WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH IOT

Minor project-1 report submitted

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science & Engineering

By

MALKOLLA SANJAY (22UECM2005) (26989)

DUSANAPUDI SUMANTH (22UECM2002) (26994)
BOLIPALLI SATHWIK REDDY (22UECM2001) (26990)

Under the guidance of

Dr.S.Karthiyayini,M.E,Ph.D.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SENIOR GRADE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

VEL TECH RANGARAJAN DR. SAGUNTHALA R&D INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed to be University Estd u/s 3 of UGC Act, 1956)
Accredited by NAAC with A++ Grade
CHENNAI 600 062, TAMILNADU, INDIA

NOVEMBER, 2024
 WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH IOT

Minor project-1 report submitted

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science & Engineering

By

MALKOLLA SANJAY (22UECM2005) (26989)

DUSANAPUDI SUMANTH (22UECM2002) (26994)
BOLIPALLI SATHWIK REDDY (22UECM2001) (26990)

Under the guidance of

Dr.S.Karthiyayini,M.E,Ph.D.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SENIOR GRADE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

VEL TECH RANGARAJAN DR. SAGUNTHALA R&D INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed to be University Estd u/s 3 of UGC Act, 1956)
Accredited by NAAC with A++ Grade
CHENNAI 600 062, TAMILNADU, INDIA

NOVEMBER, 2024
 CERTIFICATE
It is certified that the work contained in the project report titled ”WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
WITH IOT” by ”MALKOLLA SANJAY (22UECM2005), DUSANAPUDI SUMANTH (22UECM2002),
BOLIPALLI SATHWIK REDDY (22UECM2001)” has been carried out under my supervision and
that this work has notbeen submitted elsewhere for adegree.

Signature of Supervisor
Dr.S.Karthiyayini,M.E,Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor
Computer Science & Engineering
School of Computing
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of Science & Technology
November, 2024

Signature of Head of the Department Signature of the Dean

Dr. N. Vijayaraj Dr. S P. Chokkalingam
Professor & Head Professor & Dean
Computer Science & Engineering Computer Science & Engineering
School of Computing School of Computing
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of Science & Technology Institute of Science & Technology
November, 2024 November, 2024

i
 DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents my ideas in our own words and where others’
ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. We
also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission. We understand
that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also
evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.

(Signature)
MALKOLLA SANJAY
Date: / /

(Signature)
DUSANAPUDI SUMANTH
Date: / /

(Signature)
BOLIPALLI SATHWIK REDDY
Date: / /

ii
 APPROVAL SHEET

This project report entitled ”WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH IOT” by MALKOLLA
SANJAY (22UECM2005), DUSANAPUDI SUMANTH (22UECM2002), BOLIPALLI SATHWIK
REDDY (22UECM2001) is approved for the degree of B.Tech in Computer Science & Engineering
with Specilization of AIML.

Examiners Supervisor

Dr.S.Karthiyayini,M.E,Ph.D.,

Date: / /
Place:

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deepest gratitude to our Honorable Founder Chancellor and President Col.
Prof. Dr. R. RANGARAJAN B.E. (Electrical), B.E. (Mechanical), M.S (Automobile), D.Sc., and
Foundress President Dr. R. SAGUNTHALA RANGARAJAN M.B.B.S. Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.
Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, for her blessings.

We express our sincere thanks to our respected Chairperson and Managing Trustee Mrs. RAN-
GARAJAN MAHALAKSHMI KISHORE,B.E., Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of Science and Technology, for her blessings.

We are very much grateful to our beloved Vice Chancellor Prof. Dr.RAJAT GUPTA, for provid-
ing us with an environment to complete our project successfully.

We record indebtedness to our Professor & Dean, Department of Computer Science & Engi-
neering, School of Computing, Dr. S P. CHOKKALINGAM, M.Tech., Ph.D., & Associate Dean,
Dr. V. DHILIP KUMAR,M.E.,Ph.D., for immense care and encouragement towards us throughout
the course of this project.

We are thankful to our Professor & Head, Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
Dr. N. VIJAYARAJ, M.E., Ph.D., and Associate Professor & Assistant Head, Dr. M. S. MURALI
DHAR, M.E., Ph.D.,for providing immense support in all our endeavors.

We also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to our Internal Supervisor
Dr.S.Karthiyayini,M.E,Ph.D., for his/her cordial support, valuable information and guidance, he/she
helped us in completing this project through various stages.

A special thanks to our Project Coordinators Dr. SADISH SENDIL MURUGARAJ,Professor,

Dr.S.Karthiyayini,M.E,Ph.D., Mr. V. ASHOK KUMAR, B.E,M.Tech., for their valuable guidance
and support throughout the course of the project.

We thank our department faculty, supporting staff and friends for their help and guidance to com-
plete this project.

MALKOLLA SANJAY (22UECM2005)

