Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action 3A - Chapter 05 Quadrilaterals - Full Solutions

5 Quadrilaterals
5 Quadrilaterals (e) In ːABC,

AC = 2CD = 2 u 17 cm = 34 cm
AB 2 BC 2 AC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
Quick Review
AB AC 2 BC 2
Let’s Try (p. 5.3) x 342 302
1. (a) x 130q 180q (int. s, CB // EF)
16
x 50q
(f) In ːABC,
(b) BCD 50q 15q
BC 2 AB 2 AC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
65q
ɻ ABC BCD x 12 9
2 2
ɺ AB // CD alt. s equal 15
In ːBCD,
2. (a) In ːABC and ːCDA,
BD 2 BC 2 CD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
AB CD given
BC DA given y 15 8
2 2
AC CA common side 17
ɺ ːABC # ːCDA SSS
2. (a) In ːABC and ːEDC,
(b) ɻ ːABC # ːCDA proved BAC DEC given
ɺ BCA DAC corr. s, #ːs AC EC given
ɺ AD // BC alt. s equal ACB ECD vert. opp. ɳs
ɺ ːABC # ːEDC ASA
Review Exercise 5 (p. 5.5)
1. (a) a 70q (alt. s, AD // BE) (b) In ːABD and ːCBD,
c a (corr. s, BA // CD) BAD BCD 90q given
70q BD BD common side
J AD CD given
b 70q 180q (int. s, BA // CD)
ɺ ːABD # ːCBD RHS
b 110q
3. (a) BCD ADE (corr. s, DA // CB)
(b) ACB ECD (vert. opp. ɳs) 37q ACD 75q
40q ACD 38q
In ːABC,
ɻ AC BC (b) ɻ BAC ACD
ɺ ABC x (baseɳs, isos. ː) ɺ BA // CD (alt. s equal)
40q x x 180q (ɳsum of ː)
2 x 140q 4. ɻġ ːBCE is an equilateral triangle.
x 70q ɺ EBC ECB 60q prop. of equil. ː
ABC BCD
(c) In ːABD, (20q 60q) (40q 60q)
ɻ BD AB 80q 100q
ɺ a 20q (baseɳs, isos. ː) 180q
b 20q a (ext.ɳof ː) ɺ AB // DC int. s supp.
20q 20q
5. (a) In ːABC and ːADC,
40q
AB AD given
In ːBCD, BAC DAC given
ɻ CD BD AC AC common side
ɺ c b (baseɳs, isos. ː) ɺ ːABC # ːADC SAS
40q
(b) ɻ ːABC # ːADC (proved in (a))
(d) ɻ ːABC is an equilateral triangle. ɺ BC DC (corr. sides, #ːs)
ɺ CAB 60q (prop. of equil. ː) ɺ ːBCD is an isosceles triangle.
x 60q
ABC 60q (prop. of equil. ːĪ
BCE ABC (alt.ɳs, DE // AB)
y 60q
1 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action 3A Full Solutions
6. (a) In ːBCD, (b) DO BO (diags. of // gram)

BC BD
2 2
(10 24 ) cm
2 2 2
a 9
(100 576) cm 2 CO AO (diags. of // gram)
676 cm 2 b 7
CD 26 cm2 676 cm2
2 2
ɻ BC 2 BD2 CD2 (c) B D (opp. s of // gram)

ɺ ːBCD is a right-angled triangle, where c 68q
CBD 90q . (converse of Pyth. theorem) C A (opp. s of // gram)
ADB CBD (alt. s, AD // BC) d 112q
90q
Classwork (p. 5.19)
(b) In ːABD, 1. Yes (Reason: opp. sides equal)
ɻ BAD ABD
ɺ AD BD (sides opp. equal s) 2. Yes (Reason: opp. s equal)
24 cm
3. No
AB 2 AD 2 BD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
AB 24 2 242 cm 4. Yes (Reason: opp. sides equal and //)
1152 cm (or 24 2 cm) 5. Yes (Reason: diags. bisect each other)
Activity 6. No
Classwork (p. 5.27)

Activity 5.1 (p. 5.8)
(a) ADC ABC ġ (property of rhombus)
1. (a) Yes (Reason: alt. s, BC // AD)
ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ x 70q
(b) Yes (Reason: alt. s, BA // CD) CD AD (definition of rhombus)
y 7
ġġ
(c) They are equal.
2. (a) Yes (Reason: ASA) (b) AOD 90q ġġ (property of rhombus)

x 90q
(b) (i) They are equal.
(ii) They are equal. ġ BCO DCO ġ (property of rhombus)
(iii) They are equal. y 40q
ġġġġġġġġġġ
3. (a) Yes (Reason: AAS (or ASA))

1
(c) OA AC (property of rhombus)
(b) (i) They are equal. 2
(ii) They are equal. 6
x
2
Activity 5.2 (p. 5.26) 3
1. A: Rhombus B: Square
C: Rectangle OB OD (property of rhombus)
y 4
2. rhombus, square, rectangle
Activity 5.3 (p. 5.52) Classwork (p. 5.30)

1. rectangle (a) ABC 90q (definition of rectangle)
x 20q 90q
2. Yes. It is because MEFN is a rectangle. x 70q
(or any other reasonable answers)
BC AD (property of rectangle)
3. The length of MN is half of that of BC. ġġ y 6
(b) ɻ OB OC OA 5 cm (property of rectangle)

Classwork ɺ x 5
Classwork (p. 5.10) y 2u5

(a) AB DC (opp. sides of // gram) 10
x 13
BC AD (opp. sides of // gram)
y 22

5 Quadrilaterals
(c) DBC ADB (alt. s, AD // BC) (b) TQR 3x

x 23q 3 u 19q
ɻ OA OD (property of rectangle) 57q
ɺ TQR STQ 180q (int. s, QR // PS)
y x (base s, isos. ː)
57q STQ 180q
23q
STQ 123q
F
Classwork (p. 5.33)

(a) BC AB (definition of square) Quick Practice 5.2 (p. 5.11)
x 6 OD OB (diags. of // gram)
15 cm
ADC 90q (definition of square) In ːBCD,
y 90q
BD 2 CD 2 BC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
CD 34 (15 15) cm
2 2
(b) AOD 90q (property of square)
x 90q 342 302 cm
ACD 45q (property of square) 16 cm
y 45q AB CD (opp. sides of // gram)
16 cm
(c) ɻ OA OD OB 7 cm (property of square)
Quick Practice 5.3 (p. 5.12)
ɺ x y 7
ABC ADC (opp. s of // gram)
70q
Classwork (p. 5.53)
EBG EFG (opp. s of // gram)
(a) In ːABC,
ɻ AM MB and AN NC (given) 55q
ABG ABC EBG
1
ɺ MN u BC (mid-pt. theorem) 70q 55q
2
1 15q
x u 24 In ːABG,
2
BAG ABG AGB 180q ( sum of ː)
12
BAG 15q 140q 180q
BAG 25q
(b) In ːABC,
ɻ AM MB and AN NC (given)
ɺ MN // BC (mid-pt. theorem) Quick Practice 5.4 (p. 5.21)
(a) In EFGH,
y 55q (corr. s, MN // BC) (4 x 5q) 115q (3 x 20q) 115q 360q ( sum of
7 x 255q 360q polygon)
(c) In ːABC,
7x 105q
ɻ AM MB and AN NC (given)
x 15q
1
ɺ MN u BC and MN // BC (mid-pt. theorem)
2
(b) FEH 4 u 15q 5q 65q
1
4 uy FGH 3 u15q 20q 65q
2
ɻ EFG EHG
y 8
and FEH FGH
NMB CBM 180q (int. s, MN // BC) ɺ EFGH is a parallelogram. opp. s equal
x 112q 180q
x 68q Quick Practice 5.5 (p. 5.21)
OBġ ġ OD diags. of // gram
ɻ OA OC diags. of // gram
Quick Practice ɺ OM 2OA given
Quick Practice 5.1 (p. 5.11) 2OC

(a) PQR PSR (opp. s of // gram) ON given
20q 3x 4 x 1q ɻ OB OD and OM ON
20q 1q 4 x 3 x ɺ BNDM is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other
x 19q

Quick Practice 5.6 (p. 5.22) Quick Practice 5.9 (p. 5.31)
(a) In ːAED and ːCFB, In ːADK,
AE = CF given ɻ KA KD (property of rectangle)
AED CFB given ɺ KAD KDA (base s, isos. ː)
DE DF EF
x
BE EF given KAD KDA 76q (ext. of ː)
BF 2 x 76q
ġ ɺ ːAED # ːCFB SAS
x 38q
(b) ɻ ːAED # ːCFB proved in (a) BAD 90q (definition of rectangle)
ɺġ AD = BC corr.ġsides, # ːs BAK KAD 90q
Also, ADE CBF . corr.ɳs, # ːs y 38q 90q
ɺ AD // BC alt.ɳs equal y 52q
ɻ AD = BC and AD // BC
ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
BF AE (definition of rhombus)
(a) AOD 90q (property of rhombus)
13 cm
BD 2 BF (property of rectangle)
5a 90q
a 18q 2 u 13 cm
26 cm
(b) ADB In ːBCD,
2a
BCD 90q (definition of rectangle)
2 u 18q
BC 2 CD 2 BD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
36q
In ːBCD, BC 262 102 cm
BDC DBC ADB 36q (property of rhombus) 24 cm
BCD BDC DBC 180q ( sum of ː) ɺ Perimeter of BCDE 2 u (CD BC )
b 36q 36q 180q 2 u (10 24) cm
b 72q 180q 68 cm
b 108q
Quick Practice 5.8 (p. 5.30) (a) ɻġ OB = OD (property of square)
(a) ɻġ PQ = QR = RS = SP (definition of rhombus) 1
ɺ OB u BD
ɺ 4PS 68 cm ġ 2 ġ
ġ 1
PS 17 cm u 14 cm
1 2
OP PR (property of rhombus) ġ
2 7 cm
ġ
1 ɺ OA OB (property of square)
u 30 cm
2 7 cm
15 cm
In ːOPS, (b) In ːOAB,
PR A QS (property of rhombus) AOB 90q (property of square)
OP 2 OS 2 PS 2 (Pyth. theorem) AB 2 OA2 OB 2 (Pyth. theorem)
OS 17 2 152 cm AB 7 2 7 2 cm
8 cm 98 cm
ġPerimeter of square ABCD
1 4 AB
(b) Area of ːOPS = u OP u OS
2 4 98 cm
1 39.6 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
u 15 u 8 cm 2
2
60 cm 2 Quick Practice 5.12 (p. 5.35)
Area of PQRS = 4 u area of ːOPS EBC BEC 60q (prop. of equil. ː)
4 u 60 cm 2 ABC 90q (definition of square)
240 cm 2 x EBC 90q
..
ġ
x 60q 90q
x 30q
ɻġ ːBCE is an equilateral triangle.
ɺ BE = BC

5 Quadrilaterals
ɻġ AB = BC (definition of square) Quick Practice 5.16 (p. 5.54)

ɺġ AB = BEġ (a) In ːXYZ,
ɺġ BAE BEA ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ĩbase s, isos. ː) ġ ɻ XP = PY and XQ = QZ (given)
In ːABE, 1
ġ ɺ PQ u YZ (mid-pt. theorem)
ABE BAE BEA 180q (ɳ sum of ː) 2
30q BEA BEA 180q 1
..
u 8 cm
2BEA 150q 2
4 cm
BEA 75q
BEA BEC CEF 180q (adj. ɳs on st. line)
(b) In ːXYZ,
75q 60q y 180q
ɻ XP = PY and XQ = QZ (given)
y 45q
ɺ PQ // YZ (mid-pt. theorem)
ɺ XYZ XPQ (corr. s, PQ // YZ)
opp. s of // gram 55q
ABC ADC
XYZ XZY YXZ 180q ( sum of ː)
y
55q XZY 38q 180q
In ːABE,
ġ
ɻġ BA = BE
ġ
given XZY 87q
ɺ BAE BEA base s, isos. ː
x
(a) In ːRST,
ABC BAE BEA ext. of ː
ɻ TV = VR and TU = US (given)
y xx
1
y 2x ɺ UV u SR (mid-pt. theorem)
2
1
Quick Practice 5.14 (p. 5.45) 5 cm u SR
2
In ːABE and ːDCE,
SR 10 cm
AB DC property of rectangle
ABE DCE 90q definition of rectangle
(b) In ːRST,
BE CE given
ɻ TV = VR and TU = US (given)
ɺ ːABE # ːDCE SAS
ɺ SR // UV (mid-pt. theorem)
ɺ AE DE corr. sides, #ːs
ɺ TSR TUV (corr. s, SR // UV)
ɻ AF DE opp. sides of // gram
ɺ AF AE 68q
In ːPQR,
Quick Practice 5.15 (p. 5.47) ɻ RU = UQ (given)
(a) In ːEBF and ːFCG, and SR = PS = 10 cm (by (a))
BF CG given ɺ PQ // SU (mid-pt. theorem)
EBF FCG 90q definition of square ɺ QPR USR (corr. s, PQ // SU)
BEAB AE 68q
BC AE definition of square PQR PRQ QPR 180q ( sum of ː)
BC BF given PQR 25q 68q 180q
CF PQR 87q
ɺ ːEBF # ːFCG SAS
(b) Let BEF x. In ːABC,
ɻġ ːEBF # ːFCG proved in (a) ɻ BM MC and AF FC given
ɺġ BEF CFG ġ ġ ġ ġ corr. s, #ːs 1
ɺ BA // MF and MF u BA mid-pt. theorem
x 2
EBF 90q definition of square In ːDEF,
In ːEBF, ɻ FN NE and FC CD given
EFG CFG EBF BEF ext. of ːġ 1
ɺ DE // CN and CN u DE mid-pt. theorem
EFG x 90q x 2
EFG 90q ɻ BA // DE , BA // MF and
ɺ ːEFG is a right-angled triangle. DE // CN
ɺ MF // CN
1
ɻ MF u BA and
2
1
CN u DE
2

and BA DE given In ːCDH,

ɺ MF CN ɻ DN NC and DK KH
ɺ FMCN is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and // 1
ɺ KN u HC mid-pt. theorem
2
Quick Practice 5.19 (p. 5.62) HC 2 KN
(a) ɻġ AD // BE // CF and AB = BCġ
ɻ AN MC opp. sides of // gram
ɺ DE EF (intercept theorem)
ġ ġ ġ ɺ AK KN MH HC
x 9
2MH KN MH 2 KN
ġ MH KN
(b)ġ ɻ AB // CD // EF // GH and BD DF FH ɺġ AK 2MH
ġ ɺ AC CE EG (intercept theorem) 2 KN
1
ġ ɺ AC u AG
3 Consolidation Corner
1
x u 12
3 Consolidation Corner (p. 5.12)
4 1. m 55q 180q (int. s, AD // BC)
m 125q
Quick Practice 5.20 (p. 5.64) DC AB (opp. sides of // gram)
(a) ɻ AD // EF // BC and AE EB
n 6
ɺ DF FC (intercept theorem)
In ːACD,
ɻ AD // GF and DF FC 2. AD BC (opp. sides of // gram)
ġġ
ɺ AG GC (intercept theorem) a 24
ɻġ DF FC and AG GC C A (opp.ɳs of // gram)
1 b 108q
ɺ GF u AD (mid-pt. theorem)
2
1
u 10 cm 3. B D (opp.ɳs of // gram)
2
5 cm 2h 30q h
h 30q
(b) EG EF GF C D 180q ġ (int.ɳs, BC // AD)
(14 5) cm k h 180q
9 cm ġ ġ
k 180q 30q
In ːABC, 150q
ɻ AE EB and AG GC
ġ
1
ɺ EG u BC (mid-pt. theorem) 4. OB OD (diags. of // gram)
2
1 x 4
9 cm u BC
2 OC OA (diags. of // gram)
.
BC 18 cm y 1 2 ġ
y 1
(a) AN // MC definition of // gram 5. (a) ADC ABC (opp.ɳs of // gram)
In ːABK, ġ
134q
ɻ BM MA and MH // AK
ADE 180q ADC (adj.ɳs on st. line)
ɺ BH HK intercept theorem
180q 134q
In ːCDH,
ɻ DN NC and KN // HC 46q
ɺ KD HK intercept theorem
ɺ BH HK KD (b) ɻġ ADE AED
ɺ AD AE (sides opp. equalɳs)
(b) In ːABK, 5 cm
ɻ BM MA and BH HK BC AD (opp. sides of // gram)
1 5 cm
ɺ MH u AK mid-pt. theorem
2
AK 2 MH

5 Quadrilaterals
Consolidation Corner (p. 5.22) (RPS QPR) PQR 180q (int. s, PS // QR)
1. ɻġ AB DC 6 cm (54q x) y 180q
and AD BC 5 cm given (54q 54q) y 180q
ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal
y 72q
2. ɻ BC EF 5 cm
and BC // EF given 3.ġ ɻġ KR KQ (property of rectangle)
ɺ BEFC is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and // ɺ KRQ KQR (base s, isos.ː)
ġ
a 28q
3. ɻ BAG BEG 30q and
In ːKQR,
AGE ABE 150q (given)
b a KQR (extįġof ː)
ɺ AGEB is a parallelogram. (opp. s equal)
ɺ GE AB (opp. sides of // gram) 28q 28q
6 cm 56q
In ːPQR,
4. (a) ɻġ Perimeter of PQRS
ġġġġġġġġġġġ ġġġġġġ ġġġġġġ ġġġġġġ ġġġġġġ ġġġġġġ ġġġġġġ ġġġġġġ ġġġġġ 28 cm PQR 90q (definition of rectangle)
ɺ PQ QR RS SP 28 cm a PQR c 180q ( sum ofġ ː)
6 2 x ( x 2) (3 x 4) 28 28q 90q c 180q
6x 4 28 c 62q
6x 24
x 4 4. PQK 45q (property of square)
a 45q
(b) SR (4 2) cm PKS 90q (property of square)
6 cm b 90q
QR 2(4) cm QRS 90q (definition of square)
8 cm c 90q
PS [3(4) 4] cm
8 cm 5. OA = OC = OB = 10 cm (property of rectangle)
ɻġ PQ SR and QR PSġ AC 2 u 10 cm
ġ ġ ɺġ PQRS is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal ġ
20 cm
ġ In ːABC,
5. ɻġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ AE CE ġ ġ ġ diags. of // gramġ
ABC 90q ġ ġ ġ ġ (definition of rectangle)
ɺ AP PE RE CR
AB 2 BC 2 AC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
ġ ġ CR PE RE CR given
PE RE AB 202 162 cm
ġ ɻġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ BE DE diags. of // gramġ 12 cm
ɺ BQ QE SE DS
ġ ġ DS QE SE DS given 6. ABD ADB CBD 35q (property of rhombus)
QE SE In ːABD,
BAD ABD ADB 180q ( sum of ː)
ɻġ PE RE and QE SE
ɺġ PQRS is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other BAD 35q 35q 180q
BAD 110q
Consolidation Corner (p. 5.36) BDE ADE ADB
1. Parallelogram: Diagonals bisect each other. 15q 35q
Rhombus: Diagonals bisect each other,
50q
Diagonals are perpendicular to each other,
Diagonals bisect interior angles. ɻ EB ED
Rectangle: Diagonals bisect each other, ɺ DBE BDE (base s, isos. ː)
Diagonals are equal in length. 50q
Square: Diagonals bisect each other, In ːBDE,
Diagonals are equal in length. BED DBE BDE 180q ( sum of ː)
Diagonals are perpendicular to each other,
Diagonals bisect interior angles. BED 50q 50q 180q
BED 80q
2. PQ PS (definition of rhombus)
w 1 4
w 3
QPR RPS (property of rhombus)
x 54q

Consolidation Corner (p. 5.47) In ːBDE,

1. ɻ AB BC given ɻġ BF FE and BC CD (given)
ɺ BAC ACB base s, isos. ːġ 1
ɺġ FC u ED (mid-pt. theorem)
ġ i.e. DAF ACB 2
ɻ DAF DEF opp. s of // gram 1
ɺ ACB DEF ġ ġ 4 uy
2
y 8
2. In ːEBO and ːFCO,
ɻ OA OD property of rectangle
2. In ːABC,
and AE DF given
ɻ D, E and F are the mid-points of
ɺ EO AE OA
AB, BC and CA respectively.
DF OD 1 1
FO ɺ FE u AB , DF u BC
2 2
EOB FOC vert. opp. s 1
OB OC property of rectangle and DE u AC mid-pt. theorem
2
ɺ ːEBO # ːFCOġ SASġ
ɺ AD EF and AF ED
DF FD common side
3. (a) In ːBEF and ːCED,
ɺ ːADF # ːEFD SSS
EBF ECD alt. s, FA // CD
BE CE given Consolidation Corner (p. 5.65)
BEF CED vert. opp. s 1. ɻġ L1 // L2 // L3 and BD DF
ɺ ːBEF # ːCED ASA ɺ CE AC (intercept theorem)
3 cm
Alternative Solution
Inġ ːABE,
In ːBEF and ːCED,
ɻ AC CE and L1 // L2
BFE CDE alt. s, FA // CD
EBF ECD alt. s, FA // CD ġ ɺ GE BG (intercept theorem)
BE CE given 7
cm
ɺ ːBEF # ːCED AAS 2
3.5 cm
(b) ɻġ ːBEF # ːCED proved in (a)
ɺġ FE DE ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ corr. sides, #ːs 2. (a) Inġ ːPQS,
Also, BE CE given ġ ġ ɻġ QR RS and RV // QP
ɺ BFCD is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each ġ ġ ɺġ PV VS (intercept theorem)
other ġ ġ ɻġ QR RS and PV VS
ɺ BD FC opp. sides of // gram 1
ɺ RV u QP (mid-pt. theorem)
Consolidation Corner (p. 5.57) 2
1. (a) Inġ ːACD, 1
ġ ġ ġ p u 8 ġġ
ġ ġ ɻ AB BC and AE ED (given) 2
1 4
ɺġ BE u CD (mid-pt. theorem)
2 Inġ ːPST,
1 ġ ġ ɻġ PV VS and VU // ST
ġ ġ x u 8.4
2 ġ ġ ɺġ PU UT (intercept theorem)
4.2 ġ ġ ɻġ PV VS and PU UT
ɻ BE // CD (mid-pt. theorem) 1
ɺ VU u ST (mid-pt. theorem)
ġ ġ ɺġ y 35q (corr. s, BE // CD) 2
1
ġ ġ ġ q u 10
2
(b) Inġ ːABD,
5
ġ ġ ɻġ AF FD and BC CD (given)
1
ɺġ FC u AB (mid-pt. theorem) (b) Inġ ːACD,
2
ġ ġ ɻġ ABE ACD 55q
1
ġ ġ x u8 ġ ġ ɺġ BE // CD (corr. s equal)
2
ɻġ AB BC and BE // CD
4
ɺ AE ED (intercept theorem)
ġ
p q

5 Quadrilaterals
ġ ġ ɻġ AE ED AD ġ OC OA (diags. of // gram)
ɺġ p q 12 ġ y2 7 ġ
ġ ġ p p 12 y 9
p 6
ɺ q 6 5. B D (opp. s of // gram)
x 30q
3. In ːACF, C D 180q (int. s, BC // AD)
ɻ AB BC and BG // CF y 30q 180q
ɺ AG GF intercept theorem y 150q
ɻ AB BC and AG GF
1 6. ABC ADC (opp. s of // gram)
ɺ BG u CF mid-pt. theorem
2 x 40q
In ːBDG,
ABC BAD 180q (int. s, AD // BC)
ɻ BC CD and BG // CE
x [( x 70q) y ] 180q
ɺ GE ED intercept theorem
y 180q 2 x 70q
ɻ BC CD and GE ED
110q 2(40q)
1
ɺ CE u BG mid-pt. theorem 30q
2
1 1
u u CF 7. (opp. sides of // gram)
2 2 DC AB
1 2 x 3 11
CF ġ
4 2x 8
ɺ CF 4CE x 4
EF CF CE
OB OD (diags. of // gram)
4CE CE
13 y 10
3CE
y 3
Exercise
8. BCD BAD (opp. s of // gram)
Exercise 5A (p. 5.13) 49q
Level 1 BCD ECD 180q (adj. s on st. line)
1. AB DC (opp. sides of // gram)
49q x 180q
x 4
x 131q
AD BC (opp. sides of // gram)
y 3
5z 3z 4
2z 4
2. AB DC (opp. sides of // gram)
z 2
x 4
AD BC (opp. sides of // gram) 9. ɻġ ġ ABD CDE (corr.ɳs, AB // DC)
y 2x 1 ɺ x 108q
2(4) 1
BCD BAD (opp. s of // gram)
9
y 2 y 108q
3 y 108q
3. OC OA (diags. of // gram)
y 36q
x 2
OD OB y cm (diags. of // gram) 10. (a) BAD BCD (opp. s of // gram)
BD 3 cm
58q ( x 3q) 2x
y y 3
x 61q
y 1.5
(b) DAE x 3q
4. OD OB (diags. of // gram)
61q 3q
x 6 10 64q
x 4

DAE AEC 180q (int. s, AD // EC) 16. OB OD (diags. of // gram)

64q AEC 180q 24 cm
AEC 116q In ːBCD,
BC 2 BD 2 CD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
11.ġ ZY WX 8 cm (opp. sides of // gram) BC (24 24) 14 cm
2 2
and WZ XY (opp. sides of // gram)

ɻ Perimeter of parallelogram WXYZ 54 cm 482 142 cm
ɺ WX XY YZ ZW 54 cm 50 cm
8 cm XY 8 cm XY 54 cm
2 XY 38 cm 17. BC ED (opp. sides of // gram)
XY 19 cm 8 cm
AB BC (given)
ġ
12. (a) ɻ AB AC 8 cm
ɺ ABC ACB (base s, isos.ġ ː) In ːABE,
Inġ ːABC, AB 2 BE 2 AE 2 (Pyth. theorem)
BAC ABC ACB 180q ( sum ofġ ː)
BE AE 2 BE 2
70q 2ABC 180q
17 2 82 cm
2ABC 110q
ABC 55q 15 cm
CD BE (opp. sides of // gram)
ġ ġ ġ
15 cm
(b) ADC ABC (opp. s of // gram)
55q
Level 2
18. DCE DAB (opp. s of // gram)
13. ɻ ːADE is an equilateral triangle.
62q
ġ ɺġ DAE 60q (prop. of equil. ː)
In ːCDE,
BCD DAE ġ (opp. s of // gram)
ġ ġ ġ ɻġ CD CE ġ
60q ġ ɺġ CDE CED ġ (base s, isos.ġ ː)
DCE CDE CED 180q ĩ sum of ː)
14. EBC AEB (alt. s, BC // AD) 62q 2CED 180q
41q ġġ
2CED 118q
ABE EBC (given)
CED 59q
41q ADE CED (alt.ɳs, AD // BC)
ADC ABC (opp. s of // gram)
59q
ABE EBC
41q 41q 19.ġ CED ADE (alt. s, AD // BC)
82q
ġ ġ ġ
32q
ADC ABC (opp. s of // gram)
ġ
15. (a) AB DC (opp. sides of // gram) 72q
5x 6 2x 3 CDE ADC ADE
3x 9 72q 32q
x 3 40q
z CED
ġ (b) OC [2(3) 1] cm 5 cm ġ ɺ ːCDE is not an isosceles triangle.
ġ ġ ɻġ OA OC (diags. of // gram)
įġ ɺġ AC OA OC 20. BCD BAD (opp. s of // gram)
116q
2OC
EGF BCD (opp. s of // gram)
2(5) cm
116q
10 cm
21. BCD BAD (opp. s of // gram)

124q
BCF BEF (opp. s of // gram)
146q

5 Quadrilaterals
BCD BCF DCF 360q (s at a pt.) (b) In ːAEB,

124q 146q DCF 360q AE 2 AB 2 BE 2 (Pyth. theorem)
270q DCF 360q AE AB BE
2 2
DCF 90q
7 2 122 cm
ɺ DC is perpendicular to CF.
193 cm
22. BA CD (opp. sides of // gram) CE AE (diags. of // gram)
7 cm 193 cm
AF BA (diags. of // gram) AC AE CE
7 cm ( 193 193) cm
BF BA AF 27.8 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(7 7) cm
14 cm 26. ABF FED (alt. s, AB // EC)
48q
23. OE OB (diags. of // gram) ɻ CBF ABF (given)
3 cm ɺ ABC 2ABF
CD BE (opp. sides of // gram) 2 u 48q
x OB OE 96q
33 ɺġ ADC ABC (opp. s of // gram)
6 96q
ADE ADC 180q (adj. s on st. line)
BC AE (opp. sides of // gram)
ADE 96q 180q
5 cm
ED BC (opp. sides of // gram) ADE 84q
y 5
27. SPZ SYX (opp. s of // gram)
24. (a) DEA BAE alt.ɳs, AB // DC 40q
In ːADE, PSZ QRS 180q (int.ɳs, PS // QR)
ɻġ DAE BAE given PSZ 78q 180q
ɺġ DAE DEA PSZ 102q
ɺ DA DE sides opp. equal s In ːPZS,
ɺ ː AED is an isosceles
ġ PZR SPZ PSZ (ext. of ː)
triangle. 40q 102q
142q
(b) DA BC (opp. sides of // gram)
14 cm
(proved in (a)) 28. CBG CEF (opp. s of // gram)
DE DA
56q
14 cm
(opp. sides of // gram) In ːBCG,
DC AB
ɻ BC BG
14 cm CE 18 cm
ɺ BCG BGC (base s, isos. ː)
CE 4 cm
CBG BCG BGC 180q ( sum of ː)
56q 2BCG 180q
25. (a) In ːABD,
2BCG 124q
AB 2 BD 2 AD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
BCG 62q
BD AD AB 2
2
BAD BCG (opp. s of // gram)
252 7 2 cm 62q
24 cm
BE DE (diags. of // gram) 29. BCDBAD (opp. s of // gram)
BD 24 cm 106q
BE DE 24 cm DCE 180q BCD (adj. s on st. line)
2 BE 24 cm 180q 106q
BE 12 cm 74q
EFG DCE (opp. s of // gram)
74q
DGF DCE (corr. s, GF // CE)
74q

In ːDGF, AC AG GC
ɻġ FD FG (6 6) cm
ɺġ GDF DGF (base. s, isos. ː) 12 cm
ġ (opp. sides of // gram)
74q DE AC
DFG GDF DGF 180q ( sum of ː) 12 cm
DFG 74q 74q 180q ɺ Perimeter of ACED 2( AC AD)
DFG 32q 2(12 10) cm
DFE DFG EFG 44 cm
32q 74q
106q Exercise 5B (p. 5.22)
Level 1
1. ɻ BA DC 7 cm and ġ
30. (a) ECD BAD (opp. s of // gram) BA // CD ġ ġ ġ ġ given

60q ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
DEC ADE (alt. s, BC // AD)
60q 2. ɻ AB DC and
In ːCDE, AD BC 5 cmġ ġġ ġ given
CDE ECD DEC 180q ( sum of ː) ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal
CDE 60q 60q 180q
3. ɻ OA OC 3 cm and
CDE 60q
ġ
OB OD 4 cmġ ġ ġ given
ɻ CDE ECD DEC 60q
ġ
ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other

ɺ ːCDE is an equilateral triangle.
4. A B C D (4 2) u 180q sum of polygon
(b) ɻ ːCDE is an equilateral triangle.
ɺ EC DC DE 8 cm A 53q 127q 53q 360q
BC BE EC A 127q
(5 8) cm ɻġ A C 127q and
B D 53q
13 cm
AD = BC and AB = DC (opp. sides of // gram) ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. s equal
Perimeter of the parallelogram 2( BC DC )
2(13 8) cm
ɻ ADC BCD 53q 127q
42 cm ġ
180q
ɺ AD // BC int. s supp.
31. (a) In ːAGB, ɻ ABC BCD 53q 127q
AB 2 BG 2 AG 2 (Pyth. theorem) ġ
180q
AB 8 6 cm
2 2
ɺ AB // DC int. s supp.
10 cm ɻ AD // BC and AB // DC
DC AB (opp. sides of // gram) ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram.
10 cm
5. ɻ ADB CBD given
GD BG (diags. of // gram)
ɺ AD // BC alt. s equal
8 cm
Also, AD BC given
In ːAGD,
AD 2 AG 2 GD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
AD 62 82 cm 6. P S 180q int. s, QP // RS

10 cm 78q S 180q
BC AD (opp. sides of // gram) S 102q
10 cm Q R 180q int. s, QP // RS
ɺ Perimeter of ABCD 2( AB AD) Q 78q 180q
2(10 10) cm Q 102q
40 cm ɻ P R and S Q
ɺ PQRS is a parallelogram. opp. s equal
(b) CE AD (opp. sides of // gram)
7. ED AD AE
10 cm
GC AG (diags. of // gram) (8 5) cm
6 cm 3 cm
BC AD opp. sides of // gram
8 cm

5 Quadrilaterals
BF BC FC ġ (b) ɻ ːABE is an equilateral triangle.

(8 5) cm ġ ġ ɺġ ġ ABE 60q prop. of
3 cm equil. ː
ɺġ ED BF i.e. ABC 60q
Also, ED // BF definition of // gram In ABCD,
ɺ BFDE is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and // BAD ABC BCD CDA sum of
(4 2) u 180q polygon
8. (a) ɻ AD BC 120q 60q BCD 60q 360q
ɺ 5a 2 3a 4 BCD 120q
2a 6 ɻġ ABC ADC and
a 3 BCD BAD
ɺġ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. s equal
(b) AB (3 1) cm 4 cm
DC (7 3) cm 4 cm ɻ BAD ADC 120q 60q
ɻ AD BC and AB DC ġ
180q
ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal
ɺ AB // DC int. s supp.
ġ ġ ɻ ːABE is an equilateral triangle.
9. (a) In ABCD,
143q (3x 11q) 143q (2 x 5q) (4 2) u 180q ġ ġ ɺġ ġ ABE 60q prop. of
equil. ː
( sum of polygon)
i.e. ABC 60q
280q 5 x 360q
ɻ BAD ABC 120q 60q
5 x 80q ġ
180q
x 16q ɺ AD // BC int. s supp.
ɻ AB // DC and AD // BC
(b) B 3(16q) 11q 37q ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram.
D 2(16q) 5q 37q
Level 2
ɻ A C and
12. Method 1:
B D
ɻ ːAOD # ːCOB given
ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. s equal
ɺ AD CB corr. sides, #ːs
10. (a) In ːAGD, and OAD OCB corr. s, #ːs
(ext. of ː) ɺ AD // BC alt. s equal
GAD ADG BGD
GAD 15q 65q
Method 2:
GAD 50q ɻ ːAOD # ːCOB given
i.e. BAD 50q ɺġ OA OC and OD OB corr. sides, #ːs
In ːFEC, ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other
ɻ CF EF
ɺ ECF CEF (base s, isos. ː) 13. ɻ AB FC given
EF FC diags. of // gram
50q
ɺ AB EF
ɻ AE FD given
(b) ɻ BAD ABC 50q 120q
BF FD diags. of // gram
170q ɺ AE BF
z 180q ɺ ABFE is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal
ɺ AD is not parallel to BC.
ɺ ABCD is not a parallelogram. 14. (a) ɻ BC AD opp. sides of // gram
AD PQ opp. sides of // gram
11. (a) ɻ ːABE is an equilateral triangle.
ɺ BC PQ
ġ ġ ɺġ ġ BAE 60q (prop. of equil. ː)
EAD BAE (given) (b) ɻ BC // AD definition of // gram
ġ ġ
60q AD // PQ definition of // gram
ɺġ BAD BAE EAD ɺ BC // PQ
60q 60q ġ Also, BC PQ proved in (a)
120q ɺ PBCQ is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
ġ
ġ 15. (a) BCD BAD opp. s of // gram
ġ 110q
ġ ɻġ BCD CEF
ġ ɺġ CD // EF ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ corr.ɳs equal
(b) DC AB opp. sides of // gram Alternative Solution

DG GC 11 cm ɻ ːABO #ːCDO proved in (a)
ɺ AO CO corr. sides, #ːs
3 cm GC 11 cm
BO DO given
GC 8 cm
ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each
ɺġ GC FE other
Also, GC // FE proved in (a)
ɺġ CEFG is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal 19. (a) ɻ ːABE is an equilateral triangle.
and // ɺġ ġ AEB 60q (prop. of equil. ː)
AEB AED CED 180q (adj.ɳs on st.line)
16. QO OS diags. of // gram
60q 90q CED 180q
PO OR diags. of // gram
ɻ PX XO CED 30q
1
ɺ XO PO (b) (i) ɻġ CED CDE 30q
2
ɻ OY YR ɺġ CE DC ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ sides opp.
1 equal ɳs
ɺ OY OR ɻ ːABE is an equilateral triangle.
2
1 ɺġ ġ AB BE
PO ġ ġ ġ ġ CE ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ given
2
XO ɺġ AB DC ġ
ɻ QO OS and XO OY
(ii) In ːECD,
ɺ XQYS is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other
ECD CED CDE 180q ɳsum of ː
17. (a) ɻ ːABC # ːCDE given ECD 30q 30q 180q
ɺ BC DE corr. sides, #ːs ECD 120q
and ACB CED corr. s, #ːs ABE 60q prop. of
ɻ ACB BCE given equil ː
ɺ BCE CED ɻ ECD ABE 120q 60q
ġ ġ
ɺ CB // DE alt. s equal 180q
ɺ BCDE is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal ġ ġ ġ ɺġ AB // DC ġ ġ ġ ġ int.ɳs supp.
and // Also, AB DC ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ proved in
(b)(i)
(b) ɻ ːABC # ːCDE (given) ɺġ ABCD is a parallelogram.ġ ġ ġ ġ opp. sides
ġ
ɺ ABC CDE (corr. s, #ːs) equal and //

54q
20. (a) In ːAEF and ːCGH,
CBE CDE (opp. s of // gram)
AE CG given
54q
EAF GCH opp. s of // gram
ABE ABC CBE
AF CH given
54q 54q
ɺġ ːAEF # ːCGH SAS
108q
(b) In ːEDH and ːGBF,
18. (a) In ːABO and ːCDO, ED AD AE
AOB COD vert. opp. s BC AE opp. sides of // gram
OAB OCD 90q given BC CG given
BO DO given GB
ɺ ːABO #ːCDO AAS EDH GBF opp. s of // gram
DH CD CH
(b) ɻġ ːABO #ːCDO proved in (a)
AB CH opp. sides of // gram
ɺ AB CD corr. sides, #ːs
AB AF given
ɻġ OAB OCD 90q given
BF
ɺġ AB // CD ġ alt.ɳs equal
ġ ɺġ ːEDH # ːGBF SAS
ɻġ AB CD and AB // CD
ɺġ EH GF ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ corr. sides, # ːs
ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal ġ
ɻ ᶭAEF # ᶭCGH proved in (a)
and //
ɺġ EF GH ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ corr. sides, # ːs
ɻġ EH GF and EF GH ġ
ġ ġ ɺġ EFGH is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal

5 Quadrilaterals
21. (a) 3. DAB 2BAC (property of rhombus)

2 u 30q
60q
p DAB (alt. s, AD // EC)
60q
DAB q 180q (int. s, AB // DC)

With the notation in the figure, 60q q 180q
ɻ ːMNO # ːPQR given q 120q
ɺ MN PQ corr. sides, #ːs
and MNO PQR corr. s, #ːs 4. ACD ACB (property of rhombus)
PSO PQR corr. s, NO // QR ġ ġ . a 55q
ɺ MNO PSO
BCD ADC 180q (int. s, AD // BC)
ɺ MN // PQ corr. s equal
ɺ MNQP is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal (55q a ) b 180q
and // (55q 55q) b 180q
b 70q
(b) MNQ MPQ (opp. s of // gram)
112q 5. OD OB (property of rectangle)
MNO MNQ ONQ 2x 2
112q 46q x 1
66q
AC BD (property of rectangle)
PQR MNO (proved in (a))
y 2 2x
66q
2 2(1)
4
22. (a) In ːAFD and ːCEB,
AD CB opp. sides of // gram
6. AD BC (property of rectangle)
ɻ ADC CBA opp. s of // gram
2x 1 7
FDC ABE 60q prop. of equil. ː ġġ
ɺ ADF ADC 60q 2x 6
x 3
CBA 60q
CBE In ːABD,
ɻ ːABE and ːCDF are BAD 90q (definition of rectangle)
equilateral triangles. ABD ADB BAD 180q ( sum of ː)
ɺ AB AE BE and 64q y 90q 180q
DC DF FC y 26q
ɻ AB DC opp. sides of // gram
ɺ DF BE 7. ABC 90q (definition of rectangle)
ɺ ːAFD # ːCEB SAS
x 26q 90q
(b) ɻ ːAFD # ːCEB proved in (a) x 64q
ɺ AF CE corr. sides, # ːs In ːOBC,
AE FC from (a) ɻ OC OB (property of rectangle)
ɺ AECF is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal ɺġ ġ OCB OBC (baseɳs, isos. ː)
2 y 26q
Exercise 5C (p. 5.37)
Level 1 y 13q
1. ɻ AB BC CD DA (definition of rhombus)
ɺ x 4 8. In ːOAB,
ɻ OA OB (property of rectangle)
2y 2 4 ɺ OAB OBA (base s, isos. ː)
2y 2 x 70q
y 1
y x 70q (ext. of ː)
70q 70q
2. COD 90q (property of rhombus)
140q
a 90q
OB OD (property of rhombus)
2b 8
b 4

9. QPR 45q (property of square) CBF CFB ECD (ext. of ː)

a 45q 2CFB 66q
ġ ġ ġ SR PS (definition of square) CFB 33q
2b 7 13 AFB CFB (property of rhombus)
ġ ġ ġ ġ
ġ 2b 6 33q
b 3
15. (a) PQS RQS (property of rhombus)
10. POS 90q (property of square) 3x 4q 4 x 9q
ġ ġġ ġ ġ 2 p 90q x 13q
p 45q
(b) RQS 4 x 9q
OQR 45q (property of square)
5q 45q 4 u 13q 9q
43q
q 9q
PQR 2RQS
2 u 43q
11. OS OQ (property of square)
86q
3x 12
PQR QRS 180q (int. s, QP // RS)
x 4
86q QRS 180q
OR OQ (property of square) QRS 94q
y 1 12 ! 90q
y 13 ɺ QRS is an obtuse angle.
12. PQT 45q (property of square) 16. AEF ECB 180q (int. s, AD // BC)
In ːPQT, 140q ECB 180q
PQT PTQ QPT 180q ( sum of ː) ECB 40q
45q 82q x 180q In ːBCF,
x 53q DFC DBC ECB (ext. of ː)
26q 40q
QPS 90q (definition of square)
x y 90q 66q
53q y 90q
17. (a) ABC 90q (definition of rectangle)
y 37q
In ːABC,
ACE BAC ABC (ext. of ː)
13. EF = 10 cm
1 34q 90q
EO EG (property of rhombus) 124q
2
1
u 12 cm
2 (b) In ːOAB,
6 cm ɻġ OB OA (property of rectangle)
In ːEOF, ɺ OBA OAB (base s, isos. ː)
EOF 90q (property of rhombus) 34q
EO 2 FO 2 EF 2 (Pyth. theorem) BOC OAB OBA (ext. of ː)
FO 10 6 cm
2 2 34q 34q
8 cm 68q
14. In ːECD, 18. In ːABC,

ABC 90q (definition of rectangle)
ġ ɻġ CE DE (given)
ġ AC 2 AB 2 BC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
ġ ɺ ECD EDC (base s, isos.ː)
CED ECD EDC 180q ( sum of ː) AC 332 562 cm
48q 2ECD 180q 65 cm
2ECD 132q ɻġ OB OC OA (property of rectangle)
ECD 66q 1
ɺ OB AC
In ːBCF, 2
ġ 1 ġ
ɻġ CF CB (definition of rhombus) u 65 cm
ġ 2
ġ ɺ CBF CFB (base s, isos.ː)
32.5 cm

5 Quadrilaterals
19. (a) QPT 90q (definition of square) Level 2

In ːPQT, 22. SRQ PQR 180q (int. s, PQ // SR)
QTS PQT QPT (ext. of ː) SRQ 76q 180q
35q 90q SRQ 104q
125q ɻġ PRS PRQ (property of rhombus)
1
ɺġ PRS SRQ
(b) QPU 45q (property of square) 2
In ːPQU, 1
u 104q
PQU QPU PUQ 180q ( sum of ː) 2
35q 45q PUQ 180q 52q
ɻ PRT SRT (given)
PUQ 100q
1
TUR PUQ (vert. opp. s) ɺ PRT PRS
2
100q 1
u 52q
2
20. ɻġ AB BC CD DA (definition of square) 26q
24 RPT PRS 52q (property of rhombus)
ɺġ AB cm
4 In ːTPR,
6 cm PTR RPT PRT 180q ( sum of ː)
In ːABC, PTR 52q 26q 180q
ABC 90q (definition of square)
PTR 102q
AC 2 AB 2 BC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
AC 62 62 cm 23. ST PQ (property of rectangle)
72 cm 12 cm
ɻġ OC OA (property of square) In ːRST,
1 ST A QR (definition of rectangle)
ɺġ OC AC ST 2 RT 2 RS 2 (Pyth. theorem)
2
1 RT 132 122 cm
u 72 cm
2 5 cm
72 TQ QR RT
cm
2 (8 5) cm
ġ ɻġ OE EC (given) 3 cm
1 SP TQ (property of rectangle)
ɺ OE OC
2 3 cm
1 72 Area of trapezium PQRS
u cm
2 2 1
u ( SP QR ) u PQ
2.12 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 2
1
u (3 8) u 12 cm 2
21. TPK 45q (property of square) 2
In ːPTK, 66 cm 2
ɻ TP KP (given)
ɺ PTK PKT (base s, isos. ː) 24. (a)ġ In ːOBC,ġ
PTK PKT TPK 180q ( sum of ː) ġ ġ ɻġ OB OC ġ ġ ġ (property of rectangle)
2PKT 45q 180q ɺ OBC OCB (base s, isos. ː)
2PKT 135q OBC OCB BOC 180q ( sum of ː)
PKT 67.5q 2OCB 60q 180q
PKQ 90q (property of square) 2OCB 120q
TKQ PKQ PKT OCB 60q
90q 67.5q ɻġ OBC OCB BOC 60q
22.5q ɺ ːOBC is an equilateral triangle.
(b) ɻġ ːOBC is an equilateral triangle.

