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SPIRITUALITY, RELIGION, AND EDUCATION
Daoist Cultivation of
Qi and Virtue for Life,
Wisdom, and Learning
Series Editors
Jing Lin
University of Maryland
College Park, MD, USA
Rebecca Oxford
Huntsville, AL, USA
Sachi Edwards
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, HI, USA
Edward J. Brantmeier
James Madison University
Harrisonburg, VA, USA
This series publishes books that examine fundamental questions of life,
touching on the meaning, purpose, and mission of education from
a variety of spiritual and religious perspectives. The series provides a
forum for scholars to explore how to engage learners spiritually and holis-
tically. It studies how spirituality, religion, and education intertwine
with the learning of wisdom, peacebuilding, cultural and interfaith dia-
logues, and the integration of learners’ body, mind, emotions, and spirit.
Commonalities and differences among spiritual and religious traditions
are explored alongside new developments from science that bridge the
spirit and the mind. The series especially pays attention to the educational
initiatives, outcomes, and programs that simultaneously engage the cogni-
tive, affective, and spiritual dimensions of both students and educators.
The world we live in focuses mostly on education for the intellect, thus
restricting our ability to explore and understand deeply the nature of the
cosmos and the meaning of our life. Although education is accessible to
more people than ever before in human history, the dominant paradigm
focuses solely on knowledge, skill, and material acquisition that neglects
the meaning and purpose of life. This creates a huge void in learners and
produces a huge number of people who are unhappy, unfulfilled, restless,
lost, or desperate. An education that distills and recovers wisdom from
spiritual and religious traditions can fill the void and help cultivate citizens
who have love, compassion, knowledge, and the capacities for enlightened
action. Books in the series address these age-old pursuits of inquiry, mean-
ing, purpose, growth, transformation, and change. To submit proposals to
the series for consideration please contact Jing Lin at [email protected].
Daoist Cultivation
of Qi and Virtue for
Life, Wisdom, and
Learning
Tom Culham Jing Lin
Beedle School of Business University of Maryland
Simon Fraser University College Park, MD, USA
Burnaby, BC, Canada
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither
the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
I dedicate this book to my Teachers of Life, to an upcoming movement that
will center on the cultivation of virtues and our life energy for good health,
longevity, and peace in the world and respect for Mother Nature. I also
dedicate the book to an exploration of our cosmic citizenship in the new eras
to come.
—Jing Lin
Now and then a book comes along that surprises you, puzzles you, delights
you, and energizes you to dream beyond where you are, and perhaps in a
way you have never done before—at least not in education. I have been a
reader in educational discourse for over 25 years, and this book is one of
these rare books. It urges us toward quantum re-thinking about educa-
tion, including the aims of education. Who would have thought of immor-
tality—one of the major notions in this book—as an educational project?
But if we take seriously the idea that all of life phenomena are intercon-
nected, and there is no end to life as there is no end to energy (qi in the
Daoist context) in this universe, then perhaps immortality is not as prepos-
terous as it may first seem. There is an undebatable logic to the immortal-
ity thesis: if the essence of life is qi (vital energy), and qi cannot be destroyed
(just as energy cannot be destroyed), then so are human beings as they
embody qi and are part of life. We are then essentially immortal. But not
statically immortal: we are constantly and dynamically changing, and the
art of living, from the Daoist viewpoint, is the art of change. As many of
you readers may know, there is the ancient Chinese text titled The Book of
Changes or I Ching. We are immortals who practice the art of changes.
How wonderful it would be if our school curriculum includes programs
and courses on the art of changes toward a better world!
It is one thing to be hit on the back of the head, as it were, by changes,
and another to enact changes, consciously and deliberately. The current
(2020) COVID-19 crisis attacked us seemingly out of nowhere and
pushed us into gargantuan systemic changes. It is safe to say that life after
vii
viii Foreword
COVID-19 will not be the same as life before COVID-19. Seeing how the
mighty financial empires in the world are convulsing under the viral spread
is a totally humbling experience. We are forced to make changes to the
way we see the world, treat the world, and live in the world. This is the
perfect context for appreciating the new book by Professors Lin and
Culham. For the time is now for making significant changes to ourselves
and how we live in our world.
Today, there is every sign that this civilization has reached its crisis
point. Daoist teachings, as explored in this book, emphasize cultivation of
vital life energy (qi) and virtues. What I am particularly appreciative about
the Daoist virtues is that they embody the feminine (yin) qualities, in con-
trast to the masculine (yang) qualities that have been dominating the
human civilizations for a few millennia. The results of this yang domina-
tion are a state of imbalance for the whole world, including human psyche.
We valorize strength, commanding, domination, achievement, accumula-
tion, winning, competition, progress, pride, knowledge, and so on. The
more is the better; the bigger is the better; the faster is the better; and so
on. The Daoist virtues valorize humility, compassion, gentleness, softness,
non-forcedness, nourishing and nurturing, servicing and resourcing, wis-
dom, and so on. These are feminine (yin) virtues. Seeing where we as a
civilization have ended up, namely being very destructive of and damaging
to the planet, and promulgating ills and inequity to human community, it
would indeed be wise to address the feminine–masculine, yin–yang, imbal-
ance by adopting the Daoist virtues and walking the path of compassion-
ate care and mutual flourishing. These are veritable educational aims
and goals.
As the authors of this book announce, “[t]he world we live in calls for
a new ontology, axiology, and epistemology that works to maintain the
order and functioning of the universe and human society” (Chapter 1).
The new they are calling for happens to be an old that has been with us
since ancient times: Daoist understanding and ways of life. It is just that
humanity has chosen, rather consistently, to go the other way, creating a
yang-imbalance that has gone too far into bloody, life-destroying violence,
domination, and exploitation. Cultural historian William Irwin Thompson
suggested that ancient China faced a forking point in their civilizational
history to go down the path of either feminine world-making of Daoism
or masculine world-making of Confucianism. The choice made two thou-
sand years ago reached this point in time today as we face the COVID-19
crisis that threatens to shut down the world as we know it. Perhaps, we are
Foreword ix
once again facing that forking point in history. Could we choose, this
time, to go on the path of feminine world-making? I am ready to join
Culham and Lin for the Daoist world-making.
The Daoist world-making does not start with the usual modus ope-
randi of doing something to the world, typically conquering, seizing, colo-
nizing, forcing, exploiting, controlling, and making profits. On the
contrary, it starts renouncing the modus operandi of colonialism and turn-
ing one’s attention inwardly, to the self. Self-examination, self-reflection,
and self-cultivation—these are the primary aims of Daoist educational
effort. Virtue, health, wellbeing, knowledge, and wisdom are not out
there; rather, they lie within, to be uncovered and discovered through
these practices. We welcome their emergence within ourselves and allow
them to transform our lives.
Daoist practice and philosophy valorizes alignment with Nature, and
the harmonization and unification of all of Nature with the nature of the
individual is central. In particular, for the Daoist, the self is a microcosm
of the entire universe, endowed with qi, “the energy and spirit that perme-
ates all existence and interconnect all existence” (Chap. 1). Infinite mys-
tery awaits students of Daoism to explore the depth of this energy and
spirit, and to cultivate their patterning and manifestation. Such cultivation
is synonymous with Daoist virtue education. As such, it is this cultivation
that can support the health and harmony promoting relationship that we
may have with every thing/being in Nature, including human beings.
Hence, at the foundational level, there need not be separate civic educa-
tion, mindfulness education, empathy and social-emotional learning, eco-
logical/environmental education, or any other branches and sub-branches
of education that currently bulge and overwhelm school curricula. These
fragmented bits and pieces of learning end up competing against each
other for space, time, and attention. Daoist education supports the roots
and the very soil that holds and nourishes the tree (of Life). Daoist prac-
tice is the transformation of all that might impede the interconnection and
interbeing of all things.
Another point that I wish to make in support of this book: the Daoist
penchant for impartial observation of all phenomenon is a point of inter-
section with Modern Western Science since they both emphasize observa-
tion. At the same time, the Daoist thought takes its departure from the
latter since the latter, for the most part, precludes spirit as a subject of
inquiry. In this book, Daoist openness to all phenomena invites contem-
porary science to observe spirit as an observable phenomenon. This
x Foreword
I am grateful for the great teachers in Daoism and spiritual teachers around
the world. I am grateful for the time we live in where the once secret texts
are made available. I am most grateful for having the opportunity to
embody and experience the teaching of Dao in the Daoist texts, rendering
the study of the perennial wisdom an integral living, being experience.
I thank my family members who have always loved me, my students who
have given me a lot of inspirations, my colleagues and friends who have
supported me in many different ways, and finally all the energies that have
supported me and nourished me.