DUSANAPUDI SUMANTH (22UECM2002)
BOLIPALLI SATHWIK REDDY (22UECM2001)

iv
 ABSTRACT

Efficient waste management is essential for sustainable urban development, envi

ronmental protection, and resource conservation. This paper presents an integrated
waste management system that leverages technology and data-driven approaches to
optimize waste collection, segregation, and disposal processes. The proposed sys
tem employs IoT-enabled sensors for real-time monitoring of waste bins, allowing
for dynamic routing of waste collection vehicles and reducing fuel consumption and
operational costs. Additionally, machine learning algorithms analyze waste genera
tion patterns to forecast demand and improve resource allocation. The system also
incorporates user engagement platforms to promote recycling and minimize waste
at the source, aiming to increase overall efficiency. By automating key processes
and utilizing data insights, the system reduces landfill dependency, minimizes green
house gas emissions, and enhances recycling rates. The results demonstrate that
implementing such a solution can lead to significant improvements in waste man
agement efficiency and contribute to a cleaner, more sustainable urban environment.
Waste management is a critical component of sustainable urban planning and en vi-
ronmental preservation. As global populations and urbanization rates continue to
rise, so does the volume of waste produced. Inefficient waste management systems
not only lead to pollution and resource depletion but also contribute significantly to
greenhouse gas emissions, impacting public health and climate stability. Traditional
waste collection methods often rely on fixed schedules and routes, leading to ineffi
cient resource utilization, unnecessary fuel consumption, and excessive operational
costs. Recent advancements in technology provide new opportunities for transform-
ing waste management practices. By integrating Internet of Things (IoT) devices,
data analytics, and machine learning, modern waste management systems can stream
line processes, optimize waste collection, and reduce environmental impacts. IoT en-
abled sensors can monitor waste levels in real time, allowing for adaptive collec tion
schedules and optimized routing. Data analytics can further enhance this system by
identifying patterns in waste generation, helping municipalities allocate resources
more effectively and proactively.

Keywords:
Ultra sonic sensor,Dry waste and Wet waste detector,wires,cardboard.

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

4.1 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2 Data Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3 Use Case Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4 Class Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.5 Sequence Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.6 Collaboration diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.7 Activity Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5.1 input diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.2 Output diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.3 Test Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.1 Output 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.2 Output 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

8.1 Plagiarism Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

vii
 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND
ABBREVIATIONS

IoT-WMS IoT-based Waste Management System

IoT Internet of Things
DT Deep Learning
FSB Fill-Level Sensor Bin
SBD Smart Bin Deployment
SWM Solid Waste Management

viii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page.No

ABSTRACT v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS viii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Aim of the project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Project Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Scope of the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 1
2.1 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.2 Gap Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3
3.1 Existing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1.1 Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2.1 Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3 System Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3.1 Hardware Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3.2 Software Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3.3 Standards and Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 METHODOLOGY 5
4.1 Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1.1 Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2 General Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
 4.3 Design Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3.1 Data Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3.2 Use Case Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3.3 Class Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3.4 Sequence Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3.5 Collaboration diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3.6 Activity Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4 Algorithm & Pseudo Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4.1 Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4.2 Pseudo Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4.3 Data Set / Generation of Data (Description only) . . . . . . 13
4.5 Module Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.5.1 Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.5.2 Real-Time Monitoring and Data Collection . . . . . . . . . 14

5 IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING 15

5.1 Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.1.1 Input Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.1.2 Output Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.2 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3 Types of Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3.1 Unit testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3.2 Integration testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3.3 System testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3.4 Test Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 19

6.1 Efficiency of the Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2 Comparison of Existing and Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.3 Source Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS 25

7.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.2 Future Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

8 PLAGIARISM REPORT 27
9 Complete Data / Sample Data / Sample Source Code / etc 28

References 30
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Waste segregating is the procedure by which waste is separated into various com-
ponents. Dry waste incorporates paper, plastic, glass, metal, cloth, and wood. Wet
waste, commonly implies natural waste for the most part produced by eating foun-
dations and is overwhelming in weight because of sogginess. Waste can similarly
be isolated on-premise of biodegradable or non-biodegradable waste. Waste is ac-
cumu lated at its source in each zone and segregated. Populace blast, combined
with an enhanced lifestyle of people, brings about expanded age of strong squan-
ders in urban and furthermore rural locales of the country. In India like each and
every other division, there is a stepped capability between solid waste from urban
and nation zones. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology into waste
management has led to the development of smart dustbins, which are revolutionizing
how communities handle wasteSmart dustbins represent a significant advancement
in waste management, leveraging IoT technology to create cleaner, healthier commu-
nities. By optimizing waste collection processes and encouraging responsible waste
disposal, these innovations are paving the way for a more sustainable future. As
cities continue to adopt these technologies, the potential for improved environmental
outcomes and enhanced urban living becomes increasingly promising.

1.2 Aim of the project

The aim of the project is to improve the efficiency of waste collection and dis-
posal: This can be done by developing better data collection and analysis tools,
optimizing waste collection routes, and automating waste collection scheduling.

1
1.3 Project Domain

The project domain for an IoT-based Waste Management System spans Environ-
mental Engineering, Smart Cities, and IoT. It uses technologies like sensors and
GPS to monitor waste bins, optimize collection routes, and track vehicles in real-
time. The system supports Public Health by preventing waste buildup and managing
hazardous waste, while Logistics optimization reduces fuel usage and emissions. It
aligns with Sustainability and Circular Economy goals by promoting recycling and
reducing landfill waste. Additionally, Data Analytics and AI enable predictive in-
sights, enhancing operational efficiency and ensuring smarter waste management.

1.4 Scope of the Project

The scope of the IoT-based Waste Management System includes developing a

smart infrastructure to improve the efficiency, sustainability, and effectiveness of
waste collection and disposal. The system will deploy IoT-enabled sensors in waste
bins to monitor fill levels in real-time, ensuring timely collection and preventing
overflow. A centralized platform will collect data from sensors, providing visibility
into bin status and enabling optimized route planning for waste collection vehicles.
This will reduce operational costs, fuel consumption, and carbon emissions.

The project also covers automated alerts for bins reaching capacity, RFID in-
tegration for tracking waste bins and vehicles, and GPS-based tracking for route
optimization. Predictive analytics will forecast waste patterns, helping authorities
plan waste disposal schedules proactively. The system will ensure efficient handling
of different waste types, such as recyclable, hazardous, and municipal waste,
supporting segregation at the source. Furthermore, it contributes to public health by
ensuring clean urban environments, minimizing the risks of waste-related diseases,
and enhancing citizen engagement through mobile apps for reporting waste issues.

