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Contents vii
8 Series-Parallel Circuits
Key Terms 165
Learning Outcomes 165
8-1 Series-Parallel Resistors 166
8-2 Equivalent-Circuit Method 167
8-3 Kirchhoff’s Laws Method 171
8-4 Voltage-Divider Principle 173
8-5 Voltage Dividers 175
8-6 Current-Divider Principle 181
8-7 Cells in Series-Parallel 184
8-8 Troubleshooting 186
Summary 188
Problems 188
Review Questions 196
Integrate the Concepts 197
Practice Quiz 198
9 Resistance Networks
Key Terms 201
Learning Outcomes 201
9-1 Network Equations from Kirchhoff’s Laws 202
9-2 Constant-Voltage Sources 202
9-3 Constant-Current Sources 204
9-4 Source Conversion 206
9-5 Kirchhoff’s Voltage-Law Equations: Loop Procedure 208
9-6 Networks with More Than One Voltage Source 214
9-7 Loop Equations in Multisource Networks 216
9-8 Mesh Analysis 222
9-9 Kirchhoff’s Current-Law Equations 228
9-10 Nodal Analysis 231
9-11 The Superposition Theorem 237
Summary 242
Problems 242
Review Questions 252
Integrate the Concepts 254
Practice Quiz 255
Contents ix
10 Equivalent-Circuit Theorems
Key Terms 259
Learning Outcomes 259
10-1 Thévenin’s Theorem 260
10-2 Norton’s Theorem 268
10-3 Dependent Sources 271
10-4 Delta-Wye Transformation 278
10-5 Troubleshooting 283
Summary 284
Problems 284
Review Questions 291
Integrate the Concepts 292
Practice Quiz 292
11 Electrical Measurement
Key Terms 295
Learning Outcomes 295
11-1 Moving-Coil Meters 296
11-2 The Ammeter 297
11-3 The Voltmeter 300
11-4 Voltmeter Loading Effect 302
11-5 Resistance Measurement 304
11-6 The Electrodynamometer Movement 311
11-7 Multimeters 312
Summary 315
Problems 315
Review Questions 318
Integrate the Concepts 319
Practice Quiz 320
PART III C
apacitance and
Inductance
12 Capacitance
Key Terms 323
Learning Outcomes 323
12-1 Electric Fields 324
12-2 Dielectrics 327
12-3 Capacitance 328
12-4 Capacitors 330
12-5 Factors Governing Capacitance 333
12-6 Dielectric Constant 336
12-7 Capacitors in Parallel 338
x Contents
13 Capacitance in DC Circuits
Key Terms 349
Learning Outcomes 349
13-1 Charging a Capacitor 350
13-2 Rate of Change of Voltage 352
13-3 Time Constant 354
13-4 Graphical Solution for Capacitor Voltage 356
13-5 Discharging a Capacitor 357
13-6 Algebraic Solution for Capacitor Voltage 362
13-7 Transient Response 366
13-8 Energy Stored by a Capacitor 370
13-9 Characteristics of Capacitive DC Circuits 372
13-10 Troubleshooting 375
Summary 376
Problems 376
Review Questions 382
Integrate the Concepts 385
Practice Quiz 385
14 Magnetism
Key Terms 389
Learning Outcomes 389
14-1 Magnetic Fields 390
14-2 Magnetic Field around a Current-Carrying Conductor 393
14-3 Magnetic Flux 396
14-4 Magnetomotive Force 397
14-5 Reluctance 398
14-6 Permeance and Permeability 399
14-7 Magnetic Flux Density 400
14-8 Magnetic Field Strength 401
14-9 Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, and Ferromagnetic Materials 402
14-10 Permanent Magnets 404
14-11 Magnetization Curves 404
14-12 Permeability from the BH Curve 408
14-13 Hysteresis 410
14-14 Eddy Current 412
Contents xi
15 Magnetic Circuits
Key Terms 421
Learning Outcomes 421
15-1 Practical Magnetic Circuits 422
15-2 Long Air-Core Coils 422
15-3 Toroidal Coils 425
15-4 Linear Magnetic Circuits 425
15-5 Nonlinear Magnetic Circuits 426
15-6 Leakage Flux 429
15-7 Series Magnetic Circuits 430
15-8 Air Gaps 433
15-9 Parallel Magnetic Circuits 435
Summary 438
Problems 438
Review Questions 442
Integrate the Concepts 443
Practice Quiz 443
16 Inductance
Key Terms 447
Learning Outcomes 447
16-1 Electromagnetic Induction 448
16-2 Faraday’s Law 450
16-3 Lenz’s Law 451
16-4 Self-Induction 453
16-5 Self-Inductance 454
16-6 Factors Governing Inductance 455
16-7 Inductors in Series 458
16-8 Inductors in Parallel 458
16-9 The DC Generator 459
16-10 Simple DC Generator 461
16-11 EMF Equation 463
16-12 The DC Motor 465
16-13 Speed and Torque of a DC Motor 467
16-14 Types of DC Motors 469
16-15 Speed Characteristics of DC Motors 471
xii Contents
17 Inductance in DC Circuits
Key Terms 485
Learning Outcomes 485
