Scribd
Upload
31 views

Notes On Coding Techniques

notes

Uploaded by

divya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
31 views

Notes On Coding Techniques

notes

Uploaded by

divya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Notes on Coding Techniques:

a. Repetition Codes:

Repetition codes are one of the simplest forms of error-correcting


codes. The idea is to repeat each bit of the data multiple times to
ensure robustness against errors during transmission.

 Encoding: In an nn-repetition code, each bit of the message is


repeated nn times. For example, if we use a 3-repetition code, the
bit '0' is encoded as '000' and '1' as '111'.
 Error Correction: The receiver applies majority voting on the
received bits. If most of the repeated bits are '1', the receiver
decodes it as '1', and similarly for '0'. This provides resilience
against noise by correcting errors up to n−122n−1 errors per block.
 Efficiency: Repetition codes are inefficient in terms of bandwidth
because they significantly increase the amount of data to be
transmitted.

b. Self-Dual Codes:

A self-dual code is a linear code where the code is equal to its


dual. The dual of a code CC, denoted C⊥C⊥, consists of all vectors
that are orthogonal to every codeword in CC under the dot product.

 Properties:
 For a self-dual code, C=C⊥C=C⊥, meaning the codewords form an
orthogonal basis.
 These codes exist only when the length of the code is even.
 Self-dual codes are useful in various applications, particularly in
constructing block codes with excellent error-detecting and
correcting capabilities.
 Examples: An important class of self-dual codes is the
binary Hamming code and the Golay code, which are widely used
in communication systems.

c. Product Codes:
Product codes are formed by combining two or more codes to
construct a longer code that inherits the error-correcting capabilities
of the constituent codes.

 Construction: If you have two codes, one with


parameters [n1,k1,d1][n1,k1,d1] and another with
parameters [n2,k2,d2][n2,k2,d2], their product code will have
parameters [n1n2,k1k2,d1d2][n1n2,k1k2,d1d2].
 Advantages: Product codes allow for the correction of more errors
because they take advantage of both row and column structures in
the data matrix. Errors in rows or columns can be corrected
separately, providing a powerful error-correcting mechanism.
 Applications: Product codes are used in data storage systems,
such as RAID arrays, and in communication systems, such as
satellite communications, where robust error correction is critical.

d. Interleaved Codes:

Interleaving is a technique used to protect data from burst errors by


rearranging the codeword symbols over several transmission blocks.

 Concept: In an interleaved code, the bits of a codeword are spread


across multiple blocks. If a burst error occurs in one block, it affects
only a small portion of each codeword, and the error-correcting code
can handle it more effectively.
 Types:
 Block interleaving: Data is written into a matrix row-by-row and
transmitted column-by-column.
 Convolutional interleaving: A sliding window approach is used to
spread the data across time.
 Applications: Interleaving is widely used in communication
systems, such as wireless networks, satellite communications, and
digital television, where burst errors are common due to noise or
interference.

Each of these codes plays a critical role in ensuring reliable data


transmission by correcting different types of errors. They are chosen
based on the nature of the communication channel and the kind of
errors expected.

You might also like