— Jing Lin
Thank you to all the teachers who helped me along the way. I am grateful
to you for your presence in my life. May you be an example to others on
the path.
— Tom Culham
We are grateful to Heesoon Bai for writing the Foreword to this book. We
are grateful to Heesoon Bai and Jack Miller for the time they took to
review our draft and provide their thoughts and insightful suggestions.
This was an important contribution to our work.
— Tom Culham and Jing Lin
xi
Praise for Daoist Cultivation of Qi and Virtue for
Life, Wisdom, and Learning
“In this book, Tom Culham and Jing Lin bring their deep understanding of
Daoism to explain how qi and virtues are central to living a healthy and fulfilling
life. Their scholarship and wisdom are evident throughout this book. In the last
section they explore how Daoist principles can be applied to education. Education
needs a new story that can address the problems we face today including climate
change. Daoism, which is rooted in nature, can help in shaping a new story.
Culham and Lin’s book helps us in this important work.”
—Jack Miller, Professor, University of Toronto, Canadato
“The book is a very interesting and insightful take on the Dao that can help
Westerners understand Eastern thinking in new ways. The more holistic, systems-
based approach embedded in Daoist thinking is much needed in Western
approaches to societies and to the Earth itself.”
—Sandra Waddock, Galligan Chair of Strategy, Carroll School
Scholar of Corporate Responsibility, and
Professor of Management, Boston College, USA
“This well-researched volume looks at the application of Daoist thinking and prac-
tice to contemporary education from two unique perspectives. Jing Lin draws on
personal experience and quality research in focusing on the importance of qi and
the cultivation of values. Tom Culham utilizes a comparative approach, looking at
these issues from western, scholarly understandings and practical application.
Together they show how Daoist practice and virtue cultivation can help foster
individual wisdom and goodness for the whole world.”
—Ramdaas Lamb, Professor of Religion, University of Hawaii, USA
“The dynamic interplay between spiritual and scientific ways of knowing, between
scripts and rituals/practices, and between time and space, are nicely covered in this
book. Jing Lin, grounded in years of Daoist practices, provides a rigorous reading
and knowledgeable understanding of the classic Daoist texts, while Tom Culham,
equally grounded, examines Daoism through the lens of Western philosophies,
reasons, science, and research. Finally, the authors share pioneering insights on
how Daoism might inform contemporary educational practices. It was really a joy
to read this exciting book, and I would highly recommend it!.”
—Xiaoan Li, Senior Program Officer, Fetzer Institute, USA
Contents
xvii
xviii Contents
Index201
List of Tables
xix
CHAPTER 1
Many problems we have in our world today are based on a narrow vision
about life that attends to the short term, the self only, or for our family or
community only. People are driven by selfish desires and take power and
wealth as indicators of our life’s worth. The intellect and mind are given
priority above all other ways of knowing cutting us off from our origins
and the richness of our humanity. We see people, nature, and the cosmos
as separate. Nature is seen as a resource, where possession of a large quan-
tity of material things is perceived to give us power and value. Virtues are
taken as moral options, wherein as long as we do not violate laws we can
do what we want to benefit ourselves. The consequences of this perspec-
tive are all around us. Degradation of the environment, interpersonal and
global conflicts, excessive levels of stress and over medication, and unhap-
piness despite wealth accumulation are strikingly prevalent around
the world.
The world we live in calls for a new ontology, axiology, and epistemol-
ogy that works to maintain the order and functioning of the universe and
human society. Virtues in Daoism are not simply moral rhetoric, but are
vital for understanding the mechanism sustaining the cosmos; they are
vital for the individuals’ cultivation of good health, longevity, personal
success, and achievement of immortality. At the collective level, virtues
enable the structuring of a society working for the common good through
which everyone gives up something and also gains something.