17-1 Current in an Ideal Inductor 486
17-2 Rise of Current in a Practical Inductor 487
17-3 Time Constant 490
17-4 Graphical Solution for Inductor Current 491
17-5 Algebraic Solution for Inductor Current 495
17-6 Energy Stored by an Inductor 499
17-7 Fall of Current in an Inductive Circuit 501
17-8 Algebraic Solution for Discharge Current 506
17-9 Transient Response 507
17-10 Characteristics of Inductive DC Circuits 509
17-11 Troubleshooting 510
Summary 512
Problems 512
Review Questions 516
Integrate the Concepts 517
Practice Quiz 518
18 Alternating Current
Key Terms 523
Learning Outcomes 523
18-1 A Simple Generator 524
18-2 The Nature of the Induced Voltage 524
18-3 The Sine Wave 526
18-4 Peak Value of a Sine Wave 529
18-5 Instantaneous Value of a Sine Wave 529
18-6 The Radian 532
18-7 Instantaneous Current in a Resistor 533
18-8 Instantaneous Power in a Resistor 536
18-9 Periodic Waves 537
Contents xiii
19 Reactance
Key Terms 553
Learning Outcomes 553
19-1 Instantaneous Current in an Ideal Inductor 554
19-2 Inductive Reactance 555
19-3 Factors Governing Inductive Reactance 556
19-4 Instantaneous Current in a Capacitor 558
19-5 Capacitive Reactance 559
19-6 Factors Governing Capacitive Reactance 560
19-7 Resistance, Inductive Reactance, and Capacitive
Reactance 562
Summary 564
Problems 564
Review Questions 565
Integrate the Concepts 566
Practice Quiz 567
20 Phasors
Key Terms 571
Learning Outcomes 571
20-1 Addition of Sine Waves 572
20-2 Addition of Instantaneous Values 573
20-3 Representing a Sine Wave by a Phasor Diagram 575
20-4 Letter Symbols for Phasor Quantities 576
20-5 Phasor Addition by Geometrical Construction 576
20-6 Addition of Perpendicular Phasors 578
20-7 Expressing Phasors with Complex Numbers 581
20-8 Phasor Addition Using Rectangular Coordinates 585
20-9 Subtraction of Phasor Quantities 587
20-10 Multiplication and Division of Phasor Quantities 589
Summary 591
Problems 591
Review Questions 593
Integrate the Concepts 594
Practice Quiz 595
xiv Contents
21 Impedance
Key Terms 599
Learning Outcomes 599
21-1 Resistance and Inductance in Series 600
21-2 Impedance 601
21-3 Practical Inductors 604
21-4 Resistance and Capacitance in Series 607
21-5 Resistance, Inductance, and Capacitance in Series 608
21-6 Resistance, Inductance, and Capacitance in Parallel 610
21-7 Conductance, Susceptance, and Admittance 613
21-8 Impedance and Admittance 615
21-9 Troubleshooting 619
Summary 621
Problems 621
Review Questions 627
Integrate the Concepts 628
Practice Quiz 628
24 Impedance Networks
Key Terms 693
Learning Outcomes 693
24-1 Loop Equations 694
24-2 Mesh Equations 700
24-3 Superposition Theorem 702
24-4 Thévenin’s Theorem 707
24-5 Norton’s Theorem 713
24-6 Nodal Analysis 716
24-7 Delta-Wye Transformation 724
Summary 729
Problems 729
Review Questions 735
Integrate the Concepts 736
Practice Quiz 736
25 Resonance
Key Terms 741
Learning Outcomes 741
25-1 Effect of Varying Frequency in a Series RLC Circuit 742
25-2 Series Resonance 745
25-3 Quality Factor 748
25-4 Resonant Rise of Voltage 749
25-5 Selectivity 751
25-6 Ideal Parallel-Resonant Circuits 753
25-7 Practical Parallel-Resonant Circuits 758
25-8 Selectivity of Parallel-Resonant Circuits 764
Summary 766
Problems 766
Review Questions 768
Integrate the Concepts 769
Practice Quiz 770
26 Passive Filters
Key Terms 775
Learning Outcomes 775
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xvi Contents
26-1 Filters 776
26-2 Frequency Response Graphs 778
26-3 RC Low-Pass Filters 781
26-4 RL Low-Pass Filters 788
26-5 RC High-Pass Filters 791
26-6 RL High-Pass Filters 797
26-7 Band-Pass Filters 799
26-8 Band-Stop Filters 804
26-9 Practical Application of Filters 809
26-10 Troubleshooting 812
Summary 814
Problems 815
Review Questions 819
Integrate the Concepts 821
Practice Quiz 822
27 Transformers
Key Terms 825
Learning Outcomes 825
27-1 Transformer Action 826
27-2 Transformation Ratio 828
27-3 Impedance Transformation 831
27-4 Leakage Reactance 833
27-5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests 835