In the long term, this system will play a key role in sustainable waste management,
supporting recycling efforts and resource recovery to promote a circular economy
while seamlessly integrating into smart city ecosystems.

2
 Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review

Study Approach/Model Dataset Key Findings Limitations

Johnson et al. (2019) IoT - based waste Urban waste data Achieved real - time waste High cost of imple-
monitoring system level tracking, optimizing mentation in large ur-
waste collection routes ban areas
Singh et al. (2020) Machine learning for Waste composition Improve waste sorting accu- Requires high - qual-
waste sorting dataset racy with machine learning ity training data
Chen et al. (2021) Blockchain for waste Recycling chain Enchanced transparency and Limited adoption
traceability dataset accountability in waste man- due to high computa-
agement processes tional demands
Ahmed et al. (2022) RFID and sensor fu- Municipal waste data Effective in identifying Limited applicability
sion wastw types and volumes, in rural areas due
reducing operational costs to infrastructure re-
quirements
Patel et al. (2023) Smart bins with AI- Smart city waste Enabled automated waste High maintanance
enabled cameras dataset classification and reduced cost and potential
manule sorting time privacy concerns
with camera - based
systems

Table 2.1: Literature Review

2.2 Gap Identification

[1] A. Sharma et al., In the waste management sector, IoT-based technologies are
widely used to improve the efficiency of waste collection and disposal. The objec-
tive of this study was to develop and compare the performance of a standard system
and a proposed IoT-enabled waste management system that monitors waste levels in
real time. The proposed system integrated various sensors, including ultrasonic and
weight sensors, to track waste bin status and optimize collection schedules, thereby

1
reducing operational costs. Key machine learning techniques were utilized to an-
alyze waste data patterns and improve decision-making. The primary focus of the
study was on the performance improvement achieved through real-time monitoring
and data-driven insights facilitated by IoT technologies.

2
 Chapter 3

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 Existing System

The primary challenge in modern waste management lies in the effective sepa-
ration, monitoring, and disposal of various waste types, specifically wet and dry
waste. Traditional methods often involve manual sorting or general waste collection
without segregation, which can lead to inefficient recycling processes and increased
environmental impact. Although several waste collection systems are in place, few
applications incorporate real-time monitoring and automatic classification within
the bin itself.

In the current system, an IoT-enabled smart dustbin is deployed, which utilizes a

combination of sensors to detect the type of waste (wet or dry), measure the waste
level within the bin, and separate waste types accordingly.

3.1.1 Disadvantages

• The training and calibration of the sensors require a significant amount of time
and expertise.
• Classification accuracy may be affected by mixed waste types, potentially re-
ducing the effectiveness of separation.

3.2 Problem statement

The primary objective of the proposed system is to enhance waste management

efficiency by automating the detection, classification, and separation of waste into
wet and dry categories using IoT-enabled sensors. The system employs sensors to
monitor waste levels and distinguish between wet and dry waste, enabling effective
waste categorization at the source.

3
3.2.1 Advantages

• The proposed system improves waste classification accuracy, enabling better

recycling and disposal processes.
• The system is fully automated, reducing the need for manual intervention in
waste sorting and monitoring.

3.3 System Specification

3.3.1 Hardware Specification

• ULTRA SONIC SENSORS.

• WIRES (minimum 10 meters).
• DUSTBIN TYPE BOX .
• RASPBERRY PI - Model 3 or higher with at least 1GB RAM.

3.3.2 Software Specification

• Operating System - Raspberry Pi OS or compatible Linux distribution.

• C++ - For programming the Arduino.
• Arduino IDE - For coding and uploading C++ code to the Arduino.

3.3.3 Standards and Policies

Arduino IDE
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is used for writing and
uploading C++ code to the Arduino board. It provides a user-friendly interface and
supports various libraries essential for sensor integration.
Standard Used: ISO/IEC 27001
C++ Language
C++ is the primary programming language used for coding the logic of the IoT
dustbin. It allows for efficient memory management and real-time processing,
making it suitable for hardware interaction and sensor data handling.
Standard Used: ISO/IEC 27001

4
 Chapter 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 Proposed System

The primary objective of the proposed system is to implement an efficient waste

management system utilizing IoT technology. This system incorporates sensors to
monitor waste levels in real-time, ensuring timely waste collection and reducing
overflow incidents.Additionally, the IoT-based solution provides users with notifi-
cations regarding waste levels, promoting responsible waste disposal behaviors.

4.1.1 Advantages

• The proposed approach significantly improves waste collection efficiency by uti-

lizing real-time monitoring of waste levels.
• The system is fully automated, reducing the need for manual monitoring and
allowing for timely collection based on actual waste generation.

4.2 General Architecture

Figure 4.1: Architecture

5
 The IoT-based waste management system architecture organizes the flow from
data collection to optimized waste disposal. IoT sensors in bins gather data on waste
levels and environmental factors, which is then preprocessed and analyzed to extract
key features like waste type and bin status. This data is compared with historical
records to classify waste patterns and predict collection needs. The system then sends
notifications to waste collectors or automated vehicles, ensuring timely pickups and
optimized routes. Continuous monitoring and feedback improve the process, making
waste management efficient and adaptive to usage changes.

