Ionic compounds are formed by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between
oppositely charged ions. These compounds have high melting points because of the large amounts of energy needed to break the strong bonds
2. Give reason for the following
(a) Aluminium easily combines with oxygen but still it can be used for making kitchen utensils.
Due to the reactivity of aluminium , it combines with oxygen to form a layer of
aluminium oxide over the surface of aluminium. This oxide layer prevents it from further reactivity of the metal
(b) Metals conduct electricity
Metals conduct electricity because they have “free electrons.
(c) Nonmetals in general do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
Non-metals being acceptor of electrons, cannot give electrons to the hydrogen ions of acid to reduce them to hydrogen gas. Hence non-metals do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids
3. Write the electron dot structure for sodium and chlorine atoms. How do these form a chemical bond? Name the type of bond so formed. Why does a compound so formed have high melting point? Na has to lose the outermost electron, and Cl needs one electron to complete the valence shell
By losing an electron, Na becomes Na+ (cation) and this electron is accepted by Cl to
form Cl− (anion) . The oppositely charged ions attract each other and form NaCl. Since the inter-ionic forces are very strong, it requires a considerably large amount of energy to break the bond. Hence, ionic compounds have high melting point.
4. Write chemical equation for the reaction when
(i) Steam acts on red hot iron
3 Fe ( s ) + 4 H 2 O ( aq ) → Fe 3 O 4 ( s ) + 4 H 2 ( g )
(ii) Zinc is added to iron (II) sulphate solution.
Zn+FeSO4⟶ZnSO4+Fe
5. Why are aqueous solutions ionic compounds able to conduct electricity?
Ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten (liquid) or in aqueous solution
(dissolved in water), because their ions are free to move from place to place. Ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity when solid, as their ions are held in fixed positions and cannot move.
6. Zinc granules were added to zinc sulphate, aluminium sulphate and iron sulphate solutions. In which test tube would you find deposition of metals on zinc why? Zinc granules + iron sulphate solutions
zinc is more reactive than iron so it displaces iron from their solution to form zinc sulphate and deposition of the free metal on the rod.
7. Give reason for the following:
(i) Hydrogen gas is not evolved when most of the metals react with nitric acid. (ii) Zinc oxide is considered as an amphoteric oxide. (iii) Metals conduct electricity.
i) Nitric acid acts as a strong oxidising agent and oxidises the released H2 gas to H2O and itself is reduced to either of these gases – N2O, NO2 or NO. ii) Zinc oxide is a metal oxide that shows both acidic and basic charater hence, known as amphoteric oxides iii) Metals conduct electricity because they have “free electrons
8 (a) Why does calcium start floating when it reacts with water? Write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction.
The reaction of calcium with water is less violent, and the heat evolved in this reaction is not sufficient for hydrogen to catch fire. So calcium starts floating in water because of the bubbles of hydrogen gas formed that stick to the surface of the metal.
Ca (s) + 2H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g) + Heat
(b) Name two metals which do not react with water
Gold and silver are two metals which do not react with water
9. Define amphoteric oxides? Give two examples of such oxides.
Some metal oxides show both acidic as well as basic behaviour. Those metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to produce salts and water are known as amphoteric oxides. For example: Aluminium oxide, Zinc oxide
10. A metal ‘X’ combines with a non-metal ‘Y’ by the transfer of electrons to form a compound Z. (i) State the type of bond in compound Z. (ii) What can you say about the melting point and boiling point of compound Z? (iii) Will this compound dissolve in kerosene or petrol? (iv) Will this compound be a good conductor of electricity?
Ans:
(i) Compound Z has ionic bonds because it is formed by transfer of
electrons. (ii) Its melting and boiling points will be high because of the strong intermolecular forces between them. (iii) No, ionic compounds dissolve in water (iv) It will be a good conductor of electricity because of the presence of ions in it. 11. An element ‘X’ displaces iron from the aqueous solution of iron sulphate. List your observations if the element ‘X’ is treated with the aqueous solutions of copper sulphate, zinc sulphate and silver nitrate. Based on the observations arrange X, Zn, Cu and Ag in increasing order of their reactivities.
Ans: As X displaces iron from its salt solution hence X is more reactive than iron. It will also displace copper from copper sulphate and silver from silver nitrate as both are less reactive than iron. As zinc is more reactive than iron hence, X can be more or less reactive than zinc. Then the order of their reactivities can be Ag < Cu < Fe < Zn < X or Ag < Cu < Fe < X < Zn
12.a) Explain the formation of ionic compound, with electron-dot structure:
(Given: Atomic no. of Al and O are 13 and 8 respectively)
(b) What happens when (Report only observations)
(i) a reactive metal reacts with a dilute mineral acid ? (ii) An amphoteric oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide solution? (iii) A metal of low reactivity is dropped in the salt solution of a metal of high reactivity? (iv) A metal carbonate is treated with acid
a)
b) i) a reactive metal reacts with a dilute mineral acid - Hydrogen gas is evolved
(ii) Salt and water are formed
(iii) When a metal of low reactivity is dropped in the salt solution of a metal of high reactivity, no reaction is observed (iv) When a metal carbonate is treated with acid, Brisk effervescence is observed
13. A shining metal M on burning gives a dazzling white flame and changes to a white powder N
(i) Identify M and N
(ii) represent the above reaction in the form of a balanced chemical equation (iii) Does M undergo oxidation or reduction in this reaction. Justify?