ɺ OB BC 5 cm ġ
ġ ġ ɻġ OB OD (property of rectangle)
ɺ BD 2OB
2 u 5 cm
10 cm

In ːBCD, 29. (a) BCE BAE (property of rhombus)

BC 2 CD 2 BD 2
(Pyth. theorem) 120q
CD 102 52 cm BCE ECD 180q (adj.ɳs on st.line)
120q ECD 180q
75 cm (or 5 3 cm)
ECD 60q
In ːCDE,
25. ABC ADC (property of rhombus) CED CDE BCE (ext. of ː)
132q CED 60q 120q
ABK ABC KBC
CED 60q
132q 54q ɻġ ECD CDE CED 60q
78q ɺ ːCDE is an equilateral triangle.
DAC BAK (property of rhombus)
ADC (DAC BAK ) 180q (int. s, AB // DC) (b) ɻġ ːCDE is an equilateral triangle.
132q 2BAK 180q ɺ CD DE EC 15 cm
2BAK 48q AB BC CE EA 15 cm (definition of rhombus)
BAK 24q Perimeter of trapezium ABDE
AB BC CD DE EA
In ːABK,
5 AB
BAK ABK AKB 180q ( sum of ː)
5 u 15 cm
24q 78q AKB 180q
= 75 cm
AKB 78q
ɻ ABK AKB
ɺ AB AK (sides opp. equal s) 30. (a) ECD 60q (prop. equil. ː)
i.e. ːABK is an isosceles triangle. BCD 90q (definition of square)
BCE BCD ECD
26. PRQ 45q (property of square) 90q 60q
UVP PVR (property of rhombus) 30q
(UVP PVR ) PRQ 180q (int.s, UV // PR) BC CD (definition of square)ġ
2PVR 45q 180q In ːBCE,
ġ ġ ɻ ːCDE is an equilateral triangle.
2PVR 135q
ɺ CD EC
PVR 67.5q
ɺ BC EC ġ
ġ ġ ɺ CBE BEC (baseɳs, isos. ː)

27. (a) BD CE ġ (opp. sides of // gram) CBE BEC BCE 180q (ɳsum of ː)
8 cm 2BEC 30q 180q
AC BD (property of rectangle) 2BEC 150q
8 cm BEC 75q
(b) BC DE (opp. sides of // gram) (b) EDC CED 60q (prop. equil. ː)
3 cm ADC 90q (definition of square)
AD BC (property of rectangle) ADE ADC EDC
3 cm 90q 60q
30q
28. DE AF (definition of rhombus) AD CD (definition of square)ġ
10 cm In ːADE,
BD 2 DE (property of rectangle) ġ ġ ɻ ːCDE is an equilateral triangle.
2 u 10 cm ġ ɺ CD ED
20 cm ɺ AD ED ġ
ġ In ːABD, ġ ġ ɺ DAE AED (baseɳs, isos. ː)

AB A AD (definition of rectangle) DAE AED ADE 180q (ɳsum of ː)
AB 2 AD 2 BD 2 (Pyth. theorem) 2AED 30q 180q
AD 202 122 cm 2AED 150q
16 cm AED 75q
Perimeter of rectangle ABCD CED BEC AED AEB 360q
2 u ( AB AD) (ɳs at a pt.)
2 u (12 16) cm 60q 75q 75q AEB 360q
56 cm AEB 150q

5 Quadrilaterals
31. (a) DC AB (property of rectangle) ɻ BEA BEF 75q

24 cm ɺ BE bisects AEF.
In ːACD,
AD A CD (definition of rectangle) Exercise 5D (p. 5.48)
Level 1
AC 2 AD 2 DC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
1. ɻġ AB DC property of rectangle
AC 182 242 cm and BE DF given
30 cm ɺ AB BE DC DF
ɺ AE CF
(b) (i) In ːCYX,
ɻġ CXY 2. ADE CDE property of rhombus
ADX (alt. ɳs, AD // BC)
. XYC (given) b
ɺ CX CY (sides opp. equal s) CED 90q property of rhombus
ɺ ːCYX is an isosceles triangle. In ːADE,
DAE ADE CED ext. ɳ of ː
(ii) In ːADY, a b 90q
ɻġ AYD XYC (vert. opp. s)
. ADX (given) 3. ɻġ CEF CFE ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ given
ɺ AY AD (sides opp. equal s) ɺ CE CF sides opp. equal s
.
18 cm ɻ . BC CD definition of square
CY AC AY ɺġ BE CE DF CF
(30 18) cm ɺġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ BE DF
12 cm
CX CY (proved in (b)(i)) 4. BCD BAD opp. s of // gram
12 cm x
BC AD 18 cm (property of rectangle) In ːCDE,
BX BC CX ɻġ DC DE ġ ġ givenġ
(18 12) cm ɺ DCE DEC baseɳs, isos.ġ ː
ġ
6 cm y
BCD DCE 180q adj.ɳs on st. line
x y 180q
32. (a) AB BC and ABC 90q (definition of square)
BAC 45q (property of square)
5. In ː ADE and ːCDF,
ɻ ːBCE is an equilateral triangle.
ADE CDF given
ɺ BC CE BE
AD CD definition of rhombus
and EBC 60q (prop. equil. ː)
DAE DCF property of rhombus
ɻ AB BE ɺġ ː ADE # ː CDF ASA
ɺ BAE BEA (base s, isos. ː)
ABE ABC EBC 6. ɻġ EF FB and EG GC given
90q 60q ɺġ BE 2EF and CE 2EG ġ
30q ɻġ ġ BE CE
ġ property of rectangle
In ːABE, ġ ɺġ 2EF 2EG
ABE BEA BAE 180q ( sum of ː) ɺġ ġ EF EG
30q 2BAE 180q In ː AEF and ː DEG,
2BAE 150q EF EG proved
BAE 75q AEF DEG vert. opp. ɳs
CAE BAE BAC AE DE property of rectangle
ɺġ ː AEF # ː DEG SAS
75q 45q
30q
7. ɻġ AB BC given
CFE CAE (opp. s of // gram)
ɺġ BAC BCA base s, isos. ːġ
30q ġ i.e. DAF BCA
DFA BCA corr. s, DF // BC
(b) CAE AEF 180q (int. s, AC // EF) ɺġ DAF DFA
30q AEF 180q ɺ AD DF sides opp. equal s
AEF 150q
BEF AEF BEA
150q 75q
75q

8. (a) In ːADP and ːCDQ, (b) In ːAED,ġ

AP AB BP AED EAD ADE 180q ɳsum of ːġ
BC BP definition of square ġ ġ AED 90q 180q ġ
BC BQ given
ġ ġ ġ ġ AEDġ 90ġ q ġ
CQ AFD AED opp. s of // gram
DAP DCQ 90q definition of square ġ ġ 90q
AD CD definition of square ǤǤ AF A DF
ɺ ːADP # ːCDQ SAS
15. (a) ɻ EA ED given
ɺ EAD EDA base s, isos.ːġ
(b) ɻġ ːADP # ːCDQ proved in (a)
ġ ġ BAD ADC 90q definition of rectangle
ɺ DP DQ corr. sides, #ːs
ɺ EAB EAD BAD
ɺġ DPQ DQP ġ ġ base s, isos. ː
EDA ADC
EDC
9. ɻ CDF CFD given
ɺ CD CF sides opp. equal s (b) In ːABE and ːDCE,
ɻġ BC CF definition of square AB DC property of rectangle
ɺ BC CD EAB EDC proved in (a)
EA ED given
10. ɻ AB BD definition of rhombus ɺ ːABE # ːDCE SAS
and AB CD opp. sides of // gram ɺġ BE CE corr. sides, #ːs
ɺġ BD CD ɺġ ːEBC is an isosceles
triangle.
11. BCP BAD opp. s of // gram
x 16. (a) ɻġ BAX XAE given
CBQ BCQ BCP x property of rhombus and DCY YCE given
In ː BCQ, ɺġ BAC 2BAX
CBQ BCQ BQC 180q ɳsum of ː and DCA 2DCY
x x y 180q ɻġ BAC DCA alt. s, BA // CD
ɺġ 2BAX 2DCY
2 x y 180q
ɺġ ġ BAX DCY
In ːABX and ːCDY,
12. (a) ɻ AD // BC
BAX DCY proved
and AD // CE
ɺ BCE is a straight line. AB CD opp. sides of // gram
ɻ AD BC property of rectangle ABX CDY alt. s, BA // CD
ġ
and AD CE opp. sides of // gram ɺ ːABX # ːCDY ASA
ɺġ BC CE
(b) BE DE diags. of // gram
ɺġ C is the mid-point of BE.
ɻ ːABX # ːCDY proved in (a)
(b) ɻ BD AC property of rectangle ɺġ BX DY ġ ġ ġ corr. sides, #ːs
EX BE BX
and DE AC opp. sides of // gram
ɺġ BD DE DE DY
EY
Level 2
13. In ːBCE and ː DCF, 17. (a) In ːABF and ːCBE,
BEC DFC 90q definition of rectangle AB CB definition of square
BC DC definition of square ɻġ AB A FC definition of square
BE DF property of rectangle ɺġ ABF CBE 90q
ɺġ ː BCE # ː DCF RHS BF BE given
ɺġ CE = CF corr. sides, #ːs ɺ ːABF # ːCBE SAS
14. (a) EAB EAD and ADE EDC ġ givenġ (b) ɻ ːABF # ːCBE (proved in (a))
BAD ADC 180q int.ɳs, ɺ BAF BCE (corr. s, #ːs)
(EAB EAD) (ADE EDC ) 180q AB // DC In ːAGE,
2EAD 2ADE 180q AEC AGE BAF (ext. of ː)
In ːCBE,
EAD ADE 90q
AEC CBE BCE (ext. of ː)
AGE BAF 90q BCE
AGE 90q
ɺ ːAGE is a right-angled triangle.

5 Quadrilaterals
18. (a) BAD 90q definition of square 21. (a) (i) BAC BCA
EAG 90q definition of square DAC DCA 45q property of square
ɻ EAB EAG GAB BAX BAC 180q adj. s on st. line
90q GAB BAX 45q 180q
GAD GAB BAD BAX 135q
GAB 90q DCY DCA 180q adj. s on st. line
ɺ EAB GAD DCY 45q 180q
(b) In ːAEB and ːAGD, DCY 135q
In ːBAX and ːDCY,
AB AD definition of square
EAB GAD proved in (a) AX CY given
AE AG definition of square BAX DCY proved
ɺ ːAEB # ːAGD SAS AB CD definition of square
ɺ ːBAX # ːDCY SAS
ɺ BE DG corr. sides, #ːs
19. (a) In ːABP and ːADQ, (ii) ɻ ːBAX # ːDCY proved in (a)(i)
AB AD definition of rhombus ɺġ BX DY corr. sides, #ːs
ABP ADQ property of rhombus AXB CYD corr. s, #ːs
BP DQ given ɺ BX // YD alt. s equal
ɺ ːABP # ːADQ SAS ɺġ BYDX is a opp. sides equal
parallelogram. and //
(b) DAP APB (alt. s, AD // BC)
(b) (i) In ːBAX and ːDAX,
72q
DAQ DAP PAQ AX AX common side
DAX DAC 180q adj. s on st. line
72q 24q
DAX 45q 180q
48q
DAX 135q
ɻġ ːABP # ːADQ (proved in (a))
ɺġ BAX DAX 135q by (a)(i)
ɺ BAP DAQ (corr. s, #ːs)
AB AD definition of
48q square
BCD BAD (property of rhombus) ɺ ːBAX # ːDAX SAS
BAP DAP
.
48q 72q (ii) ɻ ːBAX # ːDAX proved in (b)(i)
120q ɺ BX DX corr. sides, #ːs
Also, BX DY proved in (a)(ii)
20. (a) In ːDEF and ːAEB, and BY DX opp. sides of
DFE ABE ġ ġ ġ corr. s, AB // DC // gram
ġ ġ FDE BAE ġ ġ ġ corr. s, AB // DCġ ɺ BX DY BY DX
ġ ġ DEF AEB ġ ġ ġ common ɳ ɺ BYDX is a rhombus.
ɺ ːDEF ~ ːAEB AAA
22. (a) BAD 90q (definition of square)
(b) Let AB = x cm. BAO BAD OAE
Then, AD = AB = x cm (definition of square) 90q OAE
In ːDEF, In ːABO,
DE 2 DF 2 EF 2 (Pyth. theorem) OBA BAO AOE (ext. of ː)
DF 10 8 cm
2 2
OBA (90q OAE ) 90q
6 cm OAE OBA
ɻ ːDEF ~ ːAEB (proved in (a))
AB AE (b) In ːADF and ːBAE,
ɺ (corr. sides, ~ːs)
DF DE ɻ OAE OBA proved in (a)
x x8 ɺ DAF ABE
6 8 DA AB definition of square
ġ 8 x 6 x 48 ADF BAE 90q definition of square
2 x 48 ɺ ːADF # ːBAE ASA
x 24 ɺ AF BE corr. sides, #ːs
ɺġ AB 24 cm

