Advanced Application 4

Heat of Hydration Analysis by

Construction Stages
CONTENTS

Overview 1
Structural data for analysis model / 3
Material and thermal properties / 5
Analysis modeling ____________________________________________________________6
Setting work environment / 6
Defining material properties / 7
Defining time dependent material properties / 8
Linking general and time dependent material properties / 9
Structural modeling / 10
Division of element / 105
Defining Structure Groups / 109
Assigning elements to Structure Groups / 20
Defining Boundary Groups / 22
Defining Load Group / 26
Entering heat of hydration analysis data 25
Heat of Hydration Analysis Control / 35
Entering ambient temperature / 25
Entering convection coefficient / 26
Defining constant temperature condition / 22
Defining heat source functions / 30
Defining construction stages / 32
Structural analysis 36
Analysis results 36
Checking change in temperatures / 37
Checking change in stresses / 39
Checking time history graphs / 41
Checking results in animation / 45
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Overview
The rate and amount of heat generation are important in concrete structures having
considerable mass. A rise in temperature accompanies thermal expansion, and non-uniform
cooling of mass concrete creates undesirable stresses. Thermal cracking in a concrete
structure tends to be wide and propagates through the structure. This naturally has adverse
effects on strength, durability and permeability. Moreover, mass concrete structures are cast
in many stages with construction joints. Individually constructed segments exhibit different
heat source properties and time dependent properties. Therefore, construction stages must
be incorporated in a heat of hydration analysis model to truly reflect a real construction process.

Stresses due to heat of hydration are classified as Internal Constraining Stress and External
Constraining Stress. The Internal Constraining Stress results in from the restraining
effect of volumetric changes due to different temperature distributions within the concrete
structure. For instance, at the initial state of hydration, temperature differences between the
surface and inner parts result in surface tension. Whereas at a later stage, contracting
deformations in the inner parts are greater than those at the surface, thereby resulting in
tension stresses in the inner parts. The magnitude of the Internal Constraining Stress is
proportional to the temperature difference between the surface and inner parts. External
Constraining Stress is caused by restraining the volumetric change of fresh concrete in
contact with subsoil or the substrate of previously cast concrete. The change in concrete heat
results in the change of volume, and the restraining effect is dependent on the contact area
and stiffness of the external constraining objects.

Heat of hydration analysis can be accomplished through Heat Transfer Analysis and Thermal
Stress Analysis. Heat Transfer Analysis entails the process of calculating the change of
nodal temperatures with time due to heat source, convection, conduction, etc., which take
place in the process of generating heat of hydration of cement. Thermal stress analysis
provides stress calculations for mass concrete at each stage based on the change of nodal
temperature distribution with time resulting from the heat transfer analysis. The stress
calculations also account for time and temperature dependent material property changes, time
dependent shrinkage, time and stress dependent creep, etc.

This tutorial demonstrates the process of construction stage analysis and analyzes the results
for a foundation structure constructed in two stages or pours. The tutorial also outlines the
procedure of generating a construction stage model for heat of hydration analysis and
reviewing the analysis results:

1
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Modulus of elasticity, Specific heat, Coefficient of heat

Enter general material properties
conductivity

Enter time dependent material Consider Creep & Shrinkage and change in modulus
properties of elasticity

Create elements, define boundary conditions & input

Create a structural model
loads

Define integration factor & initial temperature.

Input whether to consider Creep & Shrinkage and the
Heat of Hydration Analysis
calculation method.
Control
Select whether to use Equivalent Age and to consider
the self weight load.

Ambient Temperature Functions After entering ambient temperature and convection

Convection Coefficient Functions coefficient functions, use them to define convection
Element Convection Boundary boundary conditions

Assign constant temperature conditions to the parts,

Prescribed Temperature which do not undergo any temperature changes with
time

Heat Source Functions Enter heat source functions and assign them to the
Assign Heat Source corresponding elements

Pipe Cooling Enter relevant data if pipe cooling is used.

Define elements, boundary conditions and load

Construction Stage conditions corresponding to each construction stage.
Set initial temperature of elements being activated.

Perform heat transfer analysis and thermal stress

Perform analysis
analysis

Analyze temperature distribution and variation of

Check analysis results
thermal stresses with time

* Pipe cooling is not included in this tutorial for clarity in demonstrating the interaction of the two concrete
parts while analyzing the results of heat of hydration analysis.

