EXP-1 (TCL)

-- Create the Employee table

CREATE TABLE Employee (
e_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
e_name VARCHAR2(20),
e_dept VARCHAR2(20),
salary NUMBER
);

-- Insert data into the Employee table

INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (1, 'A', 'HR', 200000);
INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (2, 'B', 'Financial', 100000);
INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (3, 'C', 'HR', 50000);
INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (4, 'D', 'Financial', 80000);

-- Begin transaction and update salaries

BEGIN
-- Update salaries for employees in the HR department
UPDATE Employee
SET salary = salary + 10000
WHERE e_dept = 'HR';

-- Savepoint to mark the current state

SAVEPOINT sp1;

-- Update salaries for employees in the Financial department

UPDATE Employee
SET salary = salary + 5000
 WHERE e_dept = 'Financial';

-- Rollback to savepoint sp1 to undo the update on the Financial

department
ROLLBACK TO sp1;

-- Commit the transaction to save changes

COMMIT;
END;
/

EXP-2 (DCL)
CREATE TABLE Employee (
e_id INT,
e_name VARCHAR(20),
e_dept VARCHAR(20),
salary INT
);
INSERT INTO Employee (e_id, e_name, e_dept, salary) VALUES
(1, 'A', 'HR', 200000),
(2, 'B', 'Financial', 100000),
(3, 'C', 'HR', 50000),
(4, 'D', 'Financial', 80000);

CREATE USER 'user1'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password1';

CREATE USER 'user2'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password2';

GRANT SELECT ON your_database_name.Employee TO 'user1'@'localhost';

GRANT INSERT, UPDATE ON your_database_name.Employee TO
'user2'@'localhost';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON your_database_name.Employee TO
'user1'@'localhost';
REVOKE INSERT ON your_database_name.Employee FROM
'user2'@'localhost';
REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON your_database_name.Employee FROM
'user1'@'localhost';

EXP-3 (LOCKS)
USE kings;
CREATE TABLE students (
student_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
student_name VARCHAR(100),
hostel_id INT
);
INSERT INTO students (student_id, student_name, hostel_id) VALUES
(1, 'King', 1),
(2, 'Queen', 2),
(3, 'Warrior', 3);

-- Row-Level Lock
START TRANSACTION;
SELECT * FROM students WHERE student_id = 1 FOR UPDATE;
UPDATE students SET student_name = 'King Updated' WHERE student_id =
1;
COMMIT;
-- Exclusive Lock
START TRANSACTION;
LOCK TABLES students WRITE;
UPDATE students SET student_name = 'Queen Updated' WHERE student_id =
2;
UNLOCK TABLES;
COMMIT;

-- Shared Lock
START TRANSACTION;
SELECT * FROM students WHERE student_id = 1 LOCK IN SHARE MODE;
COMMIT;

SELECT * FROM students;

EXP-4 (To analyze and create locks and

different types of locks.)
-- 1. Create Sequences for Orders and Employee Tables
CREATE SEQUENCE orders_seq
START WITH 1
INCREMENT BY 1
NOCACHE;

CREATE SEQUENCE employee_seq

START WITH 1
INCREMENT BY 1
NOCACHE;
-- 2. Create Synonyms for Orders and Employee Tables
CREATE SYNONYM order_alias FOR Orders;
CREATE SYNONYM employee_alias FOR Employee;

-- 3. Create Tables
CREATE TABLE Orders (
order_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
order_date DATE,
customer_id INT
);

CREATE TABLE Employee (

employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(100),
position VARCHAR(100),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);

-- 4. Insert Data into Employee Table using Sequences

INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (employee_seq.NEXTVAL, 'King', 'Software
Engineer', 120000);
INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (employee_seq.NEXTVAL, 'Queen', 'Project
Manager', 150000);
INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (employee_seq.NEXTVAL, 'Alice Johnson',
'Data Analyst', 90000);
INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (employee_seq.NEXTVAL, 'Bob Brown', 'HR
Manager', 80000);

-- 5. Create View to Show Employees with High Salary

CREATE VIEW high_salary_employees AS
SELECT name, position, salary
FROM Employee
WHERE salary > 100000;

-- 6. Query the View

SELECT * FROM high_salary_employees;

-- 7. Query Orders using Synonym

SELECT * FROM order_alias;

-- 8. Query Employees using Synonym

SELECT * FROM employee_alias;

EXP-5 (PL/SQL Control Structures)

CREATE TABLE employees (
emp_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
emp_name VARCHAR2(100),
bonus NUMBER
);

CREATE TABLE sales (

sale_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
emp_id NUMBER,
sale_amount NUMBER,
FOREIGN KEY (emp_id) REFERENCES employees(emp_id)
);
INSERT INTO employees (emp_id, emp_name, bonus) VALUES (1, 'King', 0);
INSERT INTO employees (emp_id, emp_name, bonus) VALUES (2, 'Queen', 0);

INSERT INTO sales (sale_id, emp_id, sale_amount) VALUES (1, 1, 500);

INSERT INTO sales (sale_id, emp_id, sale_amount) VALUES (2, 2, 1000);

DECLARE
v_emp_id employees.emp_id%TYPE;
v_emp_name employees.emp_name%TYPE;
v_bonus employees.bonus%TYPE;
v_sales_total NUMBER := 0;
BEGIN
FOR employee IN (SELECT emp_id, emp_name, bonus FROM employees)
LOOP
v_emp_id := employee.emp_id;
v_emp_name := employee.emp_name;
v_bonus := employee.bonus;