Exercise 5E (p. 5.57) ɺ ACD BCD ACB

Level 1 110q 52q
1. In ːABC,
58q
ɻ AD DB and AE EC (given)
In ːACD,
1
ɺ DE u BC (mid-pt. theorem) ACD ADC CAD 180q ( sum of ː)
2
58q 90q CAD 180q
1
6 ux CAD 32q
2
x 12
7. (a) In ːABC,
ɻ BF (3 3) cm 6 cm FA
2. In ːABC,
and BG (4 4) cm 8 cm GC
ɺ DE // BC (mid-pt. theorem) 1
ɺ FG u AC (mid-pt. theorem)
ɺ ACB AED (corr. s, DE // BC) 2
1
x 62q u 12 cm
2
6 cm
3. In ːABC,
ɻ AD DB and AE EC (given) (b) In ːFBG,
ɺ DE // BC (mid-pt. theorem) ɻ BD DF and BE EG (given)
ɺ AED ACB (corr. s, DE // BC) 1
ɺ DE u FG (mid-pt. theorem)
x 38q 2
1 1
DE u BC (mid-pt. theorem) u 6 cm
2 2
1 3 cm
14 uy
2
8. (a) In ːACG,
y 28
ɻ CB BA and CF FG (given)
1
4. In ːABC, ɺ BF u AG (mid-pt. theorem)
2
1
ɺ DE // BC (mid-pt. theorem) u 14 cm
2
ɺ ADE ABC (corr. s, DE // BC)
7 cm
68q
In ːADE,
(b) In ːBCD,
ADE AED DAE 180q ( sum of ː)
ɻ BC CD (given)
68q 34q x 180q
and BF FE 7 cm (by (a))
x 78q 1
ɺ CF u DE (mid-pt. theorem)
2
5. In ːABC, 1
ɻ AD DB and AE EC (given) 8 cm u DE
2
ɺ DE // BC (mid-pt. theorem) DE 16 cm
ɺ AED ACB (corr. s, DE // BC)
45q 9. In ːBDE,
In ːADE, ɻ BC CD and BF FE (given)
ADE AED DAE 180q ( sum of ː) ɺ CF // DE (mid-pt. theorem)
a 45q 60q 180q ɺ BCF BDE (corr. s, CF // DE)
a 75q 43q
In ːACG,
1
DE u BC (mid-pt. theorem) ɻ CB BA and CF FG (given)
2
ɺ BF // AG (mid-pt. theorem)
1
b u 11 ɺ BFC AGC (corr. s, BF // AG)
2
5.5 69q
In ːCBF,
BCF BFC CBF 180q ( sum of ː)
6. In ːABC,
43q 69q CBF 180q
ɻ AE EB and AF FC (given)
ɺ EF // BC (mid-pt. theorem) CBF 68q
ɺ ACB AFE (corr. s, EF // BC)
52q
5 Quadrilaterals
10. (a) In ːABC, In ːABD,

ɻ CM MA and CN NB (given) ɻ BE EA and BG GD (given)
1 1
ġ ġ ɺ MN u AB (mid-pt. theorem) ɺ EG u AD (mid-pt. theorem)
2 2
1 1
u 12 cm 2 cm u AD
2 2
6 cm AD 4 cm
(b) ɻ CM = MA and CN = NB given 14. In ːBCD,

ɺ AB // MN mid-pt. ɻġ BE ED ġ ġ (diags. of // gram)
theorem and BF FC (given)
ɻ AB // CD given 1
ɺ MN // CD ɺ EF u CD (mid-pt. theorem)
2
, MN CD 6 cm by (a) 1
ɺ MNDC is a parallelogram. opp. sides u 14 cm
2
equal and //
7 cm
11. ɻ ːABC is an equilateral triangle.
ɺ AB BC AC 15. ABC 108q (opp. s of // gram)
ɻġ AP PB , BQ QC In ːACE,
and AR RC given ɻ EB BA and EF FC (given)
ɺ AP PB BQ QC AR RC ɺ BF // AC (mid-pt. theorem)
1 1 BAC ABF 180q (int. s, BF // AC)
ɺ PQ u AC , QR u AB BAC (108q 32q) 180q
2 2
1 BAC 40q
and PR u BC mid-pt. theorem
2
ɺ PQ QR PR 16. In ːABD,
ɺ ːPQR is an equilateral triangle. ɻ BE EA and BF FD given
ɺ EF // AD mid-pt. theorem
Level 2
ɺ BFE BDA corr. s, EF // AD
12. In ːACF,
ɻ AB BC and AG GF (given) In ːBCD,
1 ɻ BF FD and BG GC given
ɺ BG u CF (mid-pt. theorem) ɺ FG // DC mid-pt. theorem
2
1 ɺ BFG BDC corr. s, FG // DC
u 18 cm EFG BFE BFG
2
9 cm BDA BDC
In ːAFD, ADC
ɻ FG GA and FE ED (given)
1 17. (a) In ːABC,
ɺ GE u AD (mid-pt. theorem) ɻ BD DA and BE EC given
2
1 1
u 24 cm ɺ DE u AC mid-pt. theorem
2 2
12 cm 1
4 cm u AC
BE BG GE 2
(9 12) cm AC 8 cm
ɻ AC CG 8 cm
21 cm
ɺ C is the mid-point of AG.
13. In ːBDC, (b) In ːAFG,

ɻ DF FC and DG GB (given) ɻ AE EF (given)
1 and AC CG (proved in (a))
ɺ GF u BC (mid-pt. theorem)
2 ɺ EC // FG (mid-pt. theorem)
1 (alt. s, EC // FG)
u 8 cm AFG BEF
2
62q
4 cm
FAG AFG AGF 180q ( sum of ː)
EG EF GF
52q 62q AGF 180q
(6 4) cm
AGF 66q
2 cm

18. (a) In ːABC, ɻ AB AC given

ɻ AD DB and AF FC (given) ɺ ABC ACB base s, isos. ː
ɺ DF // BC (mid-pt. theorem) ɻġ NBC ACB alt. s, BN // AC
ɻ AF FC and BE EC (given) ɺ ABC NBC
ɺ FE // AB (mid-pt. theorem) In ːCMB and ːCNB,
ɺ BEFD is a parallelogram. BM BN proved
ɺ DFE DBE (opp. s of // gram) MBC NBC proved
90q BC BC common side
ɺ ːDEF is a right-angled triangle. ɺ ːCMB # ːCNB SAS
CM CN corr. sides, #ːs
(b) In ːABC,
ɻ CN ND given
ɻ AD DB and AF FC (given)
1
1 ɺ CM CD
ɺ DF u BC (mid-pt. theorem) 2
2
1 i.e. CD 2CM
u 8 cm
2
Exercise 5F (p. 5.66)
4 cm Level 1
ɻ AF FC and BE EC (given)
1. ɻ AB // CD // EF and BD DF
1
ɺġ FE u AB (mid-pt. theorem) ɺ CE AC (intercept theorem)
2
1 x 3
u 6 cm
2
3 cm 2. In ːACD,
1 ɻ AB BC and BE // CD
Area of ːDEF u FE u DF
2 ɺ AE ED (intercept theorem)
1 y 4
u 3 u 4 cm 2
2
6 cm 2 3. ɻ AF // BE // CD and AB BC
ɺ DE FE (intercept theorem)
19. Join BD. 8 cm
FD DE FE
x 88
16
4. ɻġ AB // CD // EF // GH and AC CE EG
ɺ BD DF FH (intercept theorem)
In ːABD, ɺ x 5 and y 5
ɻ AE EB and AH HD given
1 5. (a) In ːAQC,
ɺ EH // BD and EH u BD mid-pt. theorem
2 ɻ AB BC and PB // QC
In ːBCD, ɺ AP PQ (intercept theorem)
ɻ CF FB and CG GD given 11 cm
1
ɺ FG // BD and FG u BD mid-pt. theorem
2 (b) In ːACS,
ɺ EH // FG and EH FG
ɻ AB BC and BR // CS
ɺ EFGH is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and // (intercept theorem)
ɺ RS AR
10 cm
20. In ːADC,
AS AR RS
ɻ AB BD and CN ND given
(10 10) cm
1
ɺ BN // AC and BN u AC mid-pt. theorem 20 cm
2
ɻ AB AC given
6. In ːBAC,
1
ɺ BN u AB ɻ DE // FG // CA and BE EG GA
2
ɺ BD DF FC (intercept theorem)
ɻ AM MB BD DF FC BC
1 3BD 21 cm
ɺ BM u AB BN
2
BD 7 cm

5 Quadrilaterals
7. (a) ɻ QPR QXY In ːAND,

ɺġ XY // PR ġ ġ ġ corr. s equal ɻ DP PN and AD // QP
ɺ AQ QN (intercept theorem)
(b) In ːPQR, ɻ AN 3 cm
ɻ QX XP and XY // PR 3 cm
ɺ QY RY (intercept theorem) ɺ QN
2
QY RY QR 1.5 cm
2 RY 18 cm
RY 9 cm 12. Let AB = x cm.
In ːACE,
8. (a) In ːACD, ɻ AF FE and BF // CE
ɻ AB BC and BE // CD ɺ BC AB x cm (intercept theorem)
ɺ AE DE intercept theorem In ːADE,
ɻ AF FE and CF // DE
(b) ɻġ AB BC ġ and AE ED ɺ CD AC (intercept theorem)
1 ( x x) cm
ɺ BE u CD (mid-pt. theorem)
2 2 x cm
1 ɻ . BD 12 cm
u 16 cm
2 ɺ BC CD 12 cm
8 cm x 2 x 12
3x 12
9. In ːABC, x 4
ɻ BD DC and DE // CA ɺġ AB 4 cm
ɺ BE EA (intercept theorem)
ɻġ BD DC ġ and BE EA Level 2
1 13. (a) In ːABC,
ɺ DE u AC (mid-pt. theorem)
2 ɻ AE EB and BC // EF
1 ɺ AF FC (intercept theorem)
12 cm u AC
2 ɻġ AF FC and CD // FG
AC 24 cm ɺ AG GD (intercept theorem)
12 cm
10. (a) In ːAEC,
ɻ AF FC ġ and AG GE
ɺ GF // EC (mid-pt. theorem) (b) In ːACD,
i.e. DF // BC ɻ AF FC and AG GD
1
ɺ FG u CD (mid-pt. theorem)
(b) In ːABE, 2
ɻ AG GE and DG // BE 1
10 cm u CD
ɺ AD BD (intercept theorem) 2
18 cm CD 20 cm
BD
2
9 cm 14. (a) In ːACF,
ɻ AB BC and BG // CF
ɻ AG GE and AD DB
ɺ AG GF (intercept theorem)
1
ɺ DG u BE (mid-pt. theorem) 6 cm
2
EF AE AG GF
1
u 8 cm (24 6 6) cm
2
4 cm 12 cm
11. In ːABC, (b) In ːADE,

ɻ AC (4 4) cm
ɻ AM MB and MN // BC
ɺ AN NC (intercept theorem) ġ 8 cm
ɻ AC 6 cm CD
6 cm and AF (6 6) cm
ɺ AN
2 12 cm
3 cm EF

1 (b) ɻ BA // CF // DE and BC CD
ɺ CF u DE (mid-pt. theorem)
2 ɺ BG GE (intercept theorem)
1 In ːBDE,
u 32 cm
2 ɻ BC CD and BG GE
16 cm 1
ɺ CG u DE (mid-pt. theorem)
In ːACF, 2
ɻ AB BC and AG GF 1
u 8 cm
1 2
ɺ BG u CF (mid-pt. theorem)
2 4 cm
1 In ːABE,
u 16 cm
2 ɻ BG GE and AF FE
8 cm 1
ɺ FG u AB (mid-pt. theorem)
2
15. In ːABF, 1
u 14 cm
ɻ BD DF and BA // DC 2
ɺ AC CF intercept theorem 7 cm
CF CG FG
ɻ BD DF and AC CF
1 (4 7) cm
ɺ CD u AB mid-pt. theorem
2 11 cm
AB 2CD c
In ːBFE, 18. (a) In ːPQR,
ɻ BD DF and DC // FE ɻ QC CP and RN NP
ɺ BC CE intercept theorem ɺ CN // QR mid-pt. theorem
ɻ BD DF and BC CE i.e. MQ // BC
1 In ːABC,
ɺ CD u EF mid-pt. theorem
2 ɻ AQ QC and MQ // BC
EF 2CD d ɺ AM BM intercept theorem
ɺ AB EF from c and d
(b) In ːABC,
16. ɻ BAC DEC ɻ AQ QC and AM BM
ɺ ED // AB (corr. s equal) 1
ɺ MQ BC mid-pt. theorem
ɻ AE EC and ED // AB 2
ɺ BD DC (intercept theorem)
ɻġ AE EC and BD DC 19. (a) In ːACE,
1 ɻ AG GE and GB // EC
ɺ ED u AB (mid-pt. theorem)
2 ɺ AB BC (intercept theorem)
1 ɻġ AG GE and AB BC
u 16 cm
2 1
ɺ BG u CE (mid-pt. theorem)
8 cm 2
In ːCDE, 1
2 cm u CE
CE 2 ED 2 CD 2 (Pyth. theorem) 2
CE 17 2 82 cm CE 4 cm
15 cm
(b) In ːBDF,
ɻ DE EF and EC // FB
17. (a) ɻ BA // CF // DE and BC CD
ɺ DC CB (intercept theorem)
ɺ AF FE (intercept theorem)
ɻġ DE EF and DC CB
5 cm
AE AF FE 1
ɺ CE u BF (mid-pt. theorem)
2
(5 5) cm
1
10 cm 4 cm u BF
2
BF 8 cm
FG BF BG
(8 2) cm
6 cm

5 Quadrilaterals
20. In ːABC, 22. (a) ɻ ABD BDE given

ɻ AD DB and AE EC ɺ AB // DF alt. s equal
1 In ːABC,
ɺ DE u BC and DE // BC (mid-pt. theorem)
2 ɻ BE EC and AB // DF
1 ɺ AD CD intercept theorem
u 8 cm
2
4 cm (b) In ːABC,
ɻġ PA // BC and DE // BC ɻ BE EC and
ɺġ PA // DE AD DC
In ːAPC, 1
ɺ DE u AB mid-pt. theorem
ɻ AE EC and PA // QE 2
ɺ PQ QC (intercept theorem) AB 2 DE
ɻ AE EC and PQ QC ɻ DE EF given
1 ɺ AB DF
ɺ QE u PA (mid-pt. theorem)
2 Also, AB // DF proved in (a)
1 ɺġ ABFD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
QD DE u 12 cm
2
QD 4 cm 6 cm 23. (a) AE ED and BF FC given
ɻ AD BC property of rectangle
QD 2 cm
ɺ AE ED BF FC
ġ 2 AE 2 FC ġ
21. (a) In ːADE,
AE FC
ɻ AB BD and AC CE
ġ ġ Also, AE // FC definition of // gram
1
ɺ BC // DE and BC u DE (mid-pt. theorem) ɺġ AFCE is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal
2 and //
i.e. BC // DH and DE 2BC
In ːBCF, (b) (i) In ːBCH,
ɻ BD DF and BC // DH ɻġ BF FC ġ ġ ġ ġ given
ɺ CH HF (intercept theorem) and GF // HC definition of // gram
ġ ġ ɻ BD DF and CH HF ɺġ BG GH intercept theorem
1 In ːAGD,
ɺ DH BC (mid-pt. theorem)
2 ɻġ AE ED ġ ġ ġ ġ given
HE DE DH and AG // EH definition of // gram
1 ɺġ GH HD intercept theorem
2 BC BC
2 ɺġ BG GH HD
3
BC
2 (ii) In ːBCH,
1 3 ɻġ BG GH proved in (b)(i)
ɺ DH : HE BC : BC and BF FC given
2 2
1 3 1
: ɺ GF u HC mid-pt. theorem
2 2 2
1 3 HC 2GF
u2: u2 In ːAGD,
2 2
1: 3 ɻġ GH HD proved in (b)(i)
and AE ED given
1
(b) ɻ HE : DH 3:1 ɺ EH u AG mid-pt. theorem
2
HE 3
ɺ AG 2 EH
5 cm 1
ɻġ ġ ġ ġ AF EC opp. sides of // gram
HE 15 cm
ɺ AG GF EH HC
In ːCFG,
2 EH GF EH 2GF ġ
ɻ CH HF and CE EG
1 EH GF
ɺ HE u FG (mid-pt. theorem) AF AG GF
2
1 2 EH GF
15 cm u FG 2GF GF
2
FG 30 cm 3GF

