Study Notes for UPSC/PCS: Delhi Sultanate Part-2
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Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1412)
Emperor Period
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 1320-24
Muhammad Tughlaq 1324-51
Firoz Shah Tughlaq 1351-88
Mohammad Khan 1388
Ghiyassuddin Tughlaq Shah II 1388
Abu Baqr 1389-90
Nasiruddin Muhammad 1390-94
Humayun 1394-95
Nasiruddin Mahmud 1395-1412
Ruler Period Important facts
of
Rule
Ghiyasuddin 1320-
Tughlaq 1325 1. Khusrau Khan, the last king of the Khilji dynasty was killed
by Ghazni Malik, and Ghazni Malik ascended the throne
assuming the title Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
2. He died in an accident and his son Jauna (Ulugh Khan)
succeeded him under the title Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq.
Achievements of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq
1. Reintroduced the food laws of Ala-ud-Din
2. Suppressed the rebellions in the distant provinces with the
strong hand and resorted to the peace and order
3. Organised better postal system
4. Encouraged agriculture
Mohammad- 1325- 1. Prince Jauna, Son of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ascended the
bin Tughlaq 1351 throne in 1325
2. He tried to introduce many administrative reforms. He had 5
ambitious projects for which he has become particularly
debatable.
Taxation in the Doab (1326)
Transfer of Capital (1327)
Introduction of Token Currency (1329)
Proposed Khurasan Expedition (1329)
Qarachil Expedition (1330)
3. His five projects have led to revolts all around his empire.
His last days were spent in checking the revolts
1335 -- Madurai became independent (Jalaluddin Ahsan Shah)
1336 -- Foundation of Vijayanagar (Harihar & Bukka),
Warangal became independent (Kanhaiya)
1341-47 -- Revolts of Sada Amirs & Foundation of Bahamani
in 1347 (Hasan Gangu)
He died in Thatta while campaigning in Sindh against Taghi, a
Turkish slave.
Firoz Shah 1351- 1. He was a cousin of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq. After his
Tughlaq 1388 death, the nobles and the theologians of the court selected
Firoz Shah as the next Sultan.
2. Established of Diwan-i-Khairat (department for poor and
needy people) and Diwan-l-Bundagan (department of slaves)
4. Making Iqtadari system hereditary.
5. Construction of canals for irrigation from the Yamuna to the
city of Hissar
6. From the Sutlej to the Ghaggar. From the Ghaggar to
Firozabad
7. From Mandvi and Sirmour Hills to Hansi in Haryana.
8. Establishment of four new towns, Firozabad, Fatehabad,
Jaunpur and Hissar.
After Firoz 1388- 1. The Tughlaq dynasty would not survive much after Firoz
Shah 1414 Shah's death. The Malwa, Gujarat and Sharqi (Jaunpur)
Tughlaq Kingdoms broke away from the Sultanate.
2. Timur Invasion: (1398-99) Timur, a Turk, invaded India in
1398 during the reign of Muhammad Shah Tughlaq, the last
ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty. His army mercilessly sacked and
plundered Delhi.
3. Timur returned to Central Asia, leaving a nominee to rule to
Punjab which ended the Tughlaq dynasty.
Sayyid dynasty (1414 – 1450)
Emperor Period
Khizr Khan 1414-21
Mubarak Shah 1421-33
Muhammad Shah 1421-43
Alauddin Alam Shah 1443-51
Ruler Period Important facts
of
Rule
Khizr Khan 1414- 1. Timur's nominee captured Delhi and was proclaimed the new
1421 Sultan and the first of the Sayyid Dynasty.
2. They ruled over Delhi and surrounding districts.
Mubarak 1421- 1. He succeeded Khizr at the throne after his successful
Shah 1434 expeditions against Mewatis, Katehars and the Gangetic Doab
area.
2. He was killed by the nobles in his own court.
Muhammad 1434- 1. The nobles put Muhammad Shah on the throne, but could
Shah 1443 not survive the in-fighting among the nobles in the court.
2. He was authorized to rule a meagre area of around 30 miles
and rest of the Sultanate was ruled by the nobles.