Ans: M is Magnesium (Mg) and N is Magnesium Oxide (MgO).
(ii) The above reaction can be represented in the form of a balanced chemical equation as follows: 2Mg + O2 ----> 2MgO (iii) In this reaction, Mg undergoes oxidation as the reaction is combustion and in this Mg is combining with oxygen. 14. Write down the important properties of ionic compounds.
Ionic compounds are generally hard solids.
1. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points. 2. Ionic compounds are mostly soluble in water and insoluble in solvents like kerosene oil, alcohols, etc. 3. In their molten state or aqueous solution these are good conductors of electric current. 15. A metal ‘M’ is found in nature as its carbonate. It is used in the galvanization of iron. Identify ‘M’ and name its ore. How will you convert this ore into free metal?
‘M’ = Zinc metal
Zinc occurs as Zinc Carbonate in calamine ore, ZnCO3. Zinc can be extracted from the ore by: (i) Zinc Carbonate is first converted into Zinc Oxide by calcination. When calamine ore (zinc carbonate) is heated strongly in the absence of air, it decomposes to form zinc oxide and carbon dioxide.
(ii) Zinc metal is then extracted from zinc oxide by reduction with carbon (coke).
16. Explain the steps for extraction of copper from its ore. Write the reaction involved. (b) Draw a neat, labelled diagram for electrolytic refining of copper and explain the process. Answer: Copper is found as Cu2S in nature. The concentrated Cu2S is roasted in presence of air and Cu2O is formed. Copper oxide (Cu2O) is then heated in the absence of air. This reduces Cu2O into copper metal. The copper obtained is called blister copper because the SO2 produced during this reaction gets trapped inside its surface causing blisters to appear on the surface of copper metal.
(b) Electrolytic refining of copper:
17. Pure iron is soft and stretches easily when hot
(a) How does this property of iron change when: (i) small amount of carbon is mixed with it? (ii) nickel and chromium are mixed with it? (b) Define an alloy. How is an alloy prepared? (c) An alloy has low melting point and is therefore used for electrical fuse. Name the alloy and write its constituents.
Answer: (i) When small amount of carbon is mixed with iron, it becomes an alloy that is called steel. The carbon present in pig iron or cast iron makes it brittle and therefore, it cannot be used for structural purposes. (ii) When iron is mixed with chromium and nickel, then stainless steel is obtained. Stainless steel does not rust at all. Stainless steel is used for making cooking utensils, knives, scissors and surgical instruments etc. (b) Alloy: An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non- metal. An alloy is generally prepared by heating the mixture of the metals (or metals and non-metals) to the molten state and then cooling the mixture to solidify at room temperature. (c) A fuse wire is made up of an alloy of tin and copper or tin and lead (composition: 63% tin and 37% lead).
18. (a) Define corrosion.
(b) What is corrosion of iron called? (c) How will you recognise the corrosion of silver? (d) Why corrosion of iron is a serious problem? (e) How can we prevent corrosion?
Answer: (a) Corrosion. Corrosion is the process in which metals are eaten up gradually by the action of air, moisture or a chemical on their surface. (b) Rusting of iron metal is the most common form of corrosion. (c) When silver objects are kept in air, they get tarnished and gradually turn black due to the formation of thin silver sulphide layer on their surface by the action of H2S of air. (d) Corrosion weakens the iron and steel objects and structures such as railings, car bodies, bridges and ships, etc. and cuts short their life, therefore it is a serious problem. (e) Methods to prevent corrosion: Galvanisation is a method used to protect steel and iron from rusting. Painting, greasing and oiling of metals is done to prevent corrosion. Cleaning metals regularly and carefully
19. Metals towards the top of the activity series can not be obtained from their compounds by reducing with carbon. Why
Ans: Metals towards the top of the activity series are highly reactive. The oxides of highly reactive metals are very stable and cannot be reduced by ‘carbon’ to obtain free metals because these metals have more affinity for oxygen than carbon.
20. Generally alloys are used in electrical heating devices instead of pure metals. What could be the reason ? ' Ans. Alloys have high melting point. They do not oxidize (burn) readily at high temperature
21. Give reason of the following: a) Gold and silver are used to make jewelers. (b) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides prior to reduction during the process of extraction. Ans. (a) Gold and silver do not react with oxygen even at high temperature.
(b) It is easier to obtain metals from their oxides than from their sulphides ores
22.a) Distinguish between roasting and calcination. Which of these two is used for sulphide ores and why? (b) Write a chemical! equation to illustrate the use of aluminium for joining cracked railway lines. (c) Name the anode , cathode and electrolyte used in the electrolytic refining of impure copper.
Ans. (a) Roasting refers to the heating of sulphide ore in presence of oxygen rich air to obtain its oxide. 2ZnS + 302 ----> 2ZnO + 2S02 Calcination refers to the heating of carbonate ore in the absence or limited supply of oxygen. ZnCO3 --- ZnO + CO2 Heating it with a reducing agent such as carbon or carbon
(b) In thermite or aluminothermy process aluminium is used for joining the
cracked railway lines as a reducing agent. Fe203 + 2A1 -- 2Fe + A1203
(c) In the electrolytic refining of copper, the impure copper is anode, a strip of pure copper is used as cathode and acidified solution of copper sulphate as an electrolyte.