Individually, Daoist cultivation of qi and virtues is deemed as technol-
ogy for knowing the self and the universe. Qi is the energy and spirit that
permeates all existence and interconnect all existence; virtue is the mecha-
nism for qi in everything and in every being to resonate and collaborate
with each other. There are subtle energy networks on earth and in the
cosmos that sustain each other, including the constellations, the stars, and
the life system on earth. Because qi is subtle and invisible to the naked
eyes, it takes opening our inner vision and elevating the capacities of our
body’s sensory system; and this requires reducing the distractions in our
life and turning inward to experience this subtle and yet powerful informa-
tion/energy in all existence. Therefore, while everything is moving and
vibrating, achieving a deep level of tranquillity is essential. Daoism holds
that through cultivating tranquillity we become returned to our root,
Dao, which is the primordial energy among all existence. Tranquillity is
obtained not just in tuning or shutting down the sensors and sitting qui-
etly; most importantly it is to contain our desires and to expand our reso-
nance with other existence by doing good and virtuous deeds. In Daoism,
virtues are methods which harmonize, regulate, attract, or dispense qi. Qi
flows to those who nurture life and serve others, who are humble and soft,
as Laozi posits in Dao De Jing. Virtuous deeds accumulate qi and those
who want to have good health and attain immortality must have accumu-
lated a lot of virtues hence a vast amount of qi. Qi can be built up in the
body for good health, career success, and longevity, and be refined to give
birth to the “inner child”, or spiritual child, who is one’s Immortal Self.
The pathway to Dao is an intensive process of meditation and aligning
one’s body, heart, mind, and spirit with virtues. The Daoist cultivation
gives practitioners direct experience knowing qi and how it works in the
cosmos as well as in one’s daily life. This has a great implication for our
world today. We want the best for ourselves and our families; we want
good health and career success; if possible, we would give everything to
achieve immortality. We also want the ecological system to be healthy and
sustainable, and the world to have peace, but we are reluctant to let go of
old habits and change ourselves. A deep understanding of the relationship
between qi and virtues in Daoist cultivation urges us to take doing virtu-
ous deeds as following the natural laws of the universe, and the mutual
cultivation of qi and virtues as technologies which we can practice and
master to achieve our goals.
1 INTRODUCTION: WHY THIS BOOK IS RELEVANT AND CRITICAL TODAY 3
Daoist approach was not as concerned about whether their basic ideas
were 100% accurate, rather they are more interested in refining and trans-
forming themselves “to attain full integration with life’s deepest realities”
(Kirkland, 2004, p.75). They hold that this is achieved through direct
perception of the truth enabled by personal contemplative practices
accompanied by living a virtuous life (Culham, 2013).
Tom begins Part II with the examples of virtues such as prudence, tem-
perance, gratitude, and honesty because it’s possible to suggest a relation-
ship between a virtue and an outcome. That is, if one is virtuous there is a
good outcome. The ancient Greeks and Chinese proposed a much broader
definition of virtue than our current understanding, and the ancient Daoist
Chinese held that there was a direct cause and effect engaged through life
energy known as qi when one practised any kind of virtue, whether it be
physical, emotional, mental, or spiritual. In Part II, Tom examines Daoism
and its associated contemplative practices which perceive the Good as a
phenomenon just like sunlight or gravity and the implications this has for
thinking, behaviour and how we might see the world and our place in it.
Tom incorporates contemporary scholarship to understand cultivation
of qi and virtues. He brings in philosophy, and contemporary science in a
number of fields to build a bridge to Daoist notions and practices. Positing
cultivation of virtue and qi as a technology, Tom facilitates an understand-
ing of qi and virtues in the context of people having a given innate nature.
Tom brings in western perspectives and current scholarship to build a
bridge for people who have little knowledge about the notion of qi. He
lays out detailed arguments in Daoism that cultivating virtue impacts the
physical, emotional, mental, social, and spiritual aspects of life.
Tom begins by briefly comparing Daoist philosophy and western
enlightenment philosophies and takes a shallow dive into key Daoist con-
cepts of virtue, and qi, followed by a sketch of the Daoist technology for
cultivating virtue and an outline of the claimed benefits of cultivating vir-
tue. Next, current western understanding of the brain and the limits of
and societal consequences of western emphasis on left brain conscious-
ness, which is thought according to neuroscientists to be judgemental,
time bound, linear, and constrained by accepted knowledge. An argument
is made that Asian practices such as Daoist contemplative practices may
balance the leftbrain orientation with the emergence into awareness of the
open, inclusive, holistic, and empathetic right brain consciousness.
Tom considers Daoism through successive steps starting with the body
as the foundation through all aspects of being to spirit. With training, qi
8 T. CULHAM AND J. LIN
can not only be sensed physically but can be very helpful to one’s health,
wisdom, spiritual growth, and service for the community. He discusses qi
as subtle yet also powerful energy in us and in nature, using our emotions
and examples such as humans harnessing the energy in matter (waterfall,
electricity) to better our life. Rather than building a structure like a dam
to generate electricity from falling water, in Daoist technology one must
put oneself personally in alignment with the underlying patterns and life
energy (qi) inherent in nature through a process of inner work and
self-cultivation.