27-6 Transformer Efficiency 837
27-7 Effect of Loading a Transformer 838
27-8 Autotransformers 841
27-9 Troubleshooting 843
Summary 846
Problems 846
Review Questions 849
Integrate the Concepts 851
Practice Quiz 851
28 Coupled Circuits
Key Terms 855
Learning Outcomes 855
28-1 Determining Coupling Network Parameters 856
28-2 Open-Circuit Impedance Parameters 857
28-3 Short-Circuit Admittance Parameters 864
28-4 Hybrid Parameters 867
28-5 Air-Core Transformers 874
Contents xvii
29 Three-Phase Systems
Key Terms 891
Learning Outcomes 891
29-1 Advantages of Polyphase Systems 892
29-2 Generation of Three-Phase Voltages 895
29-3 Double-Subscript Notation 897
29-4 Four-Wire Wye-Connected System 899
29-5 Delta-Connected Systems 903
29-6 Wye-Delta System 909
29-7 Power in a Balanced Three-Phase System 913
29-8 Phase Sequence 915
29-9 Unbalanced Three-Wire Wye Loads 919
29-10 Power in an Unbalanced Three-Phase System 924
29-11 The AC Generator 927
29-12 Three-Phase Induction Motor 930
29-13 Three-Phase Synchronous Motor 932
29-14 Single-Phase Motors 934
29-15 The 30° Difference between Delta-Wye
Configurations 935
Summary 937
Problems 938
Review Questions 940
Integrate the Concepts 943
Practice Quiz 943
30 Harmonics
Key Terms 947
Learning Outcomes 947
30-1 Nonsinusoidal Waves 948
30-2 Fourier Series 949
30-3 Addition of Harmonically Related Sine Waves 951
30-4 Generation of Harmonics 954
30-5 Harmonics in an Amplifier 956
30-6 Harmonics in an Iron-Core Transformer 958
xviii Contents
Appendices
1 Determinants 974
2 Calculus Derivations 977
2-1 Maxium Power-Transfer Theorem 977
2-2 Instantaneous Voltage in a CR Circuit 978
2-3 Energy Stored by a Capacitor 980
2-4 Instantaneous Current in an LR Circuit 980
2-5 Energy Stored by an Inductor 982
2-6 RMS and Average Values of a Sine Wave 982
2-7 Inductive Reactance 983
2-8 Capacitive Reactance 984
2-9 General Transformer Equation 985
2-10 Maximum Transformer Efficiency 985
3 Multisim Schematic
Capture and Simulation 986
Answers to Selected Problems 988
Glossary 1000
Index 1013
From the Publisher
Since its first appearance in 1959, Introduction to Elec- In 2008, Oxford University Press proudly made this
tric Circuits has been used as a core text by hundreds of landmark work available once again, thoroughly
thousands of college and university students enrolled updated to reflect the many advances made in the
in introductory circuit analysis courses. Through discipline. With this tenth edition, Oxford is proud
its many editions, this classic text helped shape the to carry on the pioneering work of founding author
way the subject is taught, and it was acclaimed by Herbert W. Jackson by recognizing and addressing
instructors and students alike for its accessible writ- the changing needs of twenty-first-century students
ing style, its clear explanations of key concepts, and and instructors.
its comprehensive end-of-chapter problem sets.
29
of breadboards, colour codes for band resistors, digital
s
Three-Phase System multimeters, and nodal analysis.
up to this point have
rks we have considered
Most of the AC netwo e. However, systems
with
of alternating voltag
had only one source nt phase angles have significant 935
with differe ic
several AC voltages distributing large amounts of electr n Delta-Wye Configu
rations
ating and The 30° Difference betwee
advantages for gener industrial electric 29-15
ts are also used for most
energy. Polyphase circui hanic al control systems.
types of electromec
motors and for some
of
rise to different types
ing the phase split gives
Chapter Outline
The method of obtain art motor uses a start-
motors. The resistance-st
s single-phase induction and thinne r wire than the runnin
g
Three-Phase System fewer turns
hase Systems 892
Chapter 29 ing winding made with nce and low reactance
Advantages of Polyp
924 g winding has high resista
29-1 895 winding. Then, the startin high reactance, giving
Three-Phase Voltages g has low resistance and
29-2 Generation of while the running windin
)
) − ( −0.5145 + j0.1392
to start the motor.