2
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Structural data for analysis model

This example represents a simple foundation structure often encountered in practice. It

consists of subsoil mass and two parts of mass concrete cast in two stages as shown in figure
below. The 2nd pour takes place after 170 hours of casting the 1st pour. Heat of hydration
analysis is performed for the period of 930 hours after casting the 2nd concrete mass.

If the subsoil mass interfaced with the concrete, is modeled as soil springs to represent the
boundary condition, the transfer of the concrete heat cannot be properly represented.
Therefore, we will create a model which includes the foundation having properties of specific
heat and thermal conductivity, to closely represent the true behavior as shown in figure below.

Subsoil mass : 24 x 19.2 x 3 m

Mat foundation (1st pour) : 14.4 x 9.6 x 2.4 m (170 hours)
Mat foundation (2nd pour) : 14.4 x 9.6 x 2.4 m (930 hours)
Cement type : Low-heat of hydration cement

Heat of hydration model for construction stages

3
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

In this tutorial, due to the symmetry of the structure, we will model and analyze only one quarter
of the entire structure as shown in figure below. The use of symmetry not only reduces the
analysis time, it also provides convenience in checking the internal temperature and stress
distribution.

Heat of hydration model for construction stages (1/4 symmetry model)

4
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Material and thermal properties

The material and thermal properties are summarized in table below.

Material and thermal properties

Part
Lower foundation Upper Foundation Subsoil
Property

Specific heat (kcal/kg ℃) 0.25 0.25 0.2

Density (kgf/m3) 2400 2400 1800

Rate of heat conduction (kcal/m hr ℃) 2.3 2.3 1.7

Convection Surface exposed

12 12 12
coefficient to atmosphere

(kcal/m2 hr℃) Steel form 12 12 -

Ambient temperature (℃) 20 20 -

Casting temperature (℃) 20 19 -

2
91-day compressive strength (kgf/cm ) 270 270 -

Compressive strength gain coefficients a=13.9 b=0.86 a=13.9 b=0.86 -

91-day modulus of elasticity (kgf/cm2) 2.7734×105 2. 7734×105 1.0×104

Thermal expansion coefficient 1.0×10-5 1.0×10-5 1.0×10-5

Poisson’s ratio 0.18 0.18 0.2

Unit cement content (kg/m3) 320 320 -

Heat source function coefficients K=33.97 a=0.605 K=33.97 a=0.605 -

This example uses low heat of hydration cement. The maximum adiabatic temperature rise (K)
and reactive velocity coefficient (a) are based on experimental values pertaining to the unit
cement content.

5
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Analysis modeling

Setting work environment

Open a new file ( New Project) and Save it as ‘Heat of Hydration.mcb’.

/ New Project
/ Save (Heat of Hydration)

Select a unit system, which is often used for thermal property data, namely m and kgf, as
shown in figure below.

Tools / Unit System

Length>m ; Force> kgf 

Unit system settings

6
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Defining material properties

Define the properties of mat foundation and subsoil.

Model / Properties / Material Properties

Click on in the Properties Window

General>Material ID > 1 ; Name>(Mat Foundation) ; Type>Concrete

Concrete>Standard> ASTM(RC) ; DB>Grade C4000
Thermal Coefficient>Celsius (on)
Thermal Transfer>Specific Heat>(0.25) ; Heat Conduction>(2.3) 

General>Material Number>2 ; Name>(Subsoil) ; Type>User Defined

Modulus of Elasticity>(1.0e+8) ; Poisson’s Ratio>(0.2)
Thermal Coefficient>(1.0e-5) ; Weight Density>(1800)
Thermal Transfer>Specific Heat>(0.2) ; Heat Conduction>(1.7) 

Defining material properties

7
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Defining time dependent material properties

Define time dependent material properties to account for creep, shrinkage and change of
modulus of elasticity.