4.3 Design Phase

4.3.1 Data Flow Diagram

Figure 4.2: Data Flow Diagram

The data flow diagram in Figure 4.2 illustrates the flow of data in the IoT-based
waste management system. In this system, data is gathered from IoT sensors in waste
bins, external sources, and environmental databases. After collection, data prepro-
cessing removes noise and structures it for analysis, creating an accurate dataset. The
processed data is used to train predictive models, which then analyze real-time input
from the bins to classify waste levels and types. The output enables optimized waste
collection schedules and routes, with data flowing seamlessly through each stage of

6
the process.

4.3.2 Use Case Diagram

Figure 4.3: Use Case Diagram

The use case diagram in Figure 4.3 illustrates how users interact with the IoT-
based waste management system. It highlights the primary use cases and the distinct
user roles within the system. In this diagram, IoT sensors collect real-time data
from waste bins, which is then used by the system to analyze waste levels and op-
timize collection routes. Waste management personnel monitor the system, receive
notifications for bin collections, and review waste reports generated by the system.
Additionally, administrators manage and update sensor devices to ensure accurate
data flow and maintain efficient system performance.

7
4.3.3 Class Diagram

Figure 4.4: Class Diagram

In a waste management system utilizing IoT, the user interacts with the system
through an interface that enables efficient tracking and management of waste bins.
The IoT system comprises a network of smart bins equipped with sensors to monitor
fill levels, waste types (such as biodegradable, recyclable, or non-recyclable), and
the status of each bin (e.g., full, partially full, or empty). Users connect to the system
and can monitor these bins in real-time, facilitating prompt waste collection and dis-
posal processes. The system classifies waste management actions into two primary
categories: ”Collection” and ”Disposal”. When a bin reaches a pre-set fill level, a
notification is sent to a collection vehicle, including relevant data on bin location,
waste type, and status. Following collection, waste is directed to appropriate dis-
posal channels, such as recycling facilities or landfills, depending on the waste type.
The interface streamlines user interactions by allowing them to submit requests, view
the status of bins and collection routes, and analyze waste data to support sustain-
ability initiatives. This user-friendly design ensures users can actively monitor waste
management processes and contribute to environmental efficiency.

8
4.3.4 Sequence Diagram

Figure 4.5: Sequence Diagram

In the waste management system with IoT, the process is described in one sequen-
tial order in the sequence diagram (figure 4.5). The actor can first initiate the waste
bin status check, where the IoT-enabled sensors gather data on the bin’s fill level,
type of waste (biodegradable, recyclable, or non-recyclable), and current status (full,
partially full, or empty). This is followed by data transmission to the central system,
where the information is analyzed to determine if collection is needed. If the bin re-
quires collection, a notification is sent to the collection vehicle, specifying the bin’s
location, type, and fill level. Following collection, the waste is transported to the
appropriate facility based on the waste classification, ensuring proper disposal or re-
cycling. The system then logs and updates the data to reflect the bin’s emptied status,
completing the sequence and readying it for the next cycle of waste monitoring.

9
4.3.5 Collaboration diagram

Figure 4.6: Collaboration diagram

In the collaboration diagram (figure 4.6) for the waste management system with
IoT, the user can provide input by requesting the system to monitor specific waste
bins. The IoT sensors on each bin then collect real-time data, including fill levels,
waste type, and bin status, and send this data to the central system for processing.
During processing, data from the bins are analyzed and categorized according to
waste type (e.g., recyclable, biodegradable, or non-recyclable) and urgency of col-
lection. Based on this categorization, the system identifies bins requiring immediate
attention and notifies collection vehicles with relevant bin data, including location,
waste type, and fill level. After collection, the system updates the bin’s status to
”empty,” and the collected waste is directed to the proper disposal or recycling chan-
nels. The system outputs real-time data and status updates for the user, ensuring
efficient management and tracking of waste throughout the entire process.

10
4.3.6 Activity Diagram

Figure 4.7: Activity Diagram

The activity diagram (figure 4.7) for the waste management system with IoT
outlines the process activities involved in managing waste. It starts with the user
requesting to monitor a specific waste bin, triggering the collection of real-time data
from IoT sensors regarding fill level, waste type, and status. This data is analyzed
to determine if the bin requires collection; if the fill level exceeds a threshold, the
system categorizes the waste and prioritizes collection. A notification is then sent
to the collection vehicle with the relevant details, including bin location. After
collection, the system updates the bin’s status to ”empty” and logs the data for future
analysis. Throughout the process, users receive real-time updates, ensuring effective
waste management.

11
4.4 Algorithm & Pseudo Code

4.4.1 Algorithm

To promote sustainability, the algorithm integrates soil moisture sensor data for com
posting optimization, ensuring favorable conditions for organic waste decomposi
tion. Additionally, it triggers alerts for system maintenance based on predefined
thresholds or anomalous sensor readings. The algorithm emphasizes adaptability, al
lowing for continuous learning and improvement. Machine learning techniques may
be employed to analyze historical data, refining route optimization strategies and
waste processing efficiency over time. This iterative process ensures the efficient
Waste Management System algorithm remains dynamic and responsive to evolving
waste management challenges.

4.4.2 Pseudo Code

include ¡Servo . h¿ Servo myservo ;

i n t pos = 0;
const i n t TrigPin1 = 12;
const i n t EchoPin1 = 11;
long period1 , interval1 ;
int SoilMoistSensor = 2; i n t SoilMoistState ;
void setup ( )
S e r i a l . begin (9600) ;
pinMode ( TrigPin1 , OUTPUT) ; pinMode ( EchoPin1 , INPUT) ;
pinMode ( SoilMoistSensor , INPUT) ;
myservo . attach (13) ;
myservo . write (30) ;
void loop ( )
/* **** Ultrasonic Sensor **** */ digital Write ( TrigPin1 ,LOW) ;
delayMicroseconds (2) ;
digital Write ( TrigPin1 ,HIGH) ;
delayMicroseconds (10) ;
digital Write( TrigPin1 ,LOW) ;
period1 = pulseIn ( EchoPin1 ,HIGH) ;
i n t e r v a l 1 =period1 / 5 8 . 2 ;

12
serial.print (”Ultrasonic Distance:”)
; Serial.println ( interval1 ) ;
delay (1000) ;
i f ( i n t e r v a l 1 ¡= 5)
delay (2000) ;
/* . . . . . . . . . . Soil Moisture Sensor . . . . . . . . . . */
int SoilMoistState = digitalRead ( SoilMoistSensor ) ;
Serial.print( ”Soil Moisture State :” ) ;
Se rial.println ( SoilMoistState ) ;
i f ( SoilMoistState == 1)
myservo . write (0) ; delay (1000) ; myservo . write (30) ;
delay (500);
else i f ( SoilMoistState == 0)
myservo . write (60) ; delay (1000) ; myservo . write (30) ;
delay (500) ;
delay (500) ;

4.4.3 Data Set / Generation of Data (Description only)

4.5 Module Description

4.5.1 Internet of Things

The IoT Waste Management System leverages advanced Internet of Things (IoT)
technologies to optimize waste collection and management processes. This inno-
vative system includes smart bins equipped with sensors that continuously monitor
key parameters such as fill levels, waste types, and overall bin status in real time.
By gathering essential data, these sensors prevent overflow and ensure that waste
is collected in a timely manner. The collected data is transmitted to a centralized
server for processing, enabling immediate analysis and informed decision-making.
Advanced analytics play a crucial role in identifying trends in waste accumulation,
allowing the system to predict when bins will need servicing based on historical
usage patterns.

13
 Additionally, the IoT Waste Management System features a user-friendly inter-
face that enables waste management personnel to monitor bin statuses and receive
alerts for collection needs. This interface aids in efficient route planning for waste
collection vehicles, ensuring optimal resource allocation and minimizing unneces-
sary trips. By streamlining waste collection operations and eliminating inefficien-
cies associated with traditional methods, the system enhances operational efficiency
and sustainability. Ultimately, the IoT Waste Management System significantly con-
tributes to urban planning, environmental conservation, and improved public health.

4.5.2 Real-Time Monitoring and Data Collection

The IoT Waste Management System utilizes smart bins equipped with advanced
sensors to continuously monitor fill levels, waste types, and bin status. These sensors
provide critical data that allows waste management authorities to have immediate
visibility into waste disposal patterns across various locations. By collecting
real-time data, the system enables proactive management, allowing for timely alerts
when bins approach capacity and require collection.

The data collected from the smart bins is transmitted to a centralized platform
via secure wireless communication protocols, ensuring reliable data transfer. This
centralized platform aggregates and analyzes the information, providing insights
into waste generation trends and seasonal variations. Additionally, the system can
identify high-traffic areas that may require more frequent collections, optimizing
resource allocation and reducing operational costs.

By facilitating timely decision-making, the IoT Waste Management System en-

hances the overall efficiency of waste collection operations, reduces the risk of over-
flowing bins, and promotes a cleaner environment. The ability to monitor bin perfor-
mance in real-time also helps waste management teams respond quickly to issues,
ultimately contributing to improved public health and urban sustainability.

14
 Chapter 5

IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

5.1 Input and Output

5.1.1 Input Design

Figure 5.1: input diagram

Figure 5.2 The design of a solid waste management system integrating IoT (Inter-
net of Things) technology aims to optimize waste collection, processing, and recy-
cling processes while minimizing environmental impact. At the core of this system
are IoT-enabled waste bins equipped with sensors to monitor fill levels in real-time.
These sensors transmit data to a central server, enabling dynamic route optimization
for waste col lection trucks.

15
5.1.2 Output Design

Figure 5.2: Output diagram

Figure 5.2 The output design of a efficient Waste Management system employing
Internet of Things (IoT) technology encompasses various crucial components aimed
at enhanc ing efficiency and sustainability. Firstly, IoT sensors strategically placed
in waste bins detect fill levels, temperature, and other relevant metrics, transmitting
real-time data to a centralized platform. This platform employs data analytics to
optimize waste collection routes, reducing fuel consumption and emissions.

16
5.2 Testing

5.3 Types of Testing

5.3.1 Unit testing

Unit tests are most valuable when you use them for algorithmic logic. They are not
particularly useful for code that is more coordinating in its nature. Coordinating code
often requires a lot of (mocked) context for unit testing, but the tests themselves are
not very interesting. This type of code does not benefit a great deal from unit testing,
and is instead better tested in integration testing. Unit testing is a program testing
method used to ascertain individual software components’ functionality, accuracy,
and efficiency.

5.3.2 Integration testing

A system for reducing, collecting, recycling and disposing of waste products gen
erated by residential, institutional, commercial, and industrial land uses. considers
howtoprevent, recycle, and manage solid waste in ways that most effectively protect
human health and the environment. The system is called integrated waste manage
ment, which combines a variety of strategies for both waste management and waste
reduction. that are involved in integrated waste management are burying waste in
sanitary landfills and burning waste in mass burn incinerators.

5.3.3 System testing

System testing examines every component of an application to make sure that they
work as a complete and unified whole. A QA team typically conducts system testing
after it checks individual modules with functional or user story testing and then each
component through integration testing. System testing is necessary because it helps
to identify any defects or issues that may arise when the software is deployed to the
end users. It is also an effective way of ensuring that the software conforms to the
specifications and meets the business requirements.