= ( 0.9714 + j0.2577
Notat ion 897 the necessary phase split with the starting
29-3 Double-Subscript 899 uses a capacitor in series
Connected Syste m The capacitor-start motor tor and starting windin
g
= 1.486 + j0.1185 A
29-4 Four-Wire Wye- phase split. The capaci
System 903 winding to obtain the switch when the motor
reaches
29-5 Delta-Connected by the centrif ugal
are both switched out the phase shift betwe
en
) − ( 0.9714 + j0.2577
facture
29-9 Unbalanced runs as a two-phase motor.
= ( 0.3778 + j0.3760
m 924 circuit, and the motor tor-
r in an Unba lance d Three-Phase Syste quiete r operat ion than resistance and capaci
29-10 Powe the advantage of much pulsating torque.
= −0.5936 + j0.1183 A
927 to be noisy due to the
29-11 The AC Generator start motors, which tend motors used in small
appli-
Induction Motor 930 types of single-phase
IB = 0.61 A
29-12 Three -Phas e There are many other is essentially a DC series
932 The universal motor, which
Synchronous Motor ances and power tools. can operate on either AC
or
29-13 Three-Phase and
is used in many power tools. This motor and fans. This
Motors 934 Lamp B. motor, small appliances
29-14 Single-Phase 935
gurations, with a CBA phase sequence,
Lamp A is brighter than DC power. The shaded
-pole motor is used in on the stator,
Differ ence betwe en Delta-Wye Confi Hence wire around a portion of each pole
29-15 The 30° motor has a loop of heavy
the unshaded portion of
the
to lag behind the flux in
causing the magnetic flux to start the motor. Small
the phase split necessary
pole, and thus producing devices and clocks.
to the original wye- motors are used for timing
10/31/18 09:05 PM
line currents, we can return single-phase synchronous
Once we have solved for volt- 29-76 and 29-77.
for the various phase See Review Questions
= IBZB, and VCN = ICZC
use Ohm’s law to solve
890
=
jac31412_ch29_890-945.indd
connected circuit and .
nce bet ween
V I Z , V 29-60 to 29-65.
29-15 The 30° Differe ons
ages: AN A BN
and Review Questions
A
ms 29-27 to 29-29
See Proble
rati
Delta-Wye Configu
onnected load as shown
ire system with a wye-c
B Let’s consider a four-w respective load voltag
es is
phasor diagram of the
Circuit Check in Figure 29-42(a). The
e Figure 29-42( b).
ad from a 230-V 3-phas shown in N
motor operates at full-lo
CC 29-4. A 10-hp AC source. The motor is 80%
efficient and A
and ZC =
60º Ω, ZB = 100 ∠20º Ω,
source powers a wye 120 V 120°
40 ∠90º Ω
t.
ts and the neutral curren
+
Three-
120 V −120°
alanced
120 V −120°
10/31/18 09:05 PM
924
jac31412_ch29_890-945.indd
xx From the Publisher
The best exercise sets available—over 2000 New! For this edition, hundreds of new prob-
problems and review questions. From the very lems have been added, and every e xercise has been
first edition of Jackson’s Circuits, instructors and checked for accuracy and relevance. Grounded in
students alike praised the book’s exercises for their decades of classroom and lab experience, the prob-
variety and usefulness. lems give students the chance to test and refine their
comprehension of the discipline’s key concepts.
133
7-6 Internal Resistance
A
Circuit Check 7-6.
es in the circuit of Figure
CC 7-1. Complete the table listing the voltag
A 8.0 Ω B 2.0 Ω C
“Circuit Check” problem sets, found throughout
5.0 Ω
each chapter, give students the chance to test and
refine their understanding of material they have
D
12 V
5.0 Ω
12 Ω
E
just read.
F
Figur e 7-6
VBC VDC VEC
VCE VDE VAC
VDF VEF VBE
VAF VBF VCF
Figure 7-7.
own resist ances in the circuit of
CC 7-2. Find the unkn
20 V
R1
I
R2 3.0 Ω
+
100 V
−
R3
50 V
Figur e 7-7
a 100-Ω resistor will
connected in series with
CC 7-3. What resistance ination is con-
of 20 W when the comb
dissipate heat at a rate
sourc e? 766
nected to a 120-V Chapter 25 Resonance
jac31412_ch25_740-773.in
dd 766
10/31/18 11:32 PM
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