Properties Tab/ Time Dependent Material (Creep/Shrinkage)

Click on
Name>(Creep/shrinkage) ; Code> ACI
Compressive strength of concrete at the age of 28 days>(2700000)
Relative Humidity of ambient environment (40~99)>(70)
Volume-surface ratio>(0.12)
Age of concrete at the beginning of shrinkage>(3)
Init Curing Method>moist cure
 Refer to “Using Material factored ultimate value
MIDAS/Civil > Model
Type>ACI Code ; Slump>(0.12) ; Fine aggregate percentage>(40)
> Properties > Time
Dependent Material Air content>(4) ; Cement content>(320) 
(Elasticity)” in the
On-line Manual.
Model / Properties / Time Dependent Material (Comp. Strength)
Name>(Elasticity) ; Type>Code ; Code>ACI
Concrete Compressive Strength at 28 Days (f28)>(2700000)
Concrete Compressive Strength Factor (a, b)>(13.9, 0.86) 

Defining time dependent material properties

8
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Linking general and time dependent material properties

It is now necessary to link the previously defined general and time dependent material
properties as per figure below.

Properties Tab/ Material Link

Time Dependent Material Type>Creep/Shrinkage>Creep/Shrinkage
Time Dependent Material Type>Comp. Strength>Elasticity
Select Material for Assign>Materials>1: Mat Foundation
Operation>

 Even if Effective Modulus

is used to consider Creep,
select the Creep / Shrinkage
functions and link them to
general materials to assign
elements for which the
creep is to be calculated.

Linking general and time dependent material properties

9
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Structural modeling

First, generate a plate element representing the base of the subsoil mass by creating a node
at a lower corner and extending it to the remaining corner nodes. This plate element is then
extruded into a solid using Extrude Elements.

Grids/Snap :
Point Grid (off) ; Point Grid Snap (off) ; Line Grid Snap (off)
Node Number (Toggle on)
Top View
Auto Fitting
Node/Element Tab > Create Nodes
Coordinates (0,0,0) ; (12,0,0) ; (12,9.6,0) ; (0,9.6,0)

Node/Element Tab> Create Elements

Elements Type>Plate
Type>Thick (on)
Material>1 : Mat Foundation
Nodal Connectivity>(1, 2, 3, 4) 

Creating a plate element representing the base of subsoil mass

10
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Using Extrude Elements, create a solid element.

Iso View
Node/Element Tab > Extrude
Select All
Extrude Type>Planar Elem.  Solid Elem.
Source>Remove (on)
Element Type>Solid ; Material>1: Mat Foundation
General Type>Translate ; Number of Times = 1
Translation>Equal Distance (on) ; dx,dy,dz>(0, 0, 7.8) 

Creating a solid element

11
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Division of element

Next we divide the element using Divide Elements. The size of mesh depends on the total
configuration. We should also pay attention to the parts, where we anticipate significant
changes in stresses, for fine meshing. The subsoil part does not need fine meshing, and
yet it needs to be meshed such a way that no significant change in stresses takes place
within an element. For the sake of simplicity, we will divide the element uniformly as shown
in figure below.

Node/Element Tab > Divide Elements

Select All
Divide Elements>Element Type>Solid ; Equal Distance
Number of Divisions x: (15) ; y: (12) ; z: (13) 
View Tab > Hidden (Toggle on)
Node Number (Toggle off)
View Tab > Display >Node tab>Node (off)

Division of solid element

12
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Now that we created a mesh consisting of brick elements using Extrude Elements and
Divide Elements, we will now delete unnecessary elements from the overall model.

Front View
Shrink
Node/Element Tab > Delete Elements
Select Window (① in figure below)
Type>Selection ; with Free Nodes (on) 

Deleting elements

13
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Now change the view point to Left View ( View Tab > View point ), and delete the
elements which do not belong to the model.

Left View ( Hotkey : Ctrl + Shift + L )

Model>Elements> Delete Elements
Select Window (① in figure below)
Type>Selection ; with Free Nodes (on) 
Iso View

Deleting additional elements

14
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

When we created the 3-D solid element using Extrude Elements, we assigned it as a concrete
material. We will now revise the material to that corresponding to the soil material.

Tree Menu>Works tab

 Change Element
Parameters can be also
Front View
used to change the Select Window (① in figure below)
properties of elements. 
Properties>Material>2: Subsoil (Drag & Drop)

Assigning subsoil material properties

15
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Defining Structure Groups

In order to perform construction stage analysis, we need to define the element and boundary
condition groups that activated or deactivated at each construction stage. These groups are
then used to define the construction stages. First, we create Structure Groups.