24. (a) AE EC diags. of // gram 3. x 12q 50q (property of rhombus)

FE // BC definition of // gram x 38q
In ːABC,
AOB 90q (property of rhombus)
ɻ AE EC and GE // BC
In ːAOB,
ɺ AG GB intercept theorem
BAO AOB ABO 180q ( sum of ː)
ɻ AE EC and AG GB
y 90q 50q 180q
1
ɺ EG u BC mid-pt. theorem y 40q
2
BC = 2EG
ɻ BC FE opp. sides of // gram 4. ɻ OA OB (property of rectangle)
2EG FG EG ɺ OAB OBA (base s, isos. ː)
ɺ EG FG 65q
In ːABO,
(b) AG GB and EG FG proved in (a) OAB OBA AOB 180q ( sum of ː)
ɺ AFBE is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other
65q 65q x 180q
25. Join BC. x 50q
Produce EF such that it meets BC at a point G. AD BC (property of rectangle)
y 11
5. y 90q (property of square)

OC OB (property of square)
z 5
6. (a) OB OD and OA OC (diags. of // gram)

In ːACB, x 4 and 9 y y 3
ɻ CF FA and FG // AB 2 y 12
ɺ CG GB intercept theorem y 6
ɻ CF FA and CG GB
1 (b) AOB 90q (property of rhombus)
ɺ FG u AB mid-pt. theorem
2 AB BC CD DA (definition of rhombus)
In ːABO,
In ːBDC,
AB 2 OA2 OB 2 (Pyth. theorem)
ɻ BG GC and EG // DC
ɺ BE ED intercept theorem AB (9 6) 2 42 cm
ɻ BG GC and BE ED 32 42 cm
1 5 cm
ɺ EG u DC mid-pt. theorem
2 Perimeter of ABCD 4 AB
EF EG FG 4 u 5 cm
1 1 20 cm
u DC u AB
2 2
1
u ( DC AB) 7. In ːBCE,
2
ɻ BC BE given
ɺġ BCE BEC base s, isos. ːġ
ġ ġ ġ ġ
Check Yourself (p. 5.75) 65q
1. (a) 3 (b) 2 BCE BEC CBE 180q sum of ːġ
ġ ġġ
65q 65q CBE 180q
(c) 3 (d) 3 ġ CBE 50q
(e) 2 (f) 3 ɻġ CBE ADB ġ
ġ ġ ġ ġ
ġ ɺġ ġ AD // BC alt. ɳs equal
ġ
(g) 3 (h) 3 ɻġ AD BE BC and AD // BC
ġ
ɺġ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides
ġ
2. 4 x 120q (opp. s of // gram) equal and //
x 30q ġ ġ
y 120q 180q ġ
(int.ɳs, AB // DC)
y 60q ġ

5 Quadrilaterals
8. (a) In ːABE and ːCBF, OC OA (diags. of // gram)

AE CF given 3y x 3
BAE BCF 90q definition of square
3 y 12 3
AB CB definition of square
3 y 15
ɺ ːABE # ːCBF SAS
y 5
(b) ɻġ ːABE # ːCBF (proved in (a))
ɺġ ABE CBF ġ ġ (corr. ɳs, #ːs) 3. AD CD (definition of rhombus)
ABC 90q (definition of square) a3 7
ABE CBF EBF 90q a 4
2ABE 62q 90q
AED 90q (property of rhombus)
2ABE 28q
b 30q 90q
ABE 14q
b 60q
9. ɻ BAE ABD given

4. AED 90q (property of rhombus)
ɺġ AE // DB alt.ɳs equal
In ːAED,
ɻġ AD // BCġġ ġ ġ ġ
ADE EAD AED 180q ( sum of ː)
ġ i.e. AD // EB
ɺġ ADBE is a parallelogram.ġ 2 x 3 x 90q 180q
ɺġ AD = EB opp. sides of // gramġ 5 x 90q
ɻġ AD = BCġġ property of rectangleġ x 18q
ɺġ EB = BC (property of rhombus)
BDC ADB
ġ i.e.ġ B is the mid-point of CE.
y 2x
10. ɻ AEP EPN
90q 90q 2 u 18q
ġ
180q 36q
ɺ AE // NP (int. s supp.) (property of rhombus)
ACB CAD
ɻġ EPN PDC 90q
z 3x
ɺ NP // CD (corr. s equal)
3 u 18q
ɻ AE // NP // CD and EP PD
54q
ɺ AN NC (intercept theorem)
7 cm
5. ɻ DE AE (property of rectangle)
In ːABC, ɺ EDA EAD (base s, isos.ː)
ɻġ AN NC and AM MB a
1 In ːAED,
ɺ MN u BC (mid-pt. theorem)
2 EAD EDA 80q (ext. of ː)
1 a a 80q
u 12 cm
2 a 40q
6 cm
In ːACD,
ADC 90q (definition of rectangle)
Revision Exercise 5 (p. 5.77)
Level 1 CAD ACD ADC 180q ( sum of ː)
1. BCD BAD (opp. s of // gram) a b ADC 180q
x 140q 40q b 90q 180q
b 50q
BAD ADC 180q (int. s, BA // CD)
140q y 180q
6. In ːBCF,
y 40q
BCF BFC CBF 180q ( sum of ː)
BCF 80q 40q 180q
a3 5 BCF 60q
a 8 DEC BCF (alt. s, AD // BC)
y 60q
2. OB OD (diags. of // gram)
BCF ECD 90q (definition of rectangle)
x 1 13
60q x 90q
x 12
x 30q

7. CED 90q (property of square) 12. In ːABC,

6 x 90q ɻ BD DC and BA // DE
x 15q ɺ AE EC (intercept theorem)
(definition of square) x 3 14
AD CD
x 11
5y 6 4
5 y 10 ɻ BD DC and AE EC
y 2 1
ɺ ED u AB (mid-pt. theorem)
2
1
8. ACD 45q (property of square) 9 uy
ACD DCE 180q (adj. s on st. line) 2
y 18
45q x 180q
x 135q
13. ɻ AB AE (given)
OA OB (property of square)
ɺ ABE AEB (base s, isos. ː)
y4 2 In ːABE,
y 6 BAE ABE AEB 180q ( sum of ː)
30q 2ABE 180q
9. In ːABC,
ɻ AD DB and AE EC (given) 2ABE 150q
ɺ DE // BC (mid-pt. theorem) ABE 75q
ɺ BDE DBC 180q (int. s, DE // BC) ADC ABC (opp. s of // gram)
y 68q 180q 75q
y 112q
14. AED AFD (property of rhombus)
1
DE u BC (mid-pt. theorem) 122q
2
In ːCDE,
1
x u 30 ɻ ED EC (property of rectangle)
2
ɺ EDC ECD (base s, isos. ː)
15
EDC ECD AED (ext. of ː)
10. In ːACF, 2ECD 122q
ɻ AB BC and AE EF (given) ECD 61q
i.e. ACD 61q
1
ɺ BE u CF (mid-pt. theorem)
2
1 15.
x u9
2
4.5
In ːADG,
ɻ AC (4 4) cm 8 cm CD and
AF (3 3) cm 6 cm FG
1 With the notations in the figure,
ɺ CF u DG (mid-pt. theorem)
2 ɻġ OA OC (property of rhombus)
1 AC
9 uy ɺ OA
2 2
y 18 24 cm
2
11. ɻ AE // BF // CG and AB BC 12 cm
ɺ EF FG (intercept theorem) In ːAOD,
2 x 12 OA2 OD 2 AD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
x 6 202 122 cm
OD
ɻ BF // CG // DH and FG GH 16 cm
CD BC ɻġ OB OD (property of rhombus)
ɺ (intercept theorem)
ɺ BD 2OD
y 15
2 u 16 cm
32 cm
ɺ The length of another diagonal is 32 cm.

5 Quadrilaterals
16. (a) ARD 90q (definition of rectangle) 19. (a) In ːABP and ːCDQ,
In ːADR, ABP CDQ alt. s, AB // DC
AD 2 AR 2 DR 2 (Pyth. theorem) APB 180q APQ adj. s on st. line
AD AR 2 DR 2 180q CQP given
32 42 cm CQD adj. s on st. line
5 cm AB CD opp. sides of // gram
AB BC = CD AD 5 cm (definition of rhombus) ɺ ːABP # ːCDQ AAS
ɺ Perimeter of ABCD AB BC CD AD
(5 5 5 5) cm (b) ɻ ːABP # ːCDQ proved in (a)
ɺ AP CQ corr. sides, #ːs
20 cm
ɻ APQ CQP given
ɺ AP // QC alt. s equal
(b) ɻġ DQ AR 3 cm and
ɺ APCQ is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
AQ DR 4 cm (property of rectangle)
ɺ CQ AQ 4 cm and
20. BAC BCA property of rhombus
BQ DQ 3 cm (property of rhombus)
ACE BCE
CP BQ 3 cm and
2ACE given
BP CQ 4 cm (property of rectangle)
In ːACE,
Area of ABPCDR = 6 u area of ːADR
BEC BAC ACE ext.ɳof ː
1
6 u u AR u DR 2ACE ACE
2
1 3ACE
6 u u 3 u 4 cm 2
2 21. (a) 8 ( x 6) ( x 1) 15 46
36 cm 2
2 x 28 46
2 x 18
17. ɻ ːABE is an equilateral triangle.
x 9
ɺġ ABE BAE 60q prop. of equil. ː
DAB ABC
ġ(40q 60q) (60q 20q) (b) (i) BC ( x 6) cm
180q (9 6) cm
ɺ AD // BC ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ int. ɳs supp. 15 cm
ɻ AD BC and AD // BC AD
ɺġ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and // DC ( x 1) cm
(9 1) cm
18. (a) ABE EBF and
CDF EDF given 8 cm
ɻġ ABC ADC opp. s of // gram AB
ɺ ABE EBF EDF CDF ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal
EBF EBF EDF EDF
(ii) In ːABC,
2EBF 2EDF
AB 2 BC 2 82 152 cm2
ɺ EBF EDF
289 cm2
(b) ɻ AEB EBF alt. ɳs, AD // BC AC 2 172 cm2
EDF proved in (a) 289 cm2
ɺġ EB // DF corr.ɳs equal ɻ AB 2 BC 2 AC 2
Also, ED // BF ġ ɺ ːABC is a right-angled
ġ ġ ɺġ BFDE is a parallelogram. triangle, where converse of
ABC 90q . Pyth. theorem
Alternative Solution int. ɳs, AD // BC
ABC BAD 180q
BED 180q AEB ġ ġ ġ ġ adj.ɳs on st.line
90q BAD 180q
180q EBF alt. ɳs, AD // BC
180q EDF proved in (a) BAD 90q
BCD BAD opp. ɳs of // gram
180q CFD alt. ɳs, AD // BC
BFD adj.ɳs on st.line 90q
ADC ABC opp. ɳs of // gram
ɻ EBF EDF and
BED BFD ġ 90q
ġ ġ ɺġ BFDE is a parallelogram. opp. s equal ɻ ABC BAD
BCD ADC
90q
ɺ ABCD is a rectangle.
22. In ːADE, 25. ɻ ADB CBD ABD (property of rhombus)

ɻ AG GD and GF // DE ɺ ADB ABD
ɺ AF FE (intercept theorem) 1
u ABC
y 6 2y 2
y 6 1
u 72q
In ːACD, 2
ɻ AG GD and BG // CD 36q
BDE 180q ADB (adj. s on st. line)
ɺ AB BC (intercept theorem)
180q 36q
ɻ AG GD and AB BC
1 144q
ɺ BG u CD (mid-pt. theorem) ɻ BDF FDE (given)
2
1 1
16 u ( x 8) ɺ BDF u BDE
2 2
x 8 32 1
u 144q
x 24 2
72q
DOA 90q (property of rhombus)
23. (a) AB DC 10 cm and AD BC 12 cm In ːDOF,
(opp. sides of // gram) AFD DOA BDF
MB AB AM (ext. of ː)
90q 72q
(10 5) cm
18q
5 cm
AN AD ND
(12 6) cm 26. (a) GB DC 7 cm (opp. sides of // gram)
6 cm In ːAFB,
In ːABD, ɻ AE EF and EG // FB
ɻ AM MB and AN ND ɺ AG GB (intercept theorem)
ɺ MN // BD (mid-pt. theorem) = 7 cm
ɺ BDNM is a trapezium. AB AG GB
(7 7) cm
(b) In ːABD, 14 cm
ɻġ AM MB and AN ND
1 (b) BC GD 6 cm (opp. sides of // gram)
ɺ MN u BD (mid-pt. theorem)
2 In ːAFB,
BD 2MN ɻ AE EF and AG GB
ɻ Perimeter of BDNM = 38 cm 1
MN MB BD ND 38 cm ɺ EG u FB (mid-pt. theorem)
ɺ 2
MN 5 cm 2MN 6 cm 38 cm 1
2 cm u FB
3MN 11 cm 38 cm 2
3MN 27 cm FB 4 cm
FC FB BC
MN 9 cm
(4 6) cm
10 cm
Level 2
24. BCG BAD (opp.ɳs of // gram)
72q 27. In ːBEG,
CBG CEF (opp.ɳs of // gram) ɻ GF FE and BG // DF
32q ɺ BD DE (intercept theorem)
In ːBCG, ɻ GF FE and BD DE
BGC BCG CBG 180q ( sum of ːĪ 1
ɺ DF u BG (mid-pt. theorem)
BGC 72q 32q 180q 2
1
BGC 76q 6 cm u BG
2
BG 12 cm
In ːACF,
ɻ AG GF and BG // CF
ɺ AB BC (intercept theorem)
ɻ AG GF and AB BC

