Hungarian phonology

The phonology of the Hungarian language is notable for its process of vowel harmony, the frequent
occurrence of geminate consonants and the presence of otherwise uncommon palatal stops.

Consonants
This is the standard Hungarian consonantal system, using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet
(IPA).

Consonant phonemes of Hungarian[1]

Post-
Labial Dental[2] Palatal Velar Glottal
alveolar
Nasal m n ɲ

Plosive p b t d k ɡ
c ɟ*
Affricate t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
Fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ h

Trill r

Approximant l j

^* It is debated whether the palatal consonant pair consists of stops or affricates.[3] They are
considered affricates or stops, depending on register, by Tamás Szende,[1] head of the
department of General Linguistics at PPKE,[4] and stops by Mária Gósy,[3] research
professor, head of the Department of Phonetics at ELTE.[5] The reason for the different
analyses is that the relative duration of the friction of /c/ (as compared to the duration of its
closure) is longer than those of the stops, but shorter than those of the affricates. /c/ has the
stop-like nature of having a full duration no longer than those of other (voiceless) stops such
as /p, t, k/ but, considering the average closure time in relation to the friction time of the
consonants, its duration structure is somewhat closer to those of the affricates.[6]

Almost every consonant may be geminated, written by doubling a single letter grapheme: ⟨bb⟩ for [bː],
⟨pp⟩ for [pː], ⟨ss⟩ for [ʃː] etc., or by doubling the first letter of a grapheme cluster: ⟨ssz⟩ for [sː], ⟨nny⟩ for
[ɲː], etc.

The phonemes /d͡z/ and /d͡ʒ/ can appear on the surface as geminates: bridzs [brid͡ʒː] ('bridge'). (For the list
of examples and exceptions, see Hungarian dz and dzs.)

Hungarian orthography, unlike that of the surrounding Slavic languages, does not use háčky or any other
consonant diacritics. Instead, the letters c, s, z are used alone (/t͡s/, /ʃ/, /z/) or combined in the digraphs cs, sz,
zs (/t͡ʃ/, /s/, /ʒ/), while y is used only in the digraphs ty, gy, ly, ny as a palatalization marker to write the
sounds /c/, /ɟ/, /j/ (formerly /ʎ/), /ɲ/.

The most distinctive allophones are:

/j/ becomes [ç] if between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary (e.g. lopj [lopç]
'steal').[7]
/j/ becomes [ʝ] e.g. between voiced obstruents, such as dobj be [dobʝ bɛ] 'throw (one/some)
in'[8]
/h/ may become [ɦ] between two vowels (e.g. tehát [ˈtɛɦaːt] 'so'), [ç] after front vowels (e.g.
ihlet [ˈiçlɛt] 'inspiration'), and [x] word-finally after back vowels (e.g. doh [dox] 'musty') if it is
not deleted (which it often is; e.g. méh [meː] 'bee', but even then, some dialects still
pronounce it, e.g., [meːx]).[9][10]

According to Gósy, it becomes [x] (rather than [ç]) in words such as pech, ihlet,
technika ('bad luck, inspiration, technology/technique'),[11] while it becomes postvelar
fricative in words such as doh, sah, jacht, Allah, eunuch, potroh.[12]

/h/ becomes [xː] when geminated, in certain words: dohhal [ˈdoxːɒl] ('with blight'), peches
[ˈpɛxːɛʃ] ('unlucky').
 Examples[1]
Phoneme Example Translation
/p/ pipa /ˈpipɒ/ 'pipe'

/b/ bot /bot/ 'stick'

/t/ toll /tolː/ ⓘ 'feather'

/d/ dob /dob/ ⓘ 'throw', 'drum'

/k/ kép /keːp/ ⓘ 'picture'

/ɡ/ gép /ɡeːp/ ⓘ 'machine'

/f/ fa /fɒ/ ⓘ 'tree'

/v/ vág /vaːɡ/ ⓘ 'cut'

/s/ szó /soː/ ⓘ 'word'

/z/ zöld /zøld/ ⓘ 'green'

/ʃ/ só /ʃoː/ ⓘ 'salt'

/ʒ/ zseb /ʒɛb/ ⓘ 'pocket'

/j/ jó /joː/ ⓘ 'good'

/h/ hó /hoː/ ⓘ 'snow'

/t͡s/ cél /t͡seːl/ ⓘ 'goal', 'target'

/d͡z/ edző /ˈɛd͡zːøː/ ⓘ 'coach'

/t͡ʃ/ csak /t͡ʃɒk/ ⓘ 'only'

/d͡ʒ/ dzsessz /d͡ʒɛsː/ ⓘ 'jazz'

/l/ ló /loː/ ⓘ 'horse'

/c/ tyúk /cuːk/ ⓘ 'hen'

/ɟ/ gyár /ɟaːr/ ⓘ 'factory'

/r/ ró /roː/ ⓘ 'carve'

/m/ ma /mɒ/ ⓘ 'today'

/n/ nem /nɛm/ ⓘ 'no', 'gender'

/ɲ/ nyár /ɲaːr/ ⓘ 'summer'

Vowels
Hungarian has seven pairs of corresponding short and long vowels. Their phonetic values do not exactly
match up with each other, so ⟨e⟩ represents /ɛ/ and ⟨é⟩ represents /eː/; likewise, ⟨a⟩ represents /ɒ/ while ⟨á⟩
represents /aː/.[14] For the other pairs, the short vowels are slightly lower and more central, and the long
vowels more peripheral:

/i, y, u/ are phonetically near-close [ɪ, ʏ, ʊ].[13]

/eː/ has been variously described as close-mid [eː][15] and mid [e̞ː].[13]
 /ɛ/ and the marginal /ɛː/ are phonetically near-open
[æ, æː],[13] but they may be somewhat less open [ɛ,
ɛː] in other dialects.
/ø/ is phonetically mid [ø̞ ].[13]
/aː/ and the marginal /a/ are phonetically open
central [äː, ä].[13]

The sound marked by ⟨a⟩ is considered to be [ɒ] by Tamás

Szende[13] and [ɔ] by Mária Gósy.[16] Gósy also mentions a
different short /a/ that contrasts with both /aː/ and /ɒ/, present
in a few words like Svájc ('Switzerland'), svá ('schwa'), advent The vowel phonemes of Hungarian[13]
('advent'), hardver ('hardware', this usage is considered
hyperforeign),[17] and halló (used when answering the phone;
contrasting with haló 'dying', and háló 'web').

There are two more marginal sounds, namely the long /ɛː/ as well as the long /ɒː/. They are used in the
name of the letters E and A, which are pronounced /ɛː/ and /ɒː/, respectively.[9]

Although not found in Standard Hungarian, some dialects contrast three mid vowels /ɛ/, /eː/, and /e/, with
the latter being written ⟨ë⟩ in some works, but not in the standard orthography.[18] Thus mentek could
represent four different words: mëntëk [ˈmentek] ('you all go'), mëntek [ˈmentɛk] ('they went'), mentëk
[ˈmɛntek] ('I save'), and mentek [ˈmɛntɛk] ('they are exempt'). In Standard Hungarian, the first three
collapse to [ˈmɛntɛk], while the latter one is unknown, having a different form in the literary language
(mentesek).
 Examples[13]
Phoneme Example

/ɒ/ hat /hɒt/ ⓘ 'six'

(/ɒː/) a /ɒː/ ⓘ 'the letter A'

(/a/) Svájc /ʃvajt͡s/ 'Switzerland'

/aː/ lát /laːt/ ⓘ 'see'

/o/ ok /ok/ ⓘ 'cause'

/oː/ tó /toː/ ⓘ 'lake'

/u/ fut /fut/ ⓘ 'run'

/uː/ kút /kuːt/ ⓘ 'well'

/ɛ/ lesz /lɛs/ ⓘ 'will be'

(/ɛː/) e /ɛː/ ⓘ 'the letter E'

/eː/ rész /reːs/ ⓘ 'part'

/i/ visz /vis/ 'carry'

/iː/ víz /viːz/ ⓘ 'water'

/ø/ sör /ʃør/ ⓘ 'beer'

/øː/ bőr /bøːr/ ⓘ 'skin'

/y/ üt /yt/ ⓘ 'hit'

/yː/ tűz /tyːz/ ⓘ 'fire'

Vowel harmony
As in Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian, vowel harmony plays an
important part in determining the distribution of vowels in a word.
Hungarian vowel harmony classifies the vowels according to front
vs. back assonance and rounded vs unrounded for the front
vowels.[19] Excluding recent loanwords, Hungarian words have
either only back vowels or front vowels due to these vowel
harmony rules.[19]

Hungarian vowel harmony[19]

Front
Back
unrounded rounded
A Venn diagram of Hungarian vowel
Close i iː y yː u uː harmony, featuring front rounded
vowels, front unrounded vowels
Mid ɛ eː ø øː o oː
("neutral" vowels), and back vowels.
Open ɒ aː
While /i/, /iː/, /ɛ/, and /eː/ are all front unrounded vowels, they are considered to be "neutral vowels" in
Hungarian vowel harmony.[20] Therefore, if a word contains back vowels, neutral vowels may appear
alongside them. However, if only neutral vowels appear in a stem, the stem is treated as though it is of front
vowel assonance and all suffixes must contain front vowels.[19]

Vowel harmony in Hungarian is most notable when observing suffixation. Vowel harmony must be
maintained throughout the entire word, meaning that most suffixes have variants. For example, the dative
case marker [nɒk] vs. [nɛk]. Stems that contain back vowels affix back vowel suffixes, and stems that
contain only front vowels affix front vowel suffixes.[19] However, the front vowel stems distinguish
rounded vs. unroundedness based on the last vowel in the stem. If the last vowel is front and rounded, it
takes a suffix with a front rounded vowel; otherwise it follows the standard rules.[20] While suffixes for
most words have front/back vowel variants, there are not many that have rounded/unrounded variants,
indicating that this is a rarer occurrence.[20]

One is able to observe the distinction when looking at the plural affix, either [-ok] (back), [-ɛk] (front
unrounded), or [-øk] (front rounded).

Hungarian vowel harmony and suffixation[20]

Stem Gloss Description of stem Plural

asztal table Only back vowels asztal-ok

gyerek child Only neutral (front) vowels, last vowel unrounded. gyerek-ek

füzet notebook Only front vowels, last vowel unrounded. füzet-ek

ismerős acquaintance Only front vowels, last vowel rounded. ismerős-ök

papír paper Back vowel with neutral vowel papír-ok

As can be seen above, the neutral vowels are able to be in both front and back vowel assonance words with
no consequence.

However, there are about fifty monosyllabic roots that only contain [i], [iː], or [eː] that take a back vowel
suffix instead of the front vowel suffix.[21]

Irregular suffixation[21]
Stem Gloss "At" "From"

híd bridge híd-nál híd-tól

cél aim cél-nál cél-tól

These exceptions to the rule are hypothesized to have originated from roots originally having contained a
phoneme no longer present in modern Hungarian, the unrounded back vowel /ɨ/, or its long counterpart /ɨː/.
It is theorized that while these vowels merged with /i/ or /iː/, less commonly /eː/ or /uː/, the vowel harmony
rules sensitive to the backness of the original sound remained in place.[21] The theory finds support from
etymology: related words in other languages generally have back vowels, often specifically unrounded
back vowels. For example, nyíl 'arrow' (plural nyíl-ak) corresponds to Komi ньыл /nʲɨl/, Southern Mansi
/nʲʌːl/.

Assimilation
The overall characteristics of the consonant assimilation in Hungarian are the following:[22][23]
 Assimilation types are typically regressive, that is the last element of the cluster determines
the change.
In most cases, it works across word boundaries if the sequence of words form an "accentual
unity", that is there is no phonetic break between them (and they bear a common phrase
stress). Typical accentual units are:
attributes and qualified nouns, e.g. hideg tél [hidɛk‿teːl] ('cold winter');
adverbs and qualified attributes, e.g. nagyon káros [nɒɟoŋ‿kaːroʃ] ~ [nɒɟon‿kaːroʃ]
('very harmful');
verbs and their complements, e.g. nagyot dob [nɒɟod‿dob] ('s/he throws long toss'),
vesz belőle [vɛz‿bɛløːlɛ] ('take some [of it]').
There are obligatory, optional and stigmatized types of assimilation.
The palatal affricates behave like stops in assimilation processes. Therefore, in this section,
they will be treated as stops, including their IPA notations [ɟ] and [c].