Group>Structure Group >New… (by right-click on Structure Group)

Define Structure Group>Name>Subsoil 
Define Structure Group>Name>Mat Foundation (Lower part) 
Define Structure Group>Name>Mat Foundation (Upper part) 

Creating Structure Groups

16
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Assigning elements to Structure Groups

We now assign relevant elements to the Structure Groups created and, thus, define the
Structure Groups. First, we group the elements pertaining to the subsoil into the Subsoil
Structure Group.

Tree Menu>Group tab

Select Window (① in figure below)
Structure Group>Subsoil (Drag & Drop)

Assign Structure Groups for the Mat Foundation, 1st poured lower part and the 2nd poured
upper part.

Tree Menu>Group tab

Select Window (① in figure below)
Structure Group>Mat Foundation (Lower Part) (Drag & Drop)
Select Window (② in figure below)
Structure Group>Mat Foundation (Upper Part) (Drag & Drop)

Defining Structure Groups for Mat Foundation (Lower & Upper Parts)

17
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Defining Boundary Groups

We now create boundary groups as figure below.

Group Tab>Boundary Group >New…

Define Boundary Group>Name>CS1 

 Boundary Surface Define Boundary Group>Name> CS1-Boundary Surface 
group represents the Define Boundary Group>Name> CS2 
construction joint
surface between the
1st and 2nd pours.

Creating Boundary Groups

18
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Next, we enter the Subsoil boundary conditions for each group.

We will create a multi-window showing Front View (in Model View) and Left View
(in Model View : 1) for the ease of modeling.

View Tab / New Window

Left View ; Hidden ; Shrink
Point Grid (off) ; Point Grid Snap (off) ; Line Grid Snap (off)
View Tab / Tile Horizontally
Zoom Fit (Model View & Model View : 1)
Model / Boundary / Supports
Select Window (① in figure below)
Select Window (② in figure below)
Boundary Group Name>CS1
Options>Add

 Solid elements do not Support Type>D-All (on) 
retain rotational degrees
of freedom. Therefore, we
need to restrain only
translational DOFs.

Defining Subsoil boundaries

19
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Since it is a 1/4 symmetrical model, we need to specify the symmetric boundary condition.
First, we will enter the symmetry condition pertaining to the 1st pour.

Model / Boundary / Supports

Select Window (① in figure below)
Boundary Group Name>CS1 ; Options>Add
Support Type>Dx (on) 
Select Window (② in figure below)
Boundary Group Name> CS1 ; Options>Add
Support Type>Dy (on) 

Entering symmetric boundary conditions ( Final View )

20
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

We continue on to specify the symmetric condition for the 2nd pour.

Boundary Tab / Supports

Select Window (① in figure below)
Boundary Group Name>CS2 ; Options>Add
Support Type>Dx (on) 
Select Window (② in figure below)
Boundary Group Name> CS2 ; Options>Add
Support Type>Dy (on) 

Entering symmetric boundary conditions ( Final View )

21
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Defining constant temperature condition

We enter a constant temperature condition for those parts where temperature remains
unchanged. Assign a constant temperature to those surfaces, which have not been assigned
the symmetric boundary condition or the convection boundary condition (for example,
boundary surface in contact with the soil).

Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Prescribed Temperature

Select Window (① in figure below)
Select Window (② in figure below)
Boundary Group Name>CS1
Option>Add
Temperature> Temperature (20) 

Inputting a constant temperature condition

22
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Defining Load Group

Define Load Groups and Load Cases to include static load in the construction stages of heat
of hydration analysis. Static load cases entered in heat of hydration analysis must be input
as Construction Stage Load Type.

Model View> Maximize

Group Tab>Boundary Group >New…
Define Boundary Group>Name>Self 
Load Tab>Static Loads
Name>Self 
Type>Construction Stage Load (CS) 

Definition of Load Group & Load Case

23
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Heat of hydration analysis can consider static load cases for construction stage analysis.
First, self weight is assigned.

Load Tab>Self Weight

Load Case Name>Self
Load Group Name>Self 
Z : (-1) (Add)

Inputting self weight

24
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Inputting heat of hydration analysis data

Inputting ambient temperature

Ambient temperature is now entered as a function of time. This example assumes a

constant temperature of 20℃.

Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Ambient Temperature Functions

Function Name>(Ambient Temperature)
Function Type>Constant
Constant>Temperature>(20) ; 

 Select User type and

enter the Time and
Temperature variations,
if they are not constant.

 If ambient temperature
varies at different
locations due to exposure
to the atmosphere, being
partly immersed in water,
etc., a number of Ambient
Temperature Functions
can be defined and
applied.

Entering ambient temperature function

25
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Inputting convection coefficient

Next we enter the convection coefficient as a function applicable at the concrete surface.
 User type can be
used if the heat
Load Tab / Type >Heat of Hydration / Convection Boundry >Convection Coefficient
exchange condition
between the concrete Functions
surface and the Function Name>(Convection Coeff)
atmosphere varies
Function Type>Constant
with time due to the
change in curing Constant>Convection Coefficient>(12) ; 
conditions.

Entering convection coefficient function

26
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

 Boundary Surface We now assign the previously defined ambient temperature and convection coefficient function
group represents the to the concrete surface, which is exposed to the atmosphere. Depending on the construction
construction joint
stages, the surface exposed to the atmosphere changes as well. Accordingly, we assign the
surface between the
1st and 2nd pours. corresponding ambient temperature and convection boundary conditions to the previously
defined CS1, CS1-Boundary Surface and CS2. First, we assign the ambient temperature and
convection coefficient to the concrete surface exposed to the atmosphere at the time of 1st pour.
Since the concrete surface between the 1st and 2nd pours will not be exposed to the atmosphere
at the time of the 2nd pour, it is defined as another group.

Window / New Window

Window / Tile Horizontally
Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Element Convection Boundary
Select Window (① in figure below)
Select Window (② in figure below)
Boundary Group Name>CS1
Option>Add/Replace
Convection Boundary>Convection Coefficient Function>Convection Coeff
Ambient Temperature Function>Ambient Temperature
Selection>By Selected Nodes 

Defining convection boundary at the 1st pour stage

27
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

We now define the convection boundary condition at the surface joining the 1st and 2nd pours.

Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Element Convection Boundary

Select Window (① in figure below)
Boundary Group Name>CS1-Boundary Surface
Option>Add/Replace
Convection Boundary>Convection Coefficient Function>Convection Coeff
Ambient Temperature Function>Ambient Temperature
Selection>By Selected Nodes 

Defining convection boundary condition at the boundary surface

28
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

We now move on to define the convection boundary surface of the 2nd pour.

Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Element Convection Boundary

Select Window (① in figure below)
Boundary Group Name>CS2
Option>Add/Replace
Convection Boundary>Convection Coefficient Function>Convection Coeff
Ambient Temperature Function>Ambient Temperature
Selection>By Selected Nodes 
Select Window (② in figure below) 

Defining the convection boundary condition at the 2nd pour stage

29
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Defining heat source functions

Heat source functions define the state of emitting heat in the process of hydration, which are
dependent on the type of cement and unit cement content. For commonly used concrete mix
design, maximum adiabatic temperature rise and reactive velocity coefficient are automatically
calculated based on experimental equations and entered if the cement type, casting
temperature and unit cement content are specified.

Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Heat Source Functions

Function Name>(Heat Source Function)
Function Type>Code
 This example assumes 
Function>Maximize adiabatic temp. rise (K)>(33.97)
that low hydration heat
cement is used, and Reactive velocity coefficient (a)>(0.605) ; 
experimental values of ‘K’ &
‘a’ are considered. 
Function>Maximize adiabatic temp. rise (K)
Reactive velocity coefficient (a)

 Refer to “Heat of
Hydration Analysis” in the
Analysis Manual.

 If experimental value for

the maximum adiabatic
temperature rise for
concrete is available, the
“User” Function Type can
be used. The “User”
Function Type can be
inputted either by Heat
Source or by Temperature
method.

Defining heat source function

30
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Assign the defined heat source function to the concrete.

Load Tab / Heat of Hydration option / Assign Heat Source Tab > Assign Heat Source
Select Window (① in figure below)
Option>Add/Replace
Heat Source>Heat Source Function 

Assigning heat source function

31
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Defining construction stages

Using the previously defined Structure Groups, Boundary Groups and Load Group, we will now
specify times for heat of hydration analysis and initial temperature. We will first define the
construction stage CS1 for the stage of 1st concrete pour.