5 Quadrilaterals
1 ABC BCA BAC 180q ( sum of ːĪġ

ɺ BG u CF (mid-pt. theorem)
2 108q 2BCA 180q
1 2BCA 72q
12 cm u CF ġ
2
BCA 36q
CF 24 cm
CD CF DF i.e. BCG 36q
(24 6) cm ġ
18 cm (b) BCF DCF (property of rhombus)
108q
ġ
28. DBC 45q (property of square) 2
BCE DBC 180q (int.ɳs, BF // CE) 54q
GCF BCF BCG
BCE 45q 180q
54q 36q
BCE 135q
ɻ AB BC CD DA (definition of square) 18q
GCD GCF DCF
DC CE EF FD (definition of rhombus)
18q 54q
ɺ BC CE
72q
ɺ EBC BEC (base s, isos. ː)
In ːBCE,
BGC GCD (alt. s, BF // CD)
72q
BCE EBC BEC 180q ( sum of ː)
135q 2EBC 180q
EBC 22.5q
31. (a) KAD ACB (alt. s, AD // BC)
DBG DBC EBC 24q
45q 22.5q ɻ KD KA (property of rectangle)
22.5q ɺ KDA KAD (base s, isos.ː)
24q
ɻ ːAKE is an equilateral triangle.
29. ɻ ːBCG is an equilateral triangle.
ɺ AKE 60q (prop. of equil.ː)
ɺ CG GB BC
In ːADK,
Also, BC CD (definition of square)
KDA KAD (AKE EKD) 180q
ɺ CD CG
ɺ CDG CGD (base s, isos.ː) ( sum of ː)
ɻ BCG 60q (prop. of equil.ː) 24q 24q (60q EKD) 180q
DCB 90q (definition of square) EKD 72q
ɺ DCG DCB BCG
90q 60q (b) ɻ ːAKE is an equilateral triangle.
30q ɺ KE KA
In ːCDG, Also, KA KD (property of rectangle)
DCG CDG CGD 180q ( sum of ː) ɺ KE KD
30q 2CDG 180q ɺ KED KDE (base s, isos.ː)
CDG 75q In ːDEK,
CDB 45q (property of square) EKD KDE KED 180q ( sum of ː)
GDB CDG CDB 72q 2KDE 180q
75q 45q KDE 54q
30q EDA KDE KDA
54q 24q
30. (a) Sum of all the interior angles of a regular pentagon 30q
(5 2) u 180q ( sum of polygon)
540q 32. (a) In ːABE,
Size of each interior angle of a regular pentagon ɻ ABE CBE given
540q and AEB CBE alt. s, AD // BC
5 ɺ ABE AEB
108q ɺ AB AE sides opp. equal s
ɺġ ABC 108q
In ːABC,
ɻġġ AB CB
ɺ BAC BCA (base s, isos. ːĪġ
ġ

(b) In ːCDE, (b) AD BC (property of rectangle)

ɻ DCE BCE (given) AE DE BC
and CED BCE (alt. s, AD // BC) AE 4 cm 20 cm
ɺ DCE CED
AE 16 cm
ɺ DC DE (sides opp. equal s)
DC AB (property of rectangle)
= 7.5 cm
(opp. sides of // gram) ɻ ːABE ~ ːDEC (proved in (a))
AB DC
ɺ AB AE ĩcorr. sides, ~ːs)
7.5 cm
DE DC
AE AB (proved in (a))
AB 16 cm
7.5 cm
4 cm AB
BC AD (opp. sides of // gram) AB 2 64 cm 2
AE DE AB 8 cm
(7.5 7.5) cm
15 cm 35. (a) In ːBCE and ːBGA,
GBE CBA 90q definition of rectangle
33. In ːADQ and ːCBP, CBE CBG GBE
AD = CB opp. sides of // gram CBG CBA
ɻ ADB CBD alt. s, AD // BC GBA
ɺ ADQ 180q ADB adj. s on st. line ɻ ABCD and BEFG are
180q CBD two congruent rectangles.
ɺ BA BE and BG BC
CBP adj. s on st. line
ɺ ːBCE # ːBGA SAS
DQ = BP given
ɺ ːADQ # ːCBP SAS
(b) ɻ ːBCE # ːBGA (proved in (a))
corr. sides, # ːs
ɺ BCE BGA (corr. s, # ːs)
ɺ AQ CP
AQD CPB corr. s, # ːs BPG 180q PBQ BGA ( sum of ː)
ɺ AQ // PC alt. s equal
180q PBQ BCE
ɺ APCQ is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
BQC ( sum of ː)
ɺ BQC 107q
Join AC. 36. (a) (i) In ːABC and ːAFE,
Suppose
pp AC and PQ
Q intersect at M.
BAC FAE common
ABC 90q definition of square
ɻ EF A AC given
ɺ AFE 90q
ɺ ABC AFE
ɻ BM = DM diags. of // gram AC AE given
ɺ PM = PB + BM ɺ ːABC # ːAFE AAS
= DQ + DM
= QM (ii) In ːABG and ːAFG,
AM = CM diags. of // gram ABG AFG 90q proved in (a)(i)
ɺ APCQ is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other AG AG common side
ɻ ːABC # ːAFE proved in (a)(i)
34. (a) In ːABE and ːDEC, ɺ AB AF corr. sides, # ːs
BAE EDC 90q definition of ɺ ːABG # ːAFG RHS
rectangle
ɻ BE A EC given (b) BAC 45q (property of square)
ɺ BEC 90q ɻ ːABG # ːAFG (proved in (a)(ii))
ABE BAE BEC DEC ext.ɳof ː ɺ BAG FAG (corr. s, # ːs)
ABE 90q 90q DEC 1
ABE DEC
u BAC
2
ɻ AEB 180q BAE ABE sum of ː 1
DCE 180q EDC DEC sum of ː u 45q
2
ɺ AEB DCE 22.5q
ɺ ːABE ~ ːDEC AAA In ːABG,
AGB BAG ABG 180q ( sum of ː)
AGB 22.5q 90q 180q
AGB 67.5q

5 Quadrilaterals
37.ġ In ːPBD and ːQBD, In ːPXQ,

PBD QBD given PQR PXQ QPX ext.ɳof ː
BD BD common side ġ ġ PXQ PXQ ġ
PDB QDB given 2PXQ
ɺ ːPBD # ːQBD ASA ġ ġ
ɻġ PDB QBD ġ ġ ġ alt. s, AD // BC ġ (b) ɻ QR RS definition of
Also, PBD QBD rhombus
and PDB QDB given and QR RY given
ɺ PBD QBD ɺ RS RY
ġ ɺ RSY RYS base s, isos. ː
PDB QDB
In ːRSY,
ġ ɺ PB PD and QB QD sides opp. equal s
SRQ RSY RYS ext.ɳof ː
ɻ ːPBD #
ːQBD proved ġ ġ RYS RYS
ɺ PB QB and PD QD corr. sides, # ːs 2RYS
ɺ PB QB PD QD PQR SRQ 180q int. ɳs, PQ // RS
ɺ BQDP is a rhombus. 2PXQ 2RYS 180q
PXQ RYS 90q
38. (a) (i) In ːADE and ːCDG,
AE CG given i.e. ZXY XYZ 90q
DAE 90q definition of square In ːXYZ,
DCG 180q BCD adj. s on st. line ZXY XYZ YZX 180q sum of ː
180q 90q definition of square 90q YZX 180q
90q YZX 90q
ɺ DAE DCG i.e. XZ A YZ
AD CD definition of square
ɺ ːADE # ːCDG SAS 40. ɻ AB AC given
ɺ ABC ACB base s, isos. ː
(ii) In ːDEF and ːDGF, DGB ACB corr. s, DG // AE
ɻ ːADE # ːCDG proved in (a)(i) ɺ DBG DGB
ɺ DE DG corr. sides, # ːs ɺ DB DG sides opp. equal s
corr. s, # ːs ɻ DG DB CE and
ADE CDG
DG // CE given
30q ɺ CDGE is a parallelogram. opp. sides equal and //
ADC 90q definition of square
ɺ GF FC diags. of // gram
EDF
i.e. F is the mid-point of CG.
ADC ADE CDF
90q 30q 15q 41. (a) In ːAPR andːCQR,
45q ARP CRQ vert. opp. s
GDF 15q 30q 45q AR CR given
ɺ EDF GDF PAR QCR alt. s, AP // QC
DF DF common side ɺġ ġ ːAPR # ːCQR ASA
ɺ ːDEF # ːDGF SAS
In ːAPR andːCQR,
(b) In ːCDG,
APR CQR alt. s, AP // QC
DGF 180q 30q 90q ( sum of ː)
ARP CRQ vert. opp. s
60q
AR CR given
ɻ ːDEF # ːDGF (proved in (a)(ii))
ɺġ ġ ːAPR # ːCQR AAS
ɺ DEF DGF (corr. s, #ːs)
60q (b) ɻġ ːAPR # ːCQR (proved in (a))
In ːDEF, ɺġ AP CQ (corr. sides, # ːs)
DFE EDF DEF 180q ( sum of ː) In ːADE,
DFE 45q 60q 180q ɻ AB BD and AC CE (given)
DFE 75q 1
ɺ BC u DE (mid-pt. theorem)
2
39. (a) ɻ QR QP definition of rhombus DE 2 BC
and QR XQ given 2 u 2CQ
ɺ QP XQ 4CQ
ɺ QPX PXQ base s, isos. ː AP : DE CQ : 4CQ
1: 4

42. (a) In ːPQR and ːDQC, In ːBCD,

QPR QDC alt. s, PR // CD ɻ DG GB and GF // BC
PQ DQ given ɺ DF FC intercept theorem
PQR DQC vert. opp. s ɻ DG GB and DF FC
ɺ ːPQR # ːDQC ASA 1
ɺ GF u BC mid-pt. theorem
2
Alternative Solution ɺ EF EG GF
In ːPQR and ːDQC,
1 1
QRP QCD alt. s, PR // CD u AD u BC
2 2
QPR QDC alt. s, PR // CD 1
PQ DQ given ( AD BC )
2
ɺ ːPQR # ːDQC AAS
(b) In ːABC,
(b) (i) In ːABC, ɻ AE EB and EH // BC
ɻ AP PB and PR // BC
ɺ AH HC intercept theorem
ɺ AR RC (intercept theorem)
ɻ AE EB and AH HC
ɻ ːPQR # ːDQC (proved in (a))
1
ɺ RQ CQ (corr. sides, #ːs) ɺ EH u BC mid-pt. theorem
2
1 1
u RC EG GH u BC
2 2
AR RC 1
RQ 1 GH u BC EG
u RC 2
2 In ːABD,
2 ɻ AE EB and EG // AD
ɺ AR : RQ 2 :1 ɺ DG GB intercept theorem
ɻ AE EB and DG GB
(ii)
1
ɺ EG u AD mid-pt. theorem
2
1 1
ɺ GH u BC u AD
2 2
1
u ( BC AD)
2
Challenging Questions (p. 5.84)

Let h be the height of ːAPQ and ːPQR. 1.ġ Let DCR a and CDR b.
Area of ːQCD = area of ːPQR ġ ɻ BAD BCD , ABC ADC opp. s of // gram
1 and BAP DAP , ABP CBP ,
u AQ u h
Area of ːAPQ 2 BCR DCR , ADR CDR given
Area of ːQCD 1 u RQ u h ɺ BAP DAP BCR DCR
2
a
AQ
and ABP CBP ADR CDR
RQ
b
AR RQ In ABCD,
RQ BAD ABC ADC BCD
2 RQ RQ (4 2) u 180q sum of polygon
RQ 2a 2b 2a 2b 360q
3RQ 4a 4b 360q
RQ a b 90q
3 In ːADQ,
ɺ Area of ːAPQ : area of ːQCD 3 :1 PQR DAP ADR 180q sum of ː
PQR a b 180q
43. (a) In ːABD, PQR 90q 180q
ɻ AE EB and AD // EG PQR 90q
ɺ DG GB intercept theorem Similarly,
ɻ AE EB and DG GB PSR APB CRD 90q
1 SPQ APB 90q vert. opp. ɳs
ɺ EG u AD mid-pt. theorem
2 SRQ CRD 90q vert. opp. ɳs

5 Quadrilaterals
ɻ PQR PSR SPQ SRQ (ii) DR = 2RS (proved in (b)(i))

90q CR = QR (proved in (b)(i))
= RS (definition of square)
ɺ PQRS is a rectangle.
In ːDCR,
2. (a) (i) In ːADG and ːDCF, DR 2 CR 2 DC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
AD DC definition of square (2 RS ) RS
2 2 2
10 cm 2
ADG DCF 90q definition of square 5 RS 2

100 cm 2
10 cm 2
ɻ DG 5 cm RS 20 cm 2
2 Area of square PQRS RS 2
10 cm
CF 5 cm 20 cm 2
2
ɺ DG CF
ɺ ːADG # ːDCF SAS
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 5.84)
(ii) ɻ ːADG # ːDCF 1.ġ Answer: D
ɺġ AGD DFC corr. s, #ːs ABC ADC (opp. s of // gram)
In ːDCF, 3x x 40q
DCF CDF DFC 180q sum of ː
2 x 40q
90q CDF DFC 180q
x 20q
CDF DFC 90q ɺ ABC 3 u 20q
CDF AGD 90q 60q
i.e.ġ GDS SGD 90q
In ːDGS,
2.ġ Answer: C
ASD GDS SGD ext. of ː
BC AD (opp. sides of // gram)
90q ɻ AD BE (given)
PSR ASD 180q adj. ɳs on st.
ɺ BC BE
line
ɺ BCE BEC (base s, isos. ː)
PSR 90q 180q
35q
PSR 90q
In ːBCF,
(b) (i) Similar to (a)(i) and (a)(ii), we have FBC BCF AFC (ext. of ː)
ġ ġ BPA CQB DRC 90q FBC 35q 100q
ġ QPS PQR QRS 90q ġ FBC 65q
ɻ PSR QRS 90q 90q i.e. ABC 65q
ġ ġ ġ ġ
180q
ġ ġ ġ ɺġ AG // EC (int. s supp.)ġ 3.ġ Answer: A
ɻ PSR QPS 90q 90q For I:
ġ ġ ġ ġ ɻġ AB DC and AD BC
180q
ġ ġ ġ ɺġ HB // DF (int. s supp.)ġ ɺġ ABCD must be a parallelogram. (opp. sides equal)
For II:
ġ ġ In ːADS,
ɻġ DAC BCA ġ
ɻ AH HD and HP // DS
ġ ɺġ AD // BC ġ ġ (alt. s equal)ġġ ġ
ɺ AP PS (intercept theorem)
ġ ɻġ AD BC and AD // BC ġ
In ːDCR,
ġ ɺġ ABCD must be a parallelogram.
ɻ DG GC and SG // RC
(opp. sides equal and //)
ɺ DS RS (intercept theorem) For III:
In ːADS and ːDCR, We do not know whether BAD BCD .
ASD DRC 90q (proved) ɺ ABCD may not be a parallelogram.
ɻ ːADG # ːDCF (proved in (a)(i)) ɺ The answer is A.
ɺ DAG CDF (corr. s, #ːs)
i.e. DAS CDR ġ 4.ġ Answer: B
ġ ġ AD = DC (definition of square) The interior angles of a rhombus may not be all equal.
ɺ ːADS # ːDCR (AAS) So, a rhombus may not be a regular polygon.
ġ ġ ġ ɺ AS DR (corr. sides, #ːs)
Similarly, we have CR QR , BQ PQ 5.ġ Answer: D
In ːACF,
and CQ BP AS DR
CAF ACF AFC 180q ( sum of ː)
ɺ PS RS QR PQ ġ
CAF 90q 58q 180q
ġ ġ ġ ɺġ PQRS is a square.
CAF 32q

