The Sco Science The experimental investigation and theoretical explanation of natural phendie ore named as “Science”. “ The subject of science is classified into two main branches. ¢ Main Branches of Science: ‘ Physical sciences, Biological sciences, Physical Sciences: Physical sclences deal with the, gyros and behavior of non-living things, The main branches of physical sciences are: i. Physics ii, Chemistry, iif Geology etc. Biologica Sclentes:” Biological s clénces deal with the living things. The main branches of bialogical sciences are: i. Zoology ii. Botany iii, Physiology etc. Definition of Physics: The branch of physical sciences which deals with the study about."Matter” and “Energy” and also interaction between them is called “PHYSICS”. It is based on experimental observations and quantitative measurements. Branches of Physics: Following are same important branches of physics; i) Mechanics {i)Electricity iiiMagnetism iv)Electromagnetism v)Atomic and Molecitlar AK physics vi)Nuclear physics vii)Particle physics viii)Solid State physics ix)Electronics xiiplesma Physics x)Astro ics xiiJThermodynamics xii)Spectroscopy xiii) Optics and many more. ibutions of Musli ienti sie: Contributions of Abu Ali Hassan Ibn-Al-Haitham: 1) He gave two laws of reflection of light. 2) He described the nature of light and declares & 2form “af chatey and gave the formal definition of ray of light, ‘ ‘4 3) He constructed pin hole camergand parted it to obtain the images of solar Eclipse. 4) He described the formatior?of Iitage using spherical mirrors. 5) He wrote a book “gitai-ul-mmanazir”, which is the first baok on optics. Contributions gub Ibne Ishag-Alkindi: 1) He disc sed the nature of sound. 2) Hela scovéted the method to express the notes of music in terms of frequencies, 3) He produced several research monographs on meteorology, specific gravity and on tides. 4) He worked in geometrical optics. 5) He explained clearly the idea that gold cannot be made from other metals, 6) He wrote many books on mathematics, astronomy, medicine and other subjects.Contributions of Abu Rehan Muhammad Bin Ahmed Al-Beruni. 1) He practically proved that earth is round and not flat. 2) He measured the circumference of earth. 3} He discussed the movement of the sun, the moon and the other planets and {alo the hoses of moon. 4) He gave the method of determining the Longitude and Latlnude 2 and 5) He found densities of various metals. 6) His famous book “kitab-ul-Qanoon-ul-| Masood?” iscosidered as Encyclopedia of Astronomy. Contributions of Al-Khawarizmi: . “) 1) He was founder of analytical algebra.) 2) His famous book “Hisab-ulJiibr-wal-Muqabla” is the first book on algebra. 3) He invented the term \Logerithm (Algorithm). Contributions‘of Omer ‘Khayyam: 1) He is amathematician. 2) He is the only man who was both a poet and a mathematician. Contributions of Al-Razi: 1} He was the most prominent and greatest physician. 2} He wrote about 200 original monographs, half of which pertained to medicine. Contributions of Ibne-Sina; 1) He was famous for his original research in the field of medicine. 2) He discovered the use of catheters. 3) He gave intravenous injections by means of a silver syringe. 4) He wrote medical text book “Al-Qanon-Fit-Tib”. 5) He wrote “Al-Shifa” an encyclopedia of philosophy. Contributions of Dr. Abdus Salam: 1) He presented “Grand Unification Theory (GUT)” in which he was unite the properties of Gravitational, electromagnetic and nuclear fields. e He expressed the characteristics of Gravitation, Elect magnetism and Nuclear Physics with one set of equations. He established the international centre forthe al physics at Trieste, Italy where 2 3) 2) He worked as an expert at Urenco 2 nfehment Plant in Holland as a Joint Venture of the Government of Holland. | 3) He contributed in makingPakgtan a nuclear state. Measuremént means the comparison of an unknown quantity with a standard to see how many times ls big‘or small as compared to the standard.Physical Quantities ef e..> All such measureable quantities which are used to specify the physical properties of an ect ora system are called physical quantities: For example; Mass, Length, Time, Velocity, Acceleration and Force All physical quantities are divided into two groups, q° i)Fundamental Quantities il) Derived Quantities. . In physics length, mass and time are supposed to te the main fundamental quantