Communication Skills and

Academic Reporting
Part 1
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi İhsan İKİZER
[email protected]
• Humans are social beings.

• By their nature, they live in communities.

• To sustain their material and spiritual needs, humans are dependent

on each other.

• This dependency on others is also a result of a need.

• Human beings have always felt a need to communicate with the

individuals in their environment.
• Humans have constantly come up with newer methods and tools of
communication.

• In that sense, the struggle to communicate has evolved to modern

communication technologies.

• Communication aims to establish a consensus between the

communicating parties.

• at the core of an individual’s need to communicate: the urge to

express oneself, understand others and convince or impact them.
• It is essential that any attempt at communication involves at least two
parties where an input and response cycle can be observed.

• Interaction explains the process of interpersonal communication.

• It is generally expected that this process will result in an impact.

• Communication is the process of exchanging emotions and ideas
between societies, social clusters and individuals by means of writing,
physical gestures and visuals.

• Communication essentially defines the interactions between the

members of a society.
• Communication is the flow of emotions and thoughts
between humans.
• • It is the process whereby an individual explicitly
declares his emotions and thoughts.
• • It is the process of establishing common ground
between individuals.
• • It is the process whereby a source conveys its
message via a medium to a receiver.
• • It is a process of sending a selected information to a
receiver at a distance.

• • Communication is a process of sending information

in either synchronized or unsynchronized manner.
• Communication is the production of certain meanings
and the exchange of these meanings through symbols.

• • Communication is an exchange of meaning in which

messages are discussed and questioned by the
recipient (the target person or audience).
• Communication, in its bare form, is the sharing of emotions, thoughts
or information between at least two individuals by utilizing different
tools and methods.

• These tools can often be the body of an individual.

• The way we act, stand, look or dress can convey how we feel or think
to the people around us .

• The collection of these acts holds a crucial place in non-verbal

communication.
• However, voice and words such as language are one of the most
important symbol systems in communication.

• The tone of one’s voice and the emphasis on words can also impact
the meanings we convey as much.

• Even if a message which is delivered in a loud voice aims to convey a

positive meaning, it may come across as negative to the listener.
• In order for the communication process to carry on smoothly, there is
a need for a system of common symbols.
• These symbols include voices, sights, smells and physical contacts that
can be perceived by any of our five senses.
• Each of these contacts are understood thanks to a detailed system of
code.
• Such systems include mimics and physical gestures.
• Much like a spoken language and its written forms, these systems of
code only allow communication between people who have a certain
understanding of them.
• Whenever an individual directly or indirectly interacts with another
person it is implied that there is a message being conveyed. These
actions are classified as communication.

• Non-communication is impossible.

• Whether we speak up or remain silent, act or be idle, we always

convey meanings and messages that impact the individuals around
us.
• In moments of complete isolation, we are still engaged in acts of
communication due to the instances where we question, criticize or
evaluate ourselves.

• These acts are another form of communication (intrapersonal

communication, self-talk)) and reinforce the argument that non-
communication is impossible.
• At the core of every behavior/communication lies a goal.

• Communication without a goal, or without a message is impossible.

• At the very least, the communicator sets out with the aim of sending
information to the receiver.

• Without such an aim, there would be no need or intention to

communicate.
• Communication is a method of social interaction.

• This type of interaction requires a specific cultural context.

• Communication deals with the conveying of messages.

• How this message is coded by sender and how it is

interpreted by receiver is important.
• Communication aims to change the behavior, thought, habits and
emotions of an individual.

• If this attempt fails, it is understood that communication is

unsuccessful.
• The process of communication requires at least two
individuals.

• It starts with the production of the message by its sender.

• The message is coded to express emotions and thoughts by

selecting the tool that transmits the message most
effectively
• and sending it to the target, in other words, to the receiver.
• The communication process continues in a cyclical
process as the recipient opens the code after receiving
the message
• and produces a new message (reflection) in response
to the sender of the message, using a tool.

• In this cyclicality, as long as the process continues, the

source and target constantly change and new
messages are produced.
• The main elements of the communication process are
source, receiver, message, medium and channel,
target, reflection (feedback) and noise.
• Source and Receiver
• Humans have two main roles in the process of
communication.
• Both the receiver and the source serve as the target
audience.
• The source is the individual who starts the message
transmission.
• The receiver, on the other hand, is the person who is
intended to acquire the contents of the message.
• It is crucial to understand that the roles of the source
and receiver are inseparable.
• The receiver and the source, when playing their
separate roles, cannot act independently from each
other.
• These two parties constantly exchange their roles and
often become the source and the receiver at the same
time throughout the course of the conversation.
• The receiver is the target recipient of the message after it
has been coded and relayed through the appropriate
channels.

• The receiver, in the communication process, is not only

limited to a single individual; groups of various sizes can also
play this role.

• The reader of a book, the recipient of a letter, the listener of

a radio program or students in a classroom are all examples
of receivers
• The Message

• Message is the thing or item coded with the symbols or icons known
by the social environment
• The communication process takes place with them.
• They are loaded with information, emotions and thoughts that are
desired to be transferred and shared.
• It reaches the receiver through various communication mediums and
channels.
• Text, words, facial expressions can be shown as examples of mediums
and channels.
• The message is the verbal or non-verbal form of a person’s (source)
designs, thoughts or feelings that are intended to be communicated
with anyone (the recipient).

• A message is the essence of communication and it is the thing that is

ultimately conveyed.

• A message can also be described as the collection of all the symbols

coded by the source to cause a change in thoughts, behavior and
emotions of the receiver.
• A message always consists of verbal or non-verbal symbols such as
letters, numbers, words, sentences, musical notes and colors.

• Our facial expressions, body movements, jests, mimics and the tone
of our voice are all non-verbal symbols.
• The message is defined as a warning sent from the source to the
recipient, a thought, an emotion, or information encoded by the
source.

• It can be examined in two parts: language of the message and the

content of the message.
• The language of the message refers to any of the symbols which are
used to convey the message.

• In this context, the language of the message can be a wide range of

symbols such as the spoken language of a country, body language,
music or art.

• The key factor to remember about the language of the message is

that it must always contain symbols that will be understood clearly by
both the source and the receiver
• With regards to the contents of the message, there are two
key points to look out for: selecting the emotions and
thoughts that will be conveyed by the message, and how
these will be processed.

• Firstly, the contents of the message must be selected, and

then these contents must be coded with the symbols that
are tailored for the specific qualities of the receiver.
• If the communication is taking place between two individuals in the
same environment, then the facial expression and the overall body
language of the receiver can tell us if the message has been
communicated effectively.

• For example, if the source’s aim is to convey a message that can be

considered unusual within their social and cultural context, it can be
understood that the message is successfully delivered by observing a
surprised/shocked expression on the receiver’s face.