Alam Shah 1443- The last Sayyid king descended in favour of Bahlol Lodhi and
1451 he retired. Thus began the Lodhi dynasty, which confined to
Delhi and a few surrounding areas.
The Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526 AD)
Ruler Period Important facts
of
Rule
Bahlol 1451- 1. Bahlol Lodhi was one of the Afghan sardars who established
Lodhi 88 himself in Punjab after the invasion of Timur
2. He founded the Lodhi dynasty. He founded the rule of the Lodhi
dynasty by usurping the throne from the last of the Sayyid rulers.
3. He was a strong and brave ruler. He tried to restore the glory of
Delhi by conquering territories around Delhi and after the
continuous war for 26 years, he succeeded in extending his
authority over Jaunpur, Rewail, Itawah, Mewar, Sambhal, Gwalior
etc.
4. He was a kind and generous ruler. He was always prepared to
help his subjects.
5. Though he was himself illiterate, he extended his patronage to
art and learning. He died in 1488.
Sikandar 1489- 1. Sikandar Lodhi was the son of Bahlol Lodhi who conquered
Lodhi 1517 Bihar and Western Bengal.
2. He shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra, a city founded by him.
3. Sikandar was a fanatical Muslim and he broke the sacred
images of the Jwalamukhi 4. Temple at Naga Kot and ordered the
temples of Mathura to be destroyed.
5. He took a keen interest in the development of agriculture. He
introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandari (Sikandar's yard) of 32 digits for
measuring cultivated fields.
6. He was a staunch Sunni and a Muslim fanatic. He lacked
religious tolerance. In the name of religion, he perpetuated untold
cruelties on the Hindus.
Ibrahim 1517- 1. He was the last king of Lodhi dynasty and the last Sultan of
Lodhi 26 Delhi
2. He was the son of Sikandar Lodhi
3. The Afghan nobility was brave and freedom-loving people but it
was because of its fissiparous and individualistic tendencies that
the Afghan monarchy was weakened. Moreover, Ibrahim Lodhi
asserted the absolute power of the Sultan.
4. At last Daulat Khan Lodhi, the governor of Punjab invited Babur
to overthrow Ibrahim Lodhi; Babur accepted the offer and inflicted
a crushing defeat on Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in
1526.
5. No Sultan of India except Sultan Ibrahim had been killed on the
battle field.
Causes of Decline of Delhi Sultanate
Deposited and military type of government which did not have the
confidence of the people.
Degeneration of Delhi Sultans (esp. the wild projects of Muhammad-
bin-Tughlaq, Incompetence of Firoz Tughlaq).
War of succession as there was no fixed law of it.
Greed and incompetency of nobles.
Defective military organisation.
Vastness of empire and poor means of communication.
Financial instability.
The number of slaves increased to 1, 80,000 at the time of Firoz
Tughlaq which was a burden on the treasury.
Invasion of Timur.
Important Central Departments
Department Function
Diwan-i-Risalat (Foreign Minister) Department of appeals
Diwan-i-Ariz Military department
Diwan-i-Bandagan Department of slaves
Diwan-i-Qaza-i-Mamalik Department of justice
Diwan-i-Isthiaq Department of pensions
Diwan-i-Mustakhraj Department of arrears
Diwan-i-Khairat Department of charity
Diwan-i-Kohi Department of agriculture
Diwan-i-Insha Department of correspondence
Important Central Officials
Post Role
Wazir The Chief Minister of the State in Charge of revenue and finances,
controlled by other departments.
Ariz-i- Head of Military department
Mamlik
Qazi Legal Officer(dispensed civil law based on Muslim law Shariat)
Wakil-i-dar Controller of the royal households.
Barid-i- Head of the state news agency
mumalik
Amir-i-majlis Officer-in-charge of royal feasts, conference and festivals.
Majlis-i-am Council of friends and officers consulted on important affairs of the state.
Dahir-i- Head of the royal correspondence.
mumalik
Sadr-us- Dealt with the religious matters and endowments.
sudur
Sadr-i-jahan Officers-in-charge of the religious and charitable endowment.
Amir-i-dad Public prosecutors
Naib wazir Deputy Minister
Mushrif-i- Accountant general
mumalik