Voice assimilation

In a cluster of consonants ending in an obstruent, all obstruents change their voicing according to the last
one of the sequence. The affected obstruents are the following:

In obstruent clusters, retrograde voicing assimilation occurs, even across word

boundaries:[24]
 Undergoes Undergoes Causes
Voiced Voiceless Causes voicing
devoicing voicing devoicing

képzés
központ
dobtam [ˈdoptɒm] 'I [ˈkeːbzeːʃ] futball [ˈfudbɒlː]
b /b/ p /p/ [ˈkøspont]
threw (it)' 'training, 'soccer'
'center'
forming'

hétből pénztár
adhat [ˈɒthɒt] 's/he
d /d/ t /t/ [ˈheːdbøːl] 'from csapda [ˈt͡ʃɒbdɒ] [ˈpeːnstaːr] 'cash
can give'
7' desk'
ketrecben alapdzadzíki
edzhet [ˈɛt͡shɛt] abcúg! [ˈɒpt͡suːɡ]
dz /d͡z/ c /t͡s/ [ˈkɛtrɛd͡zbɛn] [ˈɒlɒbd͡zɒd͡ziːki]
's/he can train' 'down with him!'
'in (a) cage' 'standard tzatziki'

ácsból barackdzsem
bridzstől [ˈbrit͡ʃtøːl]
dzs [ˈaːd͡ʒboːl] [ˈbɒrɒd͡zɡd͡ʒɛm] ~ távcső [ˈtaːft͡ʃøː]
cs /t͡ʃ/ '(because) of bridge
/d͡ʒ/ 'from (a) [bɒrɒd͡ʒːɛm] 'apricot 'telescope'
[game of cards]'
carpenter' jam'

zsákból állítgat [ˈaːlːiːdɡɒt] zsebkendő

fogtam [ˈfoktɒm] 'I
g /ɡ/ k /k/ [ˈʒaːɡboːl] 'out 's/he constantly [ˈʒɛpkɛndøː]
held (it)'
of (a) bag' adjusts' 'handkerchief'
lábtyű [ˈlaːpcyː]
pintyből
ágytól [ˈaːctoːl] gépgyár [ˈɡeːbɟaːr] 'socks with
gy /ɟ/ ty /c/ [ˈpiɲɟbøːl] 'from
'from (a) bed' 'machine factory' sleeves for the
(a) finch'
toes'

széfben lábfej [ˈlaːpfɛj]

szívtam [ˈsiːftɒm] 'I *
v /v/ f /f/ [ˈseːvbɛn] 'in 'part of the foot
smoked/sucked (it)'
(a) safe' below the ankle'

mészből rabszolga
méztől [ˈmeːstøːl] alapzat [ˈɒlɒbzɒt]
z /z/ sz /s/ [ˈmeːzbøːl] 'out [ˈrɒpsolɡɒ]
'from honey' 'base(ment)'
of lime' 'slave'
különbség
hasba [ˈhɒʒbɒ] köldökzsinór
rúzstól [ˈruːʃtoːl] [ˈkylømpʃeːɡ] ~
zs /ʒ/ s /ʃ/ 'in(to) (the) [ˈkøldøɡʒinoːr]
'from lipstick' [ˈkylømʃeːɡ]
stomach' 'umbilical cord'
'difference'

adhat [ˈɒthɒt]
— h /h/ — — —
's/he can give'

[1] /v/ is unusual in that it undergoes devoicing, but does not cause voicing,[24] e.g. hatvan
('sixty') is pronounced [ˈhɒtvɒn] not *[ˈhɒdvɒn]. Voicing before [v] occurs only in south-
western dialects, though it is stigmatized.
Conversely, /h/ causes devoicing, but never undergoes voicing in consonant clusters.[24]
e.g. dohból [ˈdoxboːl] 'from (the) musty smell'.
Other than a few foreign words, morpheme-initial /d͡z/ does not occur (even its phonemic
state is highly debated), therefore it is hard to find a real example when it induces voicing
(even alapdzadzíki is forced and not used colloquially). However, the regressive voice
assimilation before /d͡z/ does occur even in nonsense sound sequences.