P ERVENCHE .—Si cette plante nous est chère, ce n’est pas la faute
à Voltaire, comme disait Béranger, il y a quelque trente ans; mais
nous devons convenir que c’est un peu la faute de Rousseau. La
pervenche était, en effet, la fleur de prédilection du philosophe de
Genève, auquel elle rappelait quelques jours heureux de sa
jeunesse. On en a fait depuis le symbole du premier amour. C’est,
en réalité, une petite fleur modeste, d’une inocuité parfaite. On en
cultive deux espèces: la grande, dont la fleur, qui s’épanouit en
mai, est d’un bleu d’azur, et la petite, qui est d’un rouge vif.—Terre
franche, peu d’eau.—Multiplication par rejetons et par graines.
P HLO M IS .—Plante
vivace qui fleurit en août. Ses fleurs, d’un
rouge violacé, sont peu remarquables; mais cela fait nombre et
jette de la variété dans un parterre. Les racines de cette plante
sont bulbeuses, et on la multiplie par la séparation de ses bulbes,
qu’on opère au mois d’avril, et qui doivent être replantées aussitôt.
P IED- D’ALO UETTE. —Plante annuelle, dont les fleurs en épi offrent
toutes les variétés de couleurs imaginables. Rien de plus joli au
mois de juin et de juillet qu’une bordure de pied-d’alouette; il n’est
pas de fleur qui ajoute autant à la beauté d’un parterre, surtout
lorsque les graines ayant été recueillies avec soin, on a pu
mélanger les couleurs.—Terre franche mélangée de terreau;
arrosements fréquents et peu abondants.—Multiplication par
graines semées fin mars.
On cultive une autre espèce de pied-d’alouette, dont la tige est
plus élevée que celle dont nous venons de parler, et dont les fleurs
sont plus grandes. Cette dernière est vivace et peut se multiplier
par éclats de racines, séparés en octobre.
P IM ENT .—Ce n’est pas pour ses fleurs qu’on cultive cette plante
annuelle, mais pour ses fruits, qui sont au mois d’août gros comme
des œufs de poule, et d’un beau rouge éclatant, et qui font un très-
bel effet au milieu des fleurs qui s’épanouissent dans le cours de ce
mois. Ce fruit a d’ailleurs l’avantage de pouvoir être employé en
cuisine. Il est plus ardent que le poivre, dont il a, en partie, la
saveur et les propriétés. Sa culture, d’ailleurs, demande peu de
soins. On le sème, au printemps, en terre franche mêlée de
terreau, exposition du midi; peu ou point d’eau.
P O DO P HIL L E .—Les
fleurs de cette plante, à racines fibreuses,
s’épanouissent en mai; elles sont blanches et présentent la forme
d’un bouclier.—Terre franche; arrosements modérés.—Multiplication
par rejetons ou par graines semées en mars.
REINE- M ARGU ERITE. —Les fleurs de cette plante, que l’on nomme
aussi Aster de la Chine, rivalisent de beauté avec celles du dahlia,
et ses variétés ne sont pas moins nombreuses. Elles s’épanouissent
en juillet, et l’on en fait de brillantes collections qui offrent un
aspect charmant. La culture en est excessivement facile.—Terre
franche.—Multiplication par graines semées en avril. La meilleure
graine est celle que la tige-mère porte à son extrémité; si on la
garde un an avant de la semer, la fleur n’en est que plus belle.
Il y a un grand nombre d’espèces d’asters; les plus
remarquables après la reine-marguerite sont: l’œillet-de-christ, le
soyeux, le géant et le denté. Ces quatre espèces peuvent se
multiplier par éclats de racines séparées en octobre.
RENO NCU L E .—C’est encore une des plus belles fleurs qui se
puissent voir. Les faiseurs de collections en comptent près de six
cents variétés qui réunissent toutes les couleurs et toutes les
nuances connues, toutes... excepté le bleu. Certes, nous sommes
loin du temps où les oignons de tulipes se cotaient à la banque
d’Amsterdam et atteignaient des prix fabuleux. Cependant il est
certain qu’un horticulteur qui serait assez heureux pour obtenir une
renoncule bleue pourrait faire une rapide et brillante fortune. Quoi
d’extraordinaire? N’avons-nous pas vu, il y a quelques années, la
graine d’une certaine espèce de chou se vendre, rue de Richelieu, à
Paris, cinq francs l’une... oui, cinq francs une seule graine, ce qui
portait le produit d’un seul chou à cinquante ou soixante mille
francs! L’industriel qui possédait ces graines en vendit pour un
demi-million en six mois. Ce prodigieux résultat bouleversa l’esprit
de ce malheureux; il devint fou et se fit sauter la cervelle.
