Networks 792
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CONTENTS XXI
26.2 GSTN Call Routing Using Int ernet ........... . . ....... 868
26.2.1 Conceptual Requirement . . .. . . . . 868
. . . . . . . • . .
My involvement with computer networking started with TheoryNet (1977), an email system for theo-
retical computer scientists. Later (1981) I helped lead the CSNET (computer science network) project
which eventually connected most academic and many industrial computer research groups. In those
early days, our efforts were primarily focused on providing connectivity and being able to use ap-
plications such as email, ftp, and telnet. However, even in the simple (by today’s standards)
environment of the 1970s and early 1980s (Arpanet, CSNET, other experimental Internet networks),
getting routing “right” turned out to be quite challenging.
I was fortunate to be part of the NSFNET regional/backbone model development. This is when
I began to fully understand the significance of routing in a large-scale multi-domain network and, in
particular, the central role of policy issues in such a decentralized environment. As the Internet has
become global in scale and ubiquitous over the past decade, routing has become ever more important.
Packets must be forwarded efficiently from one end of the world to the other with minimal perception
of delay. This has required tremendous efforts on many fronts: how to evolve routing protocols for
large-scale loosely-coupled networking environments, how to engineer a network for efficient routing
from an operational point of view, how to do efficient packet processing at routers, and how to effec-
tively take into account the complexity of policy issues in the determination of routes. And while over
the past two decades there have been many exciting advances, much work remains to be done.
In parallel, we have seen tremendous advances in traditional telephony. The underlying telecommu-
nication system has changed from analog to digital and has incorporated the latest advances in optical
technologies and, more recently, voice over IP. Throughout these revolutionary changes, routing has
continued to play a critical role.
We are now at a crossroad. Various efforts are underway to determine a framework for next gener-
ation networks that allows seamless convergence of services and a platform to more easily create new
services. Among other things, this requires a fresh look at routing. To be successful, it is important that
we understand what has worked to date. To better understand the issues and complexities we should
look at this broadly, considering a variety of different network architectures, not just the for Internet.
For each such network architecture we can benefit from understanding its principles, protocols, algo-
rithms, and functions, with focus on routing. This will help give us perspective as we consider how to
design routing for the next-generation network.
In this regard, Deepankar Medhi and Karthikeyan Ramasamy’s book, Network Routing: Algo-
rithms, Protocols, and Architectures, is very timely. Departing from most other works, it is unique
in providing an in-depth understanding of routing in a wide variety of types of networks. It includes
extensive coverage of the evolution of routing over time. Particularly appealing is its in-depth coverage
across a spectrum of algorithmic, technical, experiential, and practical issues. In addition, the detailed
coverage of routers and switches is particularly valuable as it helps the reader to gain an understand-
ing of why different approaches and components are needed to address packet processing, especially
for scalability. In this regard, it is uniquely successful in drawing the important connection between
routing and routers.
xxv
XXVI FOREWORD (1ST EDITION)
Medhi and Ramasamy’s presentation is very clear and approachable, allowing a wide audience to
understand and gain an appreciation of network routing. I believe that it will become a core refer-
ence book on routing for router developers, network providers, students, and researchers, both today’s
practitioners and those who are interested in next generation routing.
Lawrence Landweber
Past John P. Morgridge Chair and Past Department Chairman,
Computer Science Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison
Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery
Recipient of IEEE Award on International Communication
Former President and Chair of the Board of Trustees, Internet Society
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