SELECT SUM(sale_amount)
INTO v_sales_total
FROM sales
WHERE emp_id = v_emp_id;

IF v_sales_total > 1000 THEN

v_bonus := 500;
ELSE
v_bonus := 100;
 END IF;

UPDATE employees
SET bonus = v_bonus
WHERE emp_id = v_emp_id;

-- Output the updated bonus for the employee

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee: ' || v_emp_name || ' | Sales Total: '
|| v_sales_total || ' | New Bonus: ' || v_bonus);
END LOOP;

COMMIT;
END;
/

EXP-6 (To Implement Pl/SQL programming

using Cursors)

CREATE TABLE employees (

emp_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
emp_name VARCHAR2(100),
bonus NUMBER
);
INSERT INTO employees (emp_id, emp_name, bonus) VALUES (1, 'King', 0);
INSERT INTO employees (emp_id, emp_name, bonus) VALUES (2, 'Queen', 0);
DECLARE
v_emp_name employees.emp_name%TYPE;
v_bonus employees.bonus%TYPE;
BEGIN
-- Implicit cursor
SELECT emp_name, bonus
INTO v_emp_name, v_bonus
FROM employees
WHERE emp_id = 1;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' || v_emp_name || ' | Bonus: '

|| v_bonus);
END;
/

DECLARE
-- explicit cursor
CURSOR employee_cursor IS
SELECT emp_id, emp_name, bonus
FROM employees;

v_emp_id employees.emp_id%TYPE;
v_emp_name employees.emp_name%TYPE;
v_bonus employees.bonus%TYPE;
BEGIN
-- Open the cursor
OPEN employee_cursor;
 LOOP
FETCH employee_cursor INTO v_emp_id, v_emp_name, v_bonus;
EXIT WHEN employee_cursor%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ID: ' || v_emp_id || ' | Name: ' ||
v_emp_name || ' | Bonus: ' || v_bonus);
END LOOP;
CLOSE employee_cursor;
END;
/

EXP-7 (Exceptions)

CREATE TABLE employees (

emp_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
emp_name VARCHAR2(100),
bonus NUMBER
);

DECLARE
--user-defined exception
low_bonus_exception EXCEPTION;

v_emp_id employees.emp_id%TYPE := 1;
v_emp_name employees.emp_name%TYPE := 'King';
v_bonus employees.bonus%TYPE := 400;
BEGIN
IF v_bonus < 500 THEN
-- Raise the user-defined exception
RAISE low_bonus_exception;
END IF;

BEGIN
INSERT INTO employees (emp_id, emp_name, bonus)
VALUES (v_emp_id, v_emp_name, v_bonus);
COMMIT;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee inserted successfully!');

EXCEPTION
-- Exception handling for unique constraint violation (duplicate emp_id)
WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: Employee with ID ' || v_emp_id || '
already exists.');

-- User-defined exception
WHEN low_bonus_exception THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: Employee bonus is too low. It must
be at least 500.');

-- Exception handling for any other errors

WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: ' || SQLERRM);
END;
END;
/

EXP-8 (Packages and triggers)

-- Create the employees table

CREATE TABLE employees (
emp_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
emp_name VARCHAR2(100),
bonus NUMBER
);

-- Create the package specification

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE emp_pkg AS
-- Procedure to insert an employee into the employees table
PROCEDURE insert_employee(p_emp_id IN NUMBER, p_emp_name IN
VARCHAR2, p_bonus IN NUMBER);

-- Function to get an employee's bonus

FUNCTION get_employee_bonus(p_emp_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER;
END emp_pkg;
/

-- Create the package body

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY emp_pkg AS
-- Procedure to insert an employee into the employees table
PROCEDURE insert_employee(p_emp_id IN NUMBER, p_emp_name IN
VARCHAR2, p_bonus IN NUMBER) IS
BEGIN
 INSERT INTO employees (emp_id, emp_name, bonus)
VALUES (p_emp_id, p_emp_name, p_bonus);
COMMIT;
EXCEPTION
WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: Employee ID ' || p_emp_id || ' already
exists.');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: ' || SQLERRM);
END insert_employee;

-- Function to get an employee's bonus

FUNCTION get_employee_bonus(p_emp_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER
IS
v_bonus employees.bonus%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT bonus INTO v_bonus
FROM employees
WHERE emp_id = p_emp_id;
RETURN v_bonus;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: Employee with ID ' || p_emp_id || '
not found.');
RETURN NULL;
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: ' || SQLERRM);
RETURN NULL;
END get_employee_bonus;
END emp_pkg;
/

-- Anonymous block to test the package

DECLARE
v_bonus NUMBER;
BEGIN
emp_pkg.insert_employee(3, 'John Doe', 1500);
v_bonus := emp_pkg.get_employee_bonus(3);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Bonus: ' || v_bonus);
END;
/

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER display_salary_changes

BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
sal_diff NUMBER;
BEGIN
-- Calculate salary difference on UPDATE or DELETE
IF UPDATING OR DELETING THEN
sal_diff := :NEW.bonus - :OLD.bonus;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Old Bonus: ' || :OLD.bonus);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('New Bonus: ' || :NEW.bonus);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Bonus Difference: ' || sal_diff);
END IF;
END;
/