Donc il n’existe pas de renoncules bleues, mais il en peut naître
une, et c’est là le plus cher espoir de tous les amateurs qui
cultivent exclusivement cette jolie fleur. Au reste, cette culture est
des plus faciles. La graine, que l’on récolte en octobre, doit être
gardée dans un lieu sec pendant un an et même deux ans. On la
sème en automne sur une terre franche, puis on la recouvre d’une
légère couche de terreau et l’on arrose fréquemment. Mais on ne
multiplie les renoncules par graines que pour obtenir de
nombreuses et nouvelles variétés. Lorsqu’on veut s’en tenir à la
collection qu’on possède, il est plus simple de les multiplier par la
séparation des griffes, qu’on replante aussitôt, ou l’année suivante.
Dans ce cas, les couleurs de la fleur sont plus vives. Les renoncules
fleurissent en juin; la séparation des griffes se fait vers la fin de
juillet.
SO L DANEL L E .—C’est
une petite plante des Alpes qui réunit deux
avantages: elle est vivace et fleurit en mars, c’est-à-dire à l’époque
où la terre est encore presque nue. Ses fleurs, rouges ou blanches,
selon la variété, sont d’un effet très-agréable bien qu’elles soient
petites. N’est-il pas naturel de se sentir quelque préférence pour
ces pauvres petites fleurettes que font éclore les premiers rayons
du doux soleil de printemps, et qui viennent les premières égayer
nos regards et nous annoncer une vie nouvelle, au risque d’être
anéanties avant le temps par le terrible vent du nord, qui se fait
encore si fréquemment sentir à cette époque?... De grâce,
Mesdames, ayez un peu de pitié pour ces petites audacieuses;
donnez-leur une terre légère mêlée d’un peu de terreau; placez-les
à l’exposition du midi, afin que le soleil qu’elles aiment les vivifie, et
recueillez leur graine en avril ou mai pour la semer en octobre, en
pots, afin de pouvoir les rentrer pendant les plus grands froids. Les
soldanelles peuvent aussi se multiplier par éclats de racines.
SO WERBÉE .—Jolie
plante dont la tige ressemble à un jonc, et
dont les fleurs, en bouquets, d’un beau rouge pourpre,
s’épanouissent en mai.—Terre de bruyère, arrosements modérés.
En pots, afin de pouvoir être rentrée l’hiver.—Multiplication par
graines.
TRACHÉL IE .—En août, jolies petites fleurs, d’un beau bleu, qui
sont d’un effet très-agréable dans un parterre. Plante vivace, qui
redoute le froid.—Terre de bruyère pure, très-peu d’eau.—
Multiplication par graines, semées fin septembre, sur capot et sous
cloche, ou par boutures, traitées de la même manière.
TRIL L IE .—Plante
à racines fibreuses, qui fleurit en avril. Ses
fleurs, d’un rouge foncé, sont peu remarquables.—Terre légère.—
Multiplication par éclats de racines, en automne, ou par graines, en
juin.
TU L IP E .—Il
y a encore des amateurs qui poussent jusqu’au
fanatisme l’amour de cette belle fleur, ainsi que nous l’avons dit
ailleurs.
Au mois de septembre, on plante les oignons ou les caïeux,
dans une terre franche, mélangée d’un peu de terreau, et bien
ameublie, à la profondeur de sept à huit centimètres, et à quinze
centimètres de distance les uns des autres. On arrose modérément.
La fleur paraît en avril, et il faut alors, autant que possible, la
garantir du soleil. Lorsque la fleur est passée, et que la tige
commence à se fléchir, on arrache les oignons, que l’on nettoie
avec soin; on en sépare les caïeux, et on les garde dans un endroit
sec pour les replanter au mois de septembre suivant.
V
VALAIRE .—En mai, fleur d’un rouge foncé, inodores et peu
remarquables.—Terre de bruyère.—En serre l’hiver.—Multiplication
par graines et par éclats de racines.
CTE FŒLIX.