Republic of the Philippines

ZAMBOANGA STATE COLLEGE OF MARINE SCIENCES

ANDTECHNOLOGY
Fort Pilar, Zamboanga City
Tel No.: (062) 991-0643 Telefax: (062) 991-0777 website: http://www.zscmst.edu.ph

Module for
PM 212B(Research and Statistics)

Prepared by

MARLON R. OMATANG, MAEd

Associate Professor 2

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AND LIBERAL ARTS

Math Department

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 Module 6:
Nonparametric Tests : Chi-Square Test

CONTENT :
 Nonparametric Tests
 Chi-square test of goodness - of - fit
 Chi-square test of independence

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
1. Explain and illustrate what, when, and how to use nonparametric tests
2. Explain and illustrate what, when, and how to use Chi-square test of
goodness - of - fit.
3. Formulate the hypothesis of the problems on Chi-square test of goodness - of
- fit.
4. Analyze and solve problems on Chi-square test of goodness - of - fit.
5. Use SPSS or Excel to conduct statistical analysis
6. Demonstrate their ability to interpret statistical outputs for decisions
Introduction

In statistics, nonparametric tests are methods of statistical analysis that do not

require a distribution to meet the required assumptions to be analyzed (especially if the
data is not normally distributed). Due to this reason, they are sometimes referred to as
distribution-free tests. Nonparametric tests serve as an alternative to parametric tests
such as T-test or ANOVA that can be employed only if the underlying data satisfies
certain criteria and assumptions.

Lecture Proper: 1. Nonparametric Tests

Nonparametric tests are commonly used when the data is not normally distributed. These tests
are considered to be a type of transformation because they are mostly equivalent to their
parametric counterparts, except that the data has been converted to ranks (1, 2, 3, …) from the
lowest to the highest value. However, when the data undergoes rank transformation, important
information such as the variance of the data points is lost. This makes a strong assumption that
the are
What datanonparametric
points are meaningfully
tests ordered, even if they are actually close to one another and do
not
 have much variation.
Nonparametric Non-parametric
tests are tests that do nottests are also
require not compatible
a normal distribution.with the reporting of
means and variances,
 Utilize but this
both nominal and can be substituted
ordinal data. with the reporting of medians.

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When can we say that the data/distribution is not normal?
 When the value of skewness is either positive or negative.
 If the x is greater than the median, it is positive and if x is lesser than the median, it is
negative.
Page PAGE 9 of NUMPAGES 10 PM 2121B ( Research and Statistics),
Lecture Proper 2. Chi-square test of goodness - of- fit

The Chi-square goodness of fit test is a statistical hypothesis test used to determine
whether a variable is likely to come from a specified distribution or not. Test of difference
between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies.

When can we use the test?

You can use the test when ratio is employed.

How do we use the test of goodness of fit ?

Formula:
2
(O−E)
x
2
= ∑ E
Where:
2
x = the chi-square test
O = observed frequencies
E = expected frequencies

Example #1:

The theory of Mendel regarding crossing of peas is in the ratio of 9:3:3:1, meaning 9 parts are
smooth yellow, 3 parts smooth green, 3 parts wrinkled yellow and 1 part wrinkled green. The
researcher conducted an experiment and the result was that out of 560 peas, 310 were smooth
yellow, 100 were wrinkled yellow, 110 were smooth green and 40 were wrinkled green. Is there

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a significant difference between the observed and the expected? Use x 2 - test at 0.05 level of
significance.

Solution:
(1) Problem: Is there a significant difference between the observed (actual experiment) and the
expected (theory) frequencies?

(2) Hypotheses:
HO: There is no significant difference between the observed (actual experiment) and the
expected (theory) frequencies
H1: There is a significant difference between the observed (actual experiment) and the
expected (theory) frequencies.