Load Tab/ Heat of Hydration option / Define CS for Hydration

Stage> Add> Name>(CS1)
Initial Temperature>(20)

 Times inputted in Step>Time(hr)>(10 20 30 50 80 120 170)
Step are accumulative, Element>Group List>Subsoil ; Mat Foundation (Lower part)
not incremental.
Activation>
Boundary>Group List>CS1 ; CS1-Boundary Surface
Activation> 
Load>Group List>Self
Activation> 

Defining the stage for 1st concrete pour

32
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

We then define the construction stage CS2 for the 2nd concrete pour. The duration for the
heat of hydration analysis will be 930 hours after the 2nd pour.

Load / Heat of Hydration Analysis Data / Define Construction Stage for Hydration
Stage> Name>(CS2)

 Define the initial Initial Temperature>(19)
temperature for the
Step>Time(hr)>(10 20 30 50 80 120 170 300 400 500 600 750 930)
elements that are
activated at the Element>Group List>Mat Foundation (Upper part)
corresponding stage. Activation>
Boundary>Group List> CS2
Activation>
Boundary>Group List > CS1-Boundary Surface
Deactivation>

Defining element and boundary groups for the 2nd pour stage

33
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

From the Model View, we can check if the Construction Stages are properly defined.


Stage>CS1
 User can either
select a stage on the
Stage Toolbar or use View Tab > Display
the keyboard arrows to
toggle between
Misc tab
different stages while Element Convection Boundary of Heat of Hydration (on) ;
the Toolbar is
Prescribed Temperature of Heat of Hydration (on) ;
activated.
Heat Source for Heat of Hydration (on) 

Checking the defined construction stages on the Model View

(Stage for the 1st concrete pour)

34
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

 For assigning the Heat of Hydration Analysis Control

conditions for analysis,
refer to “Heat of
Hydration Analysis” in Now that the analysis model is completed, we will enter the required data noted below (time
Analysis for Civil 
integration factor, initial temperature & stress output location) for heat transfer analysis.
Structures and the
Online manual – Using
MIDAS/Civil > Analysis >
Analysis / Heat of Hydration Analysis Control
Hydration Heat Analysis
Control. Final Stage>Last Stage
Integration Factor>(0.5)

Initial Temperature>(20)
 The Initial Temperature Element Stress Evaluation>Gauss
can be superseded by the
values entered in the Creep & Shrinkage (on) ; Type>Creep & Shrinkage
Compose Construction Creep Calculation Method>General
Stage for Hydration dialog
box.
Number of Iterations=5 ; Tolerance=0.001

Use Equivalent Age by Time & Temperature (on)

 If creep is to be
considered by reducing
the modulus of elasticity
without using general
creep functions, select
Effective Modulus.

 If a general creep
function is to be used,
define the function and
select General.

Data entry for Heat of Hydration Analysis Control

35
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Structural analysis

We have thus far completed a construction stage model for heat of hydration analysis. We can
begin the analysis.

Analysis / Perform Analysis

Analysis results

In this example, the major cause for thermal stresses is due to the temperature differences
within the concrete mass resulting in internal constraints. Recapping the overview, Internal
Constraints are caused by unequal volume changes. Initially, cooling surface and warm inner
parts cause tension at the surface and compression at the inner parts. At a later stage, after
the rise in temperature due to heat of hydration reaches the peak level, the cooling (contracting)
inner parts relative to the surface cause tension in the inner parts and compression at the
surface. The magnitude of the stresses is proportional to the temperature differences
between the inner parts and surface. It is also anticipated that the two concrete masses of
two separate pours of different ages will exhibit different heat transfer characteristics.

We will analyze the characteristics of thermal stresses in concrete by reviewing the results of
heat of hydration analysis reflecting construction stages by graphics, tables, graphs,
animations, etc.

36
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Checking change in temperatures

We will check temperature distribution at each step of the construction stages based on the
heat of hydration analysis. figure below shows the maximum temperature distribution at the
stage of the 1st concrete pour.

Rotate Dynamic (adjust the model view point so that the boundary planes of
symmetry can be seen as shown in figure below. – Ctrl+Mouse wheel can be also used)

Results / Heat of Hydration Analysis / Temperature

Stage Toolbar>CS1
Step>HY Step 6, 120 Hr
Type of Display>Contour (on) ; Legend (on) 

Temperature distribution (1st pour stage)

37
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Next, we will check the temperature distribution at the construction stage 2. The fact that the
analysis accounted for construction stages, we note in figure below that heat source action
progresses in the lower part of the mat foundation, which was already cast.

Stage Toolbar>CS2
Results / Heat of Hydration Analysis / Temperature
Step>HY Step 4, 220 Hr
Type of Display>Contour (on) ; Legend (on) 

Temperature distribution (2nd pour stage)

38
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Checking change in stresses

We will check the stress distribution of the 1st concrete pour. figure below depicts the stress
distribution at which the maximum tension stress occurs on the surface. We will change the
unit system to kgf & cm to check stresses.

Status Bar> kgf ; cm

Stage Toolbar>CS1
Results / Heat of Hydration Analysis / Stress
Step>HY Step 6, 120 Hr
Stress Option>Global ; Avg.Nodal
Components>Sig-XX
Type of Display>Contour (on) ; Legend (on) 

Stress distribution (1st pour stage)

39
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

We will check the stress distribution at the 2nd pour stage. As shown in figure below, the
boundary surface of the first pour shows tension stresses at the early stage of the 2nd pour.
The tension stresses at the boundary surface are caused by the increase in volume due to
increased temperature in the 2nd pour. This exerts tension on the previously cast concrete.

Stage Toolbar>CS2
Results / Heat of Hydration Analysis / Stress
Step>HY Step 4, 220 Hr
Stress Option>Global ; Avg.Nodal
Components>Sig-XX
Type of Display>Contour (on) ; Legend (on) 

Stress distribution (2nd pour stage)

40
 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Checking time history graphs

We will check the graphical results of heat of hydration analysis at various construction stages
for specific points. Generally, a user checks the parts where maximum tension stresses are
anticipated. In this example, we will select a few points simply based on convenience to
sufficiently demonstrate the trend of the analysis results as shown in figure below. We will
first assign the nodes for generating results.

1st pour concrete: Interior (1476), Surface (1988)

2nd pour concrete: Interior (2308), Surface (2818)

Results / Heat of Hydration Analysis / Graph

>Node Define>Node (1476) ; Stress Components> Sig-XX 
>Node Define>Node (1988) ; Stress Components> Sig-XX 
>Node Define>Node (2308) ; Stress Components> Sig-XX 
>Node Define>Node (2818) ; Stress Components> Sig- XX 

Defining nodes for generating graphs

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

The time history graph for an interior point (node: 1476) during the 1st pour is shown below.

Results / Heat of Hydration Analysis / Graph

Defined Nodes>N1476-X(on)
Graph Type> Stress + Alw. Stress Graph (on) ; Temperature Graph (on)
Crack Ratio Graph (on)  Normal (on)
X-Axis Type>Time 

Time history graph of stresses at an interior point of the 1st pour

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 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Next, we will review the results of time history of a point (node: 1988) on the construction joint
surface between the 1st and 2nd pours. We will also note that the expansion of the 2nd pour
due to temperature rise exerts tension on the 1st pour.

Results/ Heat of Hydration Analysis / Graph

Defined Nodes>N1988-X (on)
Graph Type>Stress + Alw. Stress Graph (on)
Temperature Graph (on)
X-Axis Type>Time 

Time history graph of stresses at a surface point of the 1st pour

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

We will finally check the temperature time history of the interior and surface points during the 1st pour.

Results / Hear of Hydration Analysis / Graph

Defined Nodes>N1476-X(on) ; N1988-X(on)
Graph Type> Temperature Graph (on)
X-Axis Type>Time 

Temperature history graphs of interior and surface points of the 1st pour

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 Heat of hydration analysis by construction stages

Checking results in animation

Finally, we will review the change in temperature (or stress) by construction stages by
animation.

Results / Heat of Hydration Analysis / Temperature

Type of Display>Contour (on) ; Legend (on) ; Animate
Animation Details>Animate Contour (on) ; Repeat Full Cycle
Construction Stage Option>Stage Animation>From>CS1 ; To>CS2 
Record 
Close

In order to save the animation in a file, click the Save button while the animation is in
progress, upon which it is saved as an .avi file.

Checking change in temperature by animation

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