17
5.3.4 Test Result

Figure 5.3: Test Image

18
 Chapter 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

6.1 Efficiency of the Proposed System

To analyze the efficiency of a proposed system for an efficient waste management

system, we would look at several key factors, which include operational efficiency,
cost-effectiveness, environmental impact, technological integration, and scalability.
Here are the factors in more detail: Operational Efficiency: This includes the reduc-
tion in time, labor, and resources needed to collect, transport, and dispose of waste.
A system that can optimize col lection routes, schedule pickups based on real-time
data, and sort waste effectively would improve operational efficiency. Efficiency
can be measured by comparing the time and cost savings with traditional methods.
Cost-Effectiveness: The cost savings achieved by the proposed system compared
to conventional waste management systems is critical. This includes reduced fuel
and labor costs, lower maintenance costs for vehicles and machinery, and minimized
expenses for landfill usage or recycling operations. features.

6.2 Comparison of Existing and Proposed System

Existing system:(Decision tree)

In the existing system, a decision tree algorithm is implemented to predict whether
to grant a loan. The training dataset’s accuracy improves as splits are added, often
leading to overfitting, which can only be identified using cross-validation techniques.
Decision trees offer the advantage of being highly interpretable, providing clarity on
the variables and their thresholds used for data splits. However, the decision tree in
the existing system exhibits lower accuracy compared to the proposed system.

19
 Proposed system: A proposed decision tree for a solid waste management system
involves a systematic approach to optimize waste handling processes. At the first
decision node, the system assesses the waste composition through periodic audits,
guiding the segregation of recyclables and non-recyclables. If the waste is predom
inantly organic, the system directs it towards composting or anaerobic digestion;
otherwise, it proceeds to the next decision point.At each node, community partici
pation and awareness programs are integral, promoting responsible waste disposal
practices. Simultaneously, continuous monitoring using smart sensors and data ana
lytics ensures adaptive management...

6.3 Source Code

1 # i n c l u d e <S e r v o . h> S e r v o myservo ;

2 i n t pos = 0 ;
3 c o n s t i n t T r i g P i n 1 = 12; c o n s t i n t EchoPin1 = 11;
4 long period1 , i n t e r v a l 1 ;
5 i n t SoilMoistSensor = 2; i n t SoilMoistState ;
6 void setup ( )
7 {
8 S e r i a l . begin (9600) ;
9 pinMode ( T r i g P i n 1 , OUTPUT) ; pinMode ( E c h o P i n 1 , INPUT ) ;
10 pinMode ( S o i l M o i s t S e n s o r , INPUT ) ;
11 myservo . a t t a c h ( 1 3 ) ;
12 myservo . w r i t e ( 3 0 ) ;
13 }
14 void loop ( )
15 {
16 / ∗ ∗∗∗∗ U l t r a s o n i c S e n s o r ∗∗∗∗ ∗ /
17 d i g i t a l W r i t e ( T r i g P i n 1 ,LOW) ;
18 delayMicroseconds (2) ;
19 d i g i t a l W r i t e ( T r i g P i n 1 ,HIGH ) ;
20 delayMicroseconds (10) ;
21 d i g i t a l W r i t e ( T r i g P i n 1 ,LOW) ;
22 p e r i o d 1 = p u l s e I n ( E c h o P i n 1 ,HIGH ) ;
23 i n t e r v a l 1 = period1 / 5 8 . 2 ;
24 S e r i a l . p r i n t (
25 Ultrasonic Distance :
26 S e r i a l . p r i n t l n ( i n t e r v a l 1 ) ;
27 delay (1000) ;
28 i f ( i n t e r v a l 1 <= 5 )
29 {
30 delay (2000) ;
31 /∗ . . . . . . . . . . Soil Moisture Sensor . . . . . . . . . . ∗/

20
32 i n t SoilMoistState = digitalRead ( SoilMoistSensor ) ;
33 S e r i a l . p r i n t (
34 Soil Moisture State :
35 S e r i a l . p r i n t l n ( SoilMoistState ) ;
36

37 i f ( S o i l M o i s t S t a t e == 1 )
38 {
39 myservo . w r i t e ( 0 ) ;
40 delay (1000) ;
41 myservo . w r i t e ( 3 0 ) ;
42 delay (500) ;
43 }
44 e l s e i f ( S o i l M o i s t S t a t e == 0 )
45 {
46 myservo . w r i t e ( 6 0 ) ;
47 delay (1000) ;
48 myservo . w r i t e ( 3 0 ) ;
49 delay (500) ;
50 }
51 }
52 delay (500) ;
53 }
54 S e r v o myservo ;
55 i n t pos =0;
56 c o n s t i n t T r i g P i n 1 = 1 2 ; 71 c o n s t i n t E c h o P i n 1 = 1 1 ;
57 long period1 , i n t e r v a l 1 ;
58 i n t SoilMoistSensor = 2;
59 int SoilMoistState ;
60 void setup ( )
61 {
62 S e r i a l . begin (9600) ;
63 pinMode ( T r i g P i n 1 , OUTPUT) ;
64 pinMode ( E c h o P i n 1 , INPUT ) ;
65 pinMode ( S o i l M o i s t S e n s o r , INPUT ) ;
66 myservo . a t t a c h ( 1 3 ) ;
67 myservo . w r i t e ( 3 0 ) ;
68 }
69 void loop ( )
70 {
71 / ∗ ∗∗∗∗ U l t r a s o n i c S e n s o r ∗∗∗∗ ∗ /
72 d i g i t a l W r i t e ( T r i g P i n 1 ,LOW) ;
73 delayMicroseconds (2) ;
74 d i g i t a l W r i t e ( T r i g P i n 1 ,HIGH ) ;
75 delayMicroseconds (10) ;
76 d i g i t a l W r i t e ( T r i g P i n 1 ,LOW) ;
77 p e r i o d 1 = p u l s e I n ( E c h o P i n 1 ,HIGH ) ;
78 interval1 = period1 / 5 8 . 2 ;
79 Serial . print (
80 Ultrasonic Distance :
81 Serial . print ( interval n) ;