(3) Level of Significance:

a = 0.05
df = 4 - 1 = 3
Tabular value of x 20.05 = 7.815 (see appendix 1)

(4) Statistics:
2
x - test of goodness - of - fit

Computation:
Attribute Ratio (actual (theory)
2
s results) Expected (O−E)
Observed Frequencies E
Frequencies
2
Smooth 9 310 315 (9 x 35 (310−315) .079
Yellow = 315) 315
2
Wrinkled 3 100 105 (3 x 35 (100−105) .238
Yellow = 105) 105
2
Smooth 3 110 105 (3 x 35 (110−105) .238
Green = 105) 105
2
Wrinkled 1 40 35 (1 x 35 = ( 40−35) .714
Green 35) 35
2
Total 16 560 560 (O−E)
x 2= ∑ = 1.269
E

560
= 35
16

2
(O−E)
x
2
= ∑ E = 1.269

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 (5) Decision Rule:

If the x 2 computed value is greater than the x 2 tabular value, reject Ho

(6) Conclusion:

The x 2 computed value of 1.269 is lesser than the x 2 tabular value of 7.815 at 0.05
level of significance with 3 degrees of freedom, so the null hypothesis is accepted. This
means that there is no significant difference between the observed (actual experiment) and the
expected (theory) frequencies. In other words, the theory of Mendel holds true because the value
of x 2 - test did not warrant the rejection of the null hypothesis.

Lecture Proper 3. Chi-square test of Independence

What is the Chi-square test of Independence?

The test of independence is different from the test of homogeneity. The sample used in this test
consist of members randomly drawn from the same population. This test used to look into
whether the measures taken on the two - criterion variables are either independent or associated
with one in a given population using such variables as level of education and income,
performance in class and IQ, etc.

When do we use Chi-square test of Independence?

The chi-square test of independence is used when we try to find out if there is a significant
relationship between two variables.

How do we use the Chi-square test of Independence?

The calculation of this test is similar to the test of goodness-of-fit and the test of homogeneity.
The formula is
2
(O−E)
x
2
= ∑ E
Where:
2
x = the chi-square test

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 O = observed frequencies
E = expected frequencies

Example #2:
Ninety individuals, male and female, were given a test in psychomotor skills and their scores
were classified into high and law. Use the x2 test of independence at 0.05 level of significance.
The table is shown below.
Score
Sex High Low Total
O E O E
Male 18 28 46
Female 32 12 44
Total 50 40 90
Solution:
(1) Problem: Is there a significant relationship between sex and scores in psychomotor skill ?

(2) Hypotheses:
HO: There is no significant relationship between sex and scores in psychomotor skill.
H1: There is a significant relationship between sex and scores in psychomotor skill.

(3) Level of Significance:

a = 0.05
df = (2 - 1)(2 -1) = 1
Tabular value of x 20.05 = 3.841
(4) Statistics:
2
x - test of independence
Computation:
Score
Sex High Low Total
O E O E
Male 18 25.56 28 20.44 46
50x46/90 = 25.56 40x46/90 = 20.44

Female 32 24.44 12 19.56 44

50x44/90 = 24.44 40x44/90 = 19.56

Total 50 40 90

2 2 2 2 2
(O−E) (18−25.56) (32−24.44) (28−20.44) (12−19.56)
x
2
= ∑ E = 25.56
+ 24.44
+ 20.44
+ 19.56

= 10.292
(5) Decision Rule: Reject the null hypothesis.
(6) Conclusion:

The x2 computed value of 10.292 is greater than the x2 tabular value of 3.841 at 0.05 level
of significance with one degree of freedom. The null hypothesis of no relationship is rejected,
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which means that a significant relationship exists between sex and scores in psychomotor skill.
It implies that the female high scores are more in psychomotor skills than their male counterpart.

Appendix 1: Tabular value of x 2

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Books:
1. Angeles, Ma. Felisa and et al., Simplified Approach To Statistics, 2005
2. Bluman, Allan G., Elementary Statistics Step-by-Step Approach, 2008
3. Berenson, Mark L. and et el., Business Statistics Concepts and Applications, Eight Edition,
2002

Links :
1. http://www.ttable.org/chi-square-table.html
2. https://www.statisticssolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/7.jpg

1. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability/inference-categorical-data-chi-square-tests/
chi-square-goodness-of-fit-tests/v/pearson-s-chi-square-test-goodness-of-fit

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3o_hjWKgQw

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CFIZ7YtGWI

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