In ːAED, 9.ġ Answer: A

ɻ EA ED (property of rectangle) For I:
ɺ EAD EDA (base s, isos. ː) We do not know whether AP is equal to DQ.
ɺ APDQ may not be a parallelogram.
= 32q
AEB EAD EDA (ext. ɳġ of ː) For II:
ɻ DC AB (opp. sides of // gram)
32q 32q
ɺ DQ CQ AP PB
64q
DQ CQ CQ PB (given)
ɺ DQ PB
6.ġ Answer: C
ɻ DQ PB and DQ // PB
EBF 45q (property of square)
ɺ BQDP must be a parallelogram.
In ːEBF,
(opp. sides equal and //)
EBF BFE AEF (ext. of ː)
For III:
45q BFE 125q We do not know whether CQ is equal to PB.
BFE 80q ɺ BCQP may not be a parallelogram.
CFD BFE (vert. opp. s) ɺ The answer is A.
80q
10.ġ Answer: D
For I:
7.ġ Answer: A AC A BD (property of rhombus)
OA OC , OB OD and AOB 90q ɺ I must be true.
(property of rhombus) For III:
1 In ːADE and ːCDE,
OA u AC
2 AD CD (definition of rhombus)
1 ADE 180q ADO (adj. ɳs on st. line)
u 16 cm
2 CDE 180q CDO (adj. ɳs on st. line)
8 cm ɻ ADO CDO (property of rhombus)
In ːAOB, ɺġ ADE CDE
OA2 OB 2 AB 2 (Pyth. theorem) DE DE (common side)
OB 17 82 cm
2 ɺ ːADE # ːCDE (SAS)
ɺ III must be true.
15 cm
For II:
Area of ABCD = 4 u area of ːAOB ɻ ːADE # ːCDE (proved in III)
1
4 u u OB u OA ɺġ AE CE (corr. sides, # ːs)
2 ɺ II must be true.
1 ɺ The answer is D.
4 u u 15 u 8 cm 2
2
240 cm 2 11. Answer: D
In ːADE,
8.ġ Answer: C ɻ AB BD and AC CE (given)
BCE ABC 180q (int. ɳs, AB // EC) 1
ɺ BC u DE (mid-pt. theorem)
BCE 100q 180q 2
BCE 80q DE 2 BC
ɻ ːCDE is an equilateral triangle. In ːAHI,
ɺ ECD 60q (prop. of equil. ːĪġ ɻ AD DH and AE EI (given)
and EC CD 1
ɺ DE u HI (mid-pt. theorem)
ɻ BC EC (definition of rhombus) 2
ɺ BC CD 1
2 BC u HI
ɺ CBD BDC (base s, isos. ː) 2
In ːBCD, HI 4 BC
BDC CBD BCD 180q ( sum of ː)
2BDC (60q 80q) 180q 12. Answer: A
ɻ AP PB and AR RC (given)
2BDC 40q
ɺ PR // BC (mid-pt. theorem)
BDC 20q
APR x and ARP y (corr. s, PR // BC)
ɻ AP PB and BQ QC (given)
ɺ PQ // AC (mid-pt. theorem)
RPQ ARP y (alt. s, AR // PQ)
APQ APR RPQ
x y

5 Quadrilaterals
13. Answer: A 14. Answer: D

For I: ɻ BG : GC 3:1
In ːABC, BG
ɻ AQ QC and PQ // BC ɺ 3
GC
ɺ AP PB (intercept theorem) BG 3GC
ɺ I must be true. In ːBGE,
For II: ɻ EA AB and AF // BG
ɻ AQ QC and AP PB ɺ EF FG (intercept theorem)
1 ɻ EA AB and EF FG
ɺ PQ u BC (mid-pt. theorem)
2 1
BC 2 PQ ɺ AF u BG (mid-pt. theorem)
2
ɺ II must be true. 1
For III: u 3GC
2
In ːACD, 3GC
ɻ AR RD and AQ QC
2
ɺ QR // CD (mid-pt. theorem) BC AD (opp. sides of // gram)
AQR ACD (corr. s, QR // CD) BG GC AF FD
ɻ We do not know whether AC is equal to AD. 3GC
ɺ ACD ADC may not be true. 3GC GC FD
2
ɺ AQR ADC may not be true. 5GC
ɺ The answer is A. FD
2
FD 5
GC 2
ɺ FD : GC 5: 2
Exam Corner
Exam-type Questions (p. 5.88)
Suggested Solutions Marks

1. CDA BAD 180q (int. s, EA // CD)
CDA 106q 180q
CDA 74q 9c
ɻ CF CD (given)
ɺ CFD CDF (base s, isos. ː) 9c
74q
In ːCDF,
CDF CFD DCF 180q ( sum of ː)
74q 74q DCF 180q
DCF 32q
In ADCE,
CDA DAE CEA ECD (4 2) u180q ( sum of polygon) 9c
74q 106q CEA (32q 48q) 360q
CEA 100q 9c


2. ɻ AD DE (given)
ɺ DAE DEA (base s, isos. ː) 9c
In ːAED,
ADE DAE DEA 180q ( sum of ː)
64q 2DAE 180q
2DAE 116q
DAE 58q 9c
ECB DAE (alt. s, AD // BC) 9c
58q
In ːBCE,
CBE ECB AEB (ext. of ː)
CBE 58q 89q
CBE 31q 9c
3. (a) In ːBCF and ːDCF,
BC DC (definition of square)
BCF DCF 45q (property of square) 9c + c
CF CF (common side)
ɺ ːBCF # ːDCF (SAS) 9c
(b) ɻġ ːBCF # ːDCF (proved in (a))

ɺġ CDF CBF (corr. s, #ːs) 9c
77q
DCF 45q (property of square) 9c
In ːCDF,
AFD CDF DCF (ext. of ː)
77q 45q
122q 9c
4. ɻ EB : BC 3 : 2
ɺ Let EB 3x and BC 2x .
In ːBEF and ːCED,
EBF ECD (corr. s, AB // DC)
EFB EDC (corr. s, AB // DC)
9c
BEF CED (common )
ɺ ːBEF ~ ːCED (AAA)
FB BE
ġ ɺ (corr. sides, ~ːs)
DC CE
FB 3x
DC 3x 2 x
FB 3
DC 5
3 9c
FB DC
5
AB DC (opp. sides of // gram) 9c
AF FB DC
3
AF DC DC
5
2
AF DC
5
AF 2
DC 5
ɺ AF : DC 2 : 5 9c

5 Quadrilaterals

5. (a) In ːBCG and ːDCH,
ɻ CE and CF divide BCD into three equal parts.
ɺ BCG DCH
9c
BC DC definition of rhombus
CBG CDH property of rhombus
ɺ ːBCG # ːDCH ASA 9c
(b) CBD CDB a (property of rhombus) 9c

BDA CBD a (property of rhombus)
ɺ CDF a a 2a 9c
ġ ġ ɻ CD CF (given)
ɺ CFD CDF 2a (base s, isos. ː)
ɺ BCF CFD 2a (alt. s, AD // BC)
ɻ BCE ECF DCF
2a
ɺ BCE ECF a
2
ɺ DCF a 9c
In ːBCD,
BCD CBD CDB 180q ( sum of ː)
(a a a) a a 180q
5a 180q
a 36q 9c
6. (a) In ːBCG and ːFAG,
GBC GFA alt. s, AD // BC
GCB GAF alt. s, AD // BC 9c
BGC FGA vert. opp. ɳs
ɺ ːBCG ~ ːFAG AAA 9c
(b) (i) GC BE (opp. sides of // gram)

ɻġ AD BC (property of rectangle)
ɺ AF FD 9c
2
ɻ ːBCG ~ ːFAG (proved in (a))
GC BC
ɺ (corr. sides, ~ ːs)
GA FA
GA
2
GA 9c
2
AC
2
3
2


In ːABC,
ɻ ABC 90q (definition of rectangle)
ɺ AB BC
2 2 2
AC ġ ġ (Pyth. theorem)
2
§3 ·
¨ ¸
2
AB
© 2¹
5 2
4
5
2 9c
5
(b) (ii) AB BE
2
§ 5 · 9c
¨¨ 1¸¸
© 2 ¹
! AC
ɺ The claim is disagreed. 9c
7. Answer: D
In ːABC,
ɻ AP PB and PQ // BC
ɺ AQ QC (intercept theorem)
ɻ AP PB and AQ QC
1
ɺ PQ u BC (mid-pt. theorem)
2
BC 2 PQ
ɻ PQ // RS // BC and PR RB
ɺ QS SC (intercept theorem)
ɺ AQ 2QS
In ːARS and ːAPQ,
ARS APQ (corr. s, PQ // RS)
ASR AQP (corr. s, PQ // RS)
RAS PAQ (common )
ɺ ːARS ~ ːAPQ (AAA)
RS AS
ɺ (corr. sides, ~ ːs)
PQ AQ
RS 2QS QS
PQ 2QS
RS 3
PQ 2
3
RS PQ
2
3
ɺ RS : BC PQ : 2 PQ
2
3
u 2 : 2u 2
ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġġ ġ ġ ġ 2
3: 4

5 Quadrilaterals

8. Answer: C
ɻġ ADG CED (given)
ɺ CF // DG (alt. s equal)
In ːBCF and ːBDG,
BCF BDG (corr. s, CF // DG)
BFC BGD (corr. s, CF // DG)
CBF DBG (common )
ɺġ ːBCF ~ ːBDG (AAA)
BF BC
ɺ (corr. sides, ~ːs)
ġ BG BD ġ
BF BD DC
BF FG BD
BF DC
1
BF FG BD
BF 2
1 ġ
BF FG 3
BF 5
BF FG 3
3BF 5 BF 5 FG
5 FG 2 BF
FG 2
BF 5
ġ ɺ FG : FB 2 : 5
ġ In ːAGD,
ɻ EF // DG and AE ED
ɺ AF FG (intercept theorem)
ɺ AF : FB 2 : 5

Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action 3A - Chapter 05 Quadrilaterals - Full Solutions

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5 Quadrilaterals

5 Quadrilaterals (e) In ːABC,

1 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

6. (a) In ːBCD, (b) DO BO (diags. of // gram)

ɻ BC 2  BD2 CD2 (c) B D (opp. s of // gram)

Classwork (p. 5.27)

2. (a) Yes (Reason: ASA) (b) AOD 90q ġġ (property of rhombus)

3. (a) Yes (Reason: AAS (or ASA))

Activity 5.3 (p. 5.52) Classwork (p. 5.30)

(b) ɻ OB OC OA 5 cm (property of rectangle)

Classwork (p. 5.10) y 2u5

2 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

(c) DBC ADB (alt. s, AD // BC) (b) TQR 3x

Classwork (p. 5.33)

Quick Practice 5.1 (p. 5.11) 2OC

3 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

4 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

ɻġ AB = BC (definition of square) Quick Practice 5.16 (p. 5.54)

5 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

and BA DE given In ːCDH,

6 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

7 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

Consolidation Corner (p. 5.47) In ːBDE,

8 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

9 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

DAE  AEC 180q (int. s, AD // EC) 16. OB OD (diags. of // gram)

and WZ XY (opp. sides of // gram)

21. BCD BAD (opp. s of // gram)

10 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

BCD  BCF  DCF 360q (s at a pt.) (b) In ːAEB,

11 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

30. (a) ECD BAD (opp. s of // gram) BA // CD ġ ġ ġ ġ given

ɺ ABCD is a parallelogram. diags. bisect each other

AD 62  82 cm 6. P  S 180q int. s, QP // RS

12 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

BF BC  FC ġ (b) ɻ ːABE is an equilateral triangle.

(b) DC AB opp. sides of // gram Alternative Solution

ɺ ABC CDE (corr. s, #ːs) equal and //

14 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

21. (a) 3. DAB 2BAC (property of rhombus)

DAB  q 180q (int. s, AB // DC)

15 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

9. QPR 45q (property of square) CBF  CFB ECD (ext.  of ː)

14. In ːECD, 18. In ːABC,

16 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

19. (a) QPT 90q (definition of square) Level 2

(b) ɻġ ːOBC is an equilateral triangle.

17 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

In ːBCD, 29. (a) BCE BAE (property of rhombus)

ġ ġ ɺ CBE BEC (baseɳs, isos. ː)

ġ In ːABD, ġ ġ ɺ DAE AED (baseɳs, isos. ː)

18 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

31. (a) DC AB (property of rectangle) ɻ BEA BEF 75q

19 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

8. (a) In ːADP and ːCDQ, (b) In ːAED,ġ

20 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

21 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2022

Exercise 5E (p. 5.57) ɺ ACD BCD  ACB

ɻ BC 2 BD2 CD2 (c) B D (opp. s of // gram)

2. (a) Yes (Reason: ASA) (b) AOD 90q ġġ (property of rhombus)

(c) DBC ADB (alt. s, AD // BC) (b) TQR 3x

DAE AEC 180q (int. s, AD // EC) 16. OB OD (diags. of // gram)

21. BCD BAD (opp. s of // gram)

BCD BCF DCF 360q (s at a pt.) (b) In ːAEB,

30. (a) ECD BAD (opp. s of // gram) BA // CD ġ ġ ġ ġ given

AD 62 82 cm 6. P S 180q int. s, QP // RS

BF BC FC ġ (b) ɻ ːABE is an equilateral triangle.

ɺ ABC CDE (corr. s, #ːs) equal and //

21. (a) 3. DAB 2BAC (property of rhombus)

DAB q 180q (int. s, AB // DC)

9. QPR 45q (property of square) CBF CFB ECD (ext. of ː)

19. (a) QPT 90q (definition of square) Level 2

In ːBCD, 29. (a) BCE BAE (property of rhombus)

ġ ġ ɺ CBE BEC (baseɳs, isos. ː)

ġ In ːABD, ġ ġ ɺ DAE AED (baseɳs, isos. ː)

31. (a) DC AB (property of rectangle) ɻ BEA BEF 75q

Exercise 5E (p. 5.57) ɺ ACD BCD ACB

7. (a) ɻ QPR QXY In ːAND,

20. In ːABC, 22. (a) ɻ ABD BDE given

24. (a) AE EC diags. of // gram 3. x 12q 50q (property of rhombus)

9. ɻ BAE ABD given

7. CED 90q (property of square) 12. In ːABC,

22. In ːADE, 25. ɻ ADB CBD ABD (property of rhombus)

1 ABC BCA BAC 180q ( sum of ːĪġ

ɻ PQR PSR SPQ SRQ (ii) DR = 2RS (proved in (b)(i))

ADG DCF 90q definition of square 5 RS 2

(b) CBD CDB a (property of rhombus) 9c