21
82 delay (1000) ;
83

84 i f ( i n t e r v a l 1 <= 5 )
85 {
86 delay (2000) ;
87 /∗ . . . . . . . . . . Soil Moisture Sensor . . . . . . . . . . ∗/
88 i n t SoilMoistState = digitalRead ( SoilMoistSensor ) ;
89 Serial . print (
90 Soil Moisture State :
91 Serial . print n ( SoilMoistState ) ;
92 i f ( S o i l M o i s t S t a t e == 1 )
93 {
94 myservo . w r i t e ( 0 ) ;
95 delay (1000) ;
96 myservo . w r i t e ( 3 0 ) ;
97 delay (500) ;
98 }
99 e l s e i f ( S o i l M o i s t S t a t e == 0 )
100 {
101 myservo . w r i t e ( 6 0 ) ;
102 delay (1000) ;
103 myservo . w r i t e ( 3 0 ) ;
104 delay (500) ;
105 }
106 } delay (500) ;
107 } main c o d e S e r v o myservo ;
108 i n t pos = 0 ;
109 c o n s t i n t T r i g P i n 1 = 12; c o n s t i n t EchoPin1 = 11;
110 long period1 , i n t e r v a l 1 ;
111 i n t SoilMoistSensor = 2; i n t SoilMoistState ;
112 void setup ( )
113 {
114 S e r i a l . begin (9600) ;
115 pinMode ( T r i g P i n 1 , OUTPUT) ; pinMode ( E c h o P i n 1 , INPUT ) ;
116 pinMode ( S o i l M o i s t S e n s o r , INPUT ) ;
117 myservo . a t t a c h ( 1 3 ) ;
118 myservo . w r i t e ( 3 0 ) ;
119 }
120 void loop ( )
121 {
122 / ∗ ∗∗∗∗ U l t r a s o n i c S e n s o r ∗∗∗∗ ∗ / d i g i t a l W r i t e ( T r i g P i n 1 ,LOW) ; d e l a y M i c r o s e c o n d s ( 2 ) ; d i g i t a l
123 W r i t e ( T r i g P i n 1 ,HIGH ) ;
124 d e l a y M i c r o s e c o n d s ( 1 0 ) ; d i g i t a l W r i t e ( T r i g P i n 1 ,LOW) ;
125 p e r i o d 1 = p u l s e I n ( E c h o P i n 1 ,HIGH ) ; i n t e r v a l 1 = p e r i o d 1 / 5 8 . 2 ;
126 Serial print (
127 Ultrasonic Distance : S e r i a l p r i n t ( i n t e r v a l 1 ) ; delay (1000) ;
128 i f ( i n t e r v a l 1 <= 5 )
129 ) ;

22
Output

Figure 6.1: Output 1

23
Figure 6.2: Output 2

24
 Chapter 7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

ENHANCEMENTS

7.1 Conclusion

Efficient waste management is a critical aspect of modern urban living. The way
we handle and dispose of our waste has far-reaching implications for the environ-
ment, public health,and the quality of life. As the global population continues to
grow and urbanize, the challenges associated with solid waste management are be-
coming more pronounced. In this conclusion, we will discuss some key takeaways
and rec ommendations for addressing the issues in solid waste management systems.
One of the fundamental challenges in waste management is the sheer volume of
waste gen- erated, driven by rapid urbanization and changing consumption patterns.
To ad dress this, a shift towards reducing waste generation at the source is impera-
tive. This involves encouraging sustain- able consumption habits, reducing single-
use items, and promoting recycling. Public awareness and education campaigns play
a crucial role in changing behavior, making individuals more responsible for their
waste. Col lection and transportation are critical stages in the waste management
process, and inefficiencies in these areas can lead to environmental pollution, traffic
congestion, and increased operational costs. So Implementation of the project work
was done successfully and we got to learn many more things from this project.

7.2 Future Enhancements

The future of solid waste management holds exciting possibilities with advance
ments in technology, policy reforms, and community-driven initiatives. One key
enhancement lies in the integration of smart technologies for waste monitoring and

25
optimization. Implementing sensors, RFID tags, and data analytics can enable re
altime tracking of waste generation, collection, and processing, allowing for more
efficient. Innovations in waste-to-energy technologies offer a promising avenue for
sustainable waste management. Utilizing advanced incineration or gasification pro
cesses, organic waste can be converted into energy, contributing to cleaner energy
production while minimizing landfill usage. Additionally, exploring circular econ
omy principles can further enhance waste management by emphasizing the design
of products for recyclability and encouraging the reuse of materials. Furthermore,
the development of circular economy principles will gain prominence, emphasizing
waste reduction, recycling, and the reuse of materials. Advanced recycling technolo
gies, such as chemical recycling and robotics-assisted sorting. Innovations in waste
to-energy technologies offer a promising avenue for sustainable waste management.
Utilizing advanced incineration or gasification processes, organic waste can be con
verted into energy, contributing to cleaner energy production while minimizing land
f ill usage. Additionally, exploring circular economy principles can further enhance
waste management by emphasizing the design of products for recyclability and en
couraging the reuse of materials.