Nasal place assimilation

Nasals assimilate to the place of articulation of the following consonant (even across word boundaries):[25]
 only [ŋ] precedes a velar consonant (e.g. hang [hɒŋɡ], 'voice'), [ɱ] precedes a labiodental
consonant (e.g. hamvad [ˈhɒɱvɒd], 'smolder'), and [m] precedes bilabial consonants.
[m] before labial consonants /p b m/: színpad [ˈsiːmpɒd] ('stage'), különb [ˈkylømb]
('better than'), énmagam [ˈeːmːɒɡɒm] ('myself');
[ɱ] before labiodental consonants /f v/: különféle [ˈkyløɱfeːlɛ] ('various'), hamvas
[ˈhɒɱvɒʃ] ('bloomy');
[ɲ] before palatal consonants /c ɟ ɲ/: pinty [piɲc] ('finch'), ángy [aːɲɟ] ('wife of a close
male relative'), magánnyomozó [ˈmɒɡaːɲːomozoː] ('private detective');
[ŋ] before velar consonants /k ɡ/: munka [ˈmuŋkɒ] ('work'), angol [ˈɒŋɡol] ('English');
Nasal place assimilation is obligatory within the word, but optional across a word or
compound boundary, e.g. szénpor [ˈseːmpor] ~ [ˈseːnpor] ('coal-dust'), nagyon káros
[ˈnɒɟoŋ‿ˈkaːroʃ] ~ [ˈnɒɟon‿ˈkaːroʃ] ('very harmful'), olyan más [ˈojɒm‿ˈmaːʃ] ~ [ˈojɒn‿ˈmaːʃ]
('so different').

Sibilant assimilation
Voiceless sibilants form a voiceless geminate affricate with preceding alveolar and palatal
stops (d /d/, gy /ɟ/, t /t/, ty /c/):
Clusters ending in sz /s/ or c /t͡s/ give [t͡sː]: metszet [mɛt͡sːɛt] 'engraving, segment',
ötödször [øtøt͡sːør] 'for the fifth time', négyszer [neːt͡sːɛr] 'four times', füttyszó [fyt͡sːoː]
'whistle (as a signal)'; átcipel [aːt͡sːipɛl] 's/he lugs (something) over', nádcukor
[naːt͡sːukor] 'cane-sugar'.
Clusters ending in s /ʃ/ or cs /t͡ʃ/ give [t͡ʃː]: kétség [keːt͡ʃːeːɡ] 'doubt', fáradság [faːrɒt͡ʃːaːɡ]
'trouble', egység [ɛt͡ʃːeːɡ] 'unity', hegycsúcs [hɛt͡ʃːuːt͡ʃ] 'mountain-top'.
Two sibilant fricatives form a geminate of the latter phoneme; the assimilation is regressive
as usual:
sz /s/ or z /z/ + s /ʃ/ gives [ʃː]: egészség [ɛɡeːʃːeːɡ] 'health', község [køʃːeːɡ] 'village,
community';
sz /s/ or z /z/ + zs /ʒ/ gives [ʒː]: vadászzsákmány [vɒdaːʒːaːkmaːɲ] 'hunter's game';
száraz zsömle [saːrɒʒ‿ʒømlɛ] 'dry bread roll';
s /ʃ/ or zs /ʒ/ + sz /s/ gives [sː]: kisszerű [kisːɛryː] 'petty', rozsszalma [rosːɒlmɒ] 'rye
straw';
s /ʃ/ or zs /ʒ/ + z /z/ gives [zː]: tilos zóna [tiloz‿zoːnɒ] 'restricted zone', parázs zene
[pɒraːz‿zɛnɛ] 'hot music'.
Clusters zs+s [ʃː], s+zs [ʒː], z+sz [sː] and sz+z [zː] are rather the subject of the voice
assimilation.
If one of the two adjacent sibilants is an affricate, the first one changes its place of
articulation, e.g. malacság [mɒlɒt͡ʃːaːɡ], halászcsárda [hɒlaːʃt͡ʃaːrdɒ] 'Hungarian fish
restaurant'. Sibilant affricate–fricative sequences like /t͡ʃʃ/ are pronounced the same as
geminate affricate [t͡ʃː] during normal speech.
Sibilant assimilation can be omitted in articulated speech, e.g. to avoid homophony:
rozsszalma [rosːɒlmɒ] ~ [roʃsɒlmɒ] 'rye straw' ≠ rossz szalma [ros‿sɒlmɒ] 'straw of bad
quality', and rossz alma [rosː‿ɒlmɒ] 'apple of bad quality' as well.
NB. Letter cluster szs can be read either as sz+s [ʃː], e.g. egészség [ɛɡeːʃːeːɡ] 'health', or as
s+zs [ʒː], e.g. liszteszsák [listɛʒːaːk] 'bolting-bag' depending on the actual morpheme
boundary. Similarly zsz is either zs + z [zː], e.g. varázszár [vɒraːzːaːr] 'magic lock', or z + sz
[sː], e.g. házszám [haːsːaːm] 'street-number'; and csz: cs + z [d͡ʒz] ~ c + sz [t͡ss]. Moreover,
 single digraphs may prove to be two adjacent letters on morpheme boundary, like cs: cs [t͡ʃ]
~ c + s [t͡ʃʃ]; sz: sz [s] ~ s + z [zː], zs: zs [ʒ] ~ z + s [ʃː].

Palatal assimilation

Combination of a "palatalizable" consonant and a following palatal consonant results in a palatal geminate.
Palatalizable consonants are palatal ones and their non-palatal counterparts: d /d/ ~ gy /ɟ/, l /l/ ~ ly /j/, n /n/ ~
ny /ɲ/, t /t/ ~ ty /c/.

Full palatal assimilation occurs when the ending palatal consonant is j /j/: nagyja [nɒɟːɒ]
'most of it', adja [ɒɟːɒ] 's/he gives it'; tolja [tojːɒ] 's/he pushes it'; unja [uɲːɒ] 's/he is bored with
it', hányja [haːɲːɒ] 's/he throws it'; látja [laːcːɒ] 's/he sees it', atyja [ɒcːɒ] 'his/her father'. The
cluster lyj [jː] is a simple orthographic variant of jj [jː]: folyjon [fojːon] 'let it flow'.
Partial assimilation takes place if an alveolar stop (d, t) is followed by a palatal gy /ɟ/, ty /c/:
hadgyakorlat [hɒɟːɒkorlɒt] 'army exercises', nemzetgyűlés [nɛmzɛɟːyːleːʃ] 'national
assembly'; vadtyúk [vɒcːuːk] 'wild chicken', hat tyúk [hɒc‿cuːk] 'six hens'.
Some sources[26] report that alveolar stops change into their palatal counterparts before ny
/ɲ/: lúdnyak [luːɟɲɒk] 'neck of a goose', átnyúlik [aːcɲuːlik] 'it extends over'. The majority of
the sources do not mention this kind of assimilation.
When the first consonant is nasal, the partial palatal assimilation is a form of the nasal place
assimilation (see above).
The full palatal assimilation is an obligatory feature in standard Hungarian: its omission is
stigmatized and it is considered as a hypercorrection of an undereducated person. Partial
palatal assimilation is optional in articulated speech.

Degemination

Long consonants become short when preceded or followed by another consonant, e.g. folttal [foltɒl]
'by/with (a) patch', varrtam [vɒrtɒm] 'I sewed'.

Intercluster elision

The middle alveolar stops may be omitted in clusters with more than two consonants, depending on speed
and articulation of speech: azt hiszem [ɒs‿hisɛm] ~ [ɒst‿hisɛm] 'I presume/guess', mindnyájan
[miɲːaːjɒn] 'one and all', különbség [kylømpʃeːɡ] ~ [kylømʃeːɡ] 'difference'. In morpheme onsets like str-
[ʃtr], middle stops tends to be more stable in educated speech, falanxstratégia [fɒlɒnʃtrɒteːɡiɒ] ~
[fɒlɒŋkʃtrɒteːɡiɒ] ~ [fɒlɒŋksʃtrɒteːɡiɒ] 'strategy based on phalanxes'.

Elision of [l]
/l/ assimilates to a following /r/ (e.g. balra [ˈbɒrːɒ], 'to the left').[27]
/l/ also tends to be omitted between a preceding vowel and an adjacent stop or affricate in rapid speech,
causing the lengthening of the vowel or diphthongization (e.g. volt [voːt] 'was', polgár [ˈpoːɡaːr] 'citizen').
This is quite common in dialectal speech, but considered non-standard in the official language.

Hiatus

Standard Hungarian prefers hiatus between adjacent vowels. However some optional dissolving features
can be observed:

An optional weak glide [j̆] may be pronounced within a word (or a compound element)
between two adjacent vowels if one of them is i [i], e.g. fiaiéi [ˈfiɒieːi] ~ [ˈfij̆ɒj̆ij̆eːj̆i] ('the ones of
his/her sons'). This, however, is rarely transcribed.
Adjacent identical short vowels other than a and e may be pronounced as the corresponding
long vowel, e.g. zoológia [ˈzo.oloːɡiɒ] ~ [ˈzoːloːɡiɒ] ('zoology').
Adjacent double i is always pronounced as single short [i] in the word endings, e.g. Hawaii
[ˈhɒvɒi]. This reduction is reflected in the current orthography when the adjective-forming
suffix -i is added to a noun ending in i. In this case suffix -i is omitted also in writing. e.g.
Lenti (a placename) + -i → lenti 'of Lenti'.

Stress
The stress is on the first syllable of the word. The articles a, az, egy, and the particle is are usually
unstressed.[28]

References
1. Szende (1994:91)
2. Laminal dental, apart from the sibilants, which are laminal denti-alveolar.
3. Gósy (2004:74)
4. "Szende" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080619074131/http://nyelveszet.btk.ppke.hu/Tanar/
szende.html). Archived from the original (http://nyelveszet.btk.ppke.hu/Tanar/szende.html) on
2008-06-19. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
5. "Gósy Mária" (http://www.nytud.hu/oszt/fonetika/gosy/index.html).
6. Gósy (2004:136)
7. Siptár & Törkenczy (2007:205)
8. Gósy (2004:77, 130)
9. Szende (1994:93)
10. Balázs Sinkovics, Gyula Zsigri: A H-ra vonatkozó megszorítások történeti változásai (http://a
cta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/54483/1/nyelvtort_004_133-151.pdf) in A nyelvtörténeti kutatások újabb
eredményei vol. 4, JATE Press, 2005
11. Gósy (2004:77, 161)
12. Gósy (2004:161)
13. Szende (1994:92)
14. Short a is slightly rounded [ɒ] in the standard language, though some dialects exhibit an
unrounded version closer to [ɑ] (Vago (1980:1)).
15. Kráľ (1988:92)
16. Gósy (2004:62, 67–70)
17. Gósy (2004:66–67)
18. Vago (1980:1)
19. Rounds (2001:10)
20. Rounds (2001:11)
21. Vago (1976:244)
22. Miklós Törkenczy: Practical Hungarian Grammar. A compact guide to the basics of
Hungarian Grammar. Corvina, 2002. pp. 9–12. ISBN 963-13-5131-9
23. A magyar helyesírás szabályai. 11.kiadás, 12. lenyomat. Akadémiai Kiadó, 1984–2000. pp.
26–30. ISBN 963-05-7735-6
24. Vago (1980:35)
25. Vago (1980:33, 36)
26. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110721113739/http://tolnaikata.uw.hu/files/b
eszmuv_hangok-hangkapcsolatok.doc). Archived from the original (http://tolnaikata.uw.hu/fil
es/beszmuv_hangok-hangkapcsolatok.doc) on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
27. Vago (1980:36)
28. Rounds (2009:8)

Bibliography
Gósy, Mária (2004), Fonetika, a beszéd tudománya ('Phonetics, the Study of Speech'),
Budapest: Osiris, ISBN 963-389-666-5
Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické
nakladateľstvo
Rounds, Carol (2001), "Vowel harmony", Hungarian : An Essential Grammar, Routledge,
ISBN 9780415226127
Rounds, Carol (2009), Hungarian: An Essential Grammar (2nd ed.), New York: Routledge,
ISBN 978-0-203-88619-9
Siptár, Péter; Törkenczy, Miklós (2007), The Phonology of Hungarian, The Phonology of the
World's Languages, Oxford University Press
Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", Journal of the International
Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090 (https://doi.org/10.10
17%2FS0025100300005090), S2CID 242632087 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:
242632087)
Vago, Robert M. (1980), The Sound Pattern of Hungarian, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown
University Press
Vago, Robert M. (1976), "Theoretical Implications of Hungarian Vowel Harmony", Linguistic
Inquiry, 7 (2): 243–63, JSTOR 4177921 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4177921)

External links
The Hungarian alphabet (omniglot.com) (http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hungarian.htm)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_phonology&oldid=1188538079"