26
 Chapter 8

PLAGIARISM REPORT

Figure 8.1: Plagiarism Report

27
 Chapter 9

Complete Data / Sample Data / Sample

Source Code / etc

1 # include <Servo . h> Servo myservo ;

2 i n t pos = 0;
3 const i n t TrigPin1 = 12; const i n t EchoPin1 = 11;
4 long period1 , i n t e r v a l 1 ;
5 i n t SoilMoistSensor = 2; i n t SoilMoistState ;
6 void setup ( )
7 {
8 S e r i a l . begin (9600) ;
9 pinMode ( TrigPin1 , OUTPUT) ; pinMode ( EchoPin1 , INPUT) ;
10 pinMode ( SoilMoistSensor , INPUT) ;
11 myservo . attach (13) ;
12 myservo . write (30) ;
13 }
14 void loop ( )
15 {
16 /* **** Ultrasonic Sensor **** */
17 d i g i t a l W r i t e ( TrigPin1 ,LOW) ;
18 delayMicroseconds (2) ;
19 d i g i t a l W r i t e ( TrigPin1 ,HIGH) ;
20 delayMicroseconds (10) ;
21 d i g i t a l W r i t e ( TrigPin1 ,LOW) ;
22 period1 = pulseIn ( EchoPin1 ,HIGH) ;
23 i n t e r v a l 1 = period1 / 5 8 . 2 ;
24 S e r i a l . p r i n t (
25 Ultrasonic Distance :
26 S e r i a l . p r i n t l n ( i n t e r v a l 1 ) ;
27 delay (1000) ;
28 i f ( i n t e r v a l 1 <= 5)
29 {
30 delay (2000) ;
31 /* . . . . . . . . . . Soil Moisture Sensor . . . . . . . . . . */
32 i n t SoilMoistState = digitalRead ( SoilMoistSensor ) ;
33 S e r i a l . p r i n t (
34 Soil Moisture State :
35 S e r i a l . p r i n t l n ( SoilMoistState ) ;
36

37 i f ( SoilMoistState == 1)
38 {

28
39 myservo . write (0) ;
40 delay (1000) ;
41 myservo . write (30) ;
42 delay (500) ;
43 }
44 else i f ( SoilMoistState == 0)
45 {
46 myservo . write (60) ;
47 delay (1000) ;
48 myservo . write (30) ;
49 delay (500) ;
50 }
51 }
52 delay (500) ;
53 }
54 Servo myservo ;
55 int pos =0;
56 const i n t TrigPin1 = 12; 71const i n t EchoPin1 = 11;
57 long period1 , interval 1 ;
58 int SoilMoistSensor = 2;
59 int SoilMoistState ;
60 void setup ( )
61 {
62 S e r i a l . begin (9600) ;
63 pinMode ( TrigPin1 , OUTPUT) ;
64 pinMode ( EchoPin1 , INPUT) ;
65 pinMode ( SoilMoistSensor , INPUT) ;
66 myservo . attach (13) ;
67 myservo . write (30) ;
68 }
69 void loop ( )
70 {
71 /* **** Ultrasonic Sensor **** */
72 digital Write ( TrigPin1 ,LOW) ;
73 delayMicroseconds (2) ;
74 digital Write ( TrigPin1 ,HIGH) ;
75 delayMicroseconds (10) ;
76 digital Write ( TrigPin1 ,LOW) ;
77 period1 = pulseIn ( EchoPin1 ,HIGH) ;
78 interval1 = period1 / 5 8 . 2 ;
79 Serial . print (
80 Ultrasonic Distance :
81 Serial . print ( interval n) ;
82 delay (1000) ;
83

84 i f ( i n t e r v a l 1 <= 5)
85 {
86 delay (2000) ;
87 /* . . . . . . . . . . Soil Moisture Sensor . . . . . . . . . . */
88 i n t SoilMoistState = digitalRead ( SoilMoistSensor ) ;

29
89 Serial . print (
90 Soil Moisture State :
91 Serial . print n ( SoilMoistState ) ;
92 i f ( SoilMoistState == 1)
93 {
94 myservo . write (0) ;
95 delay (1000) ;
96 myservo . write (30) ;
97 delay (500) ;
98 }
99 else i f ( SoilMoistState == 0)
100 {
101 myservo . write (60) ;
102 delay (1000) ;
103 myservo . write (30) ;
104 delay (500) ;
105 }
106 } delay (500) ;
107 } main code Servo myservo ;
108 i n t pos = 0;
109 const i n t TrigPin1 = 12; const i n t EchoPin1 = 11;
110 long period1 , i n t e r v a l 1 ;
111 i n t SoilMoistSensor = 2; i n t SoilMoistState ;
112 void setup ( )
113 {
114 S e r i a l . begin (9600) ;
115 pinMode ( TrigPin1 , OUTPUT) ; pinMode ( EchoPin1 , INPUT) ;
116 pinMode ( SoilMoistSensor , INPUT) ;
117 myservo . attach (13) ;
118 myservo . write (30) ;
119 }
120 void loop ( )
121 {
122 /* **** Ultrasonic Sensor **** */ digital Write ( TrigPin1 ,LOW) ; delayMicroseconds (2) ; digital
123 Write ( TrigPin1 ,HIGH) ;
124 delayMicroseconds (10) ; digital Write ( TrigPin1 ,LOW) ;
125 period1 = pulseIn ( EchoPin1 ,HIGH) ; interval 1 = period1 / 5 8 . 2 ;
126 Serial print (
127 Ultrasonic Distance : Serial print ( interval1 ) ; delay (1000) ;
128 i f ( interval 1 <= 5)
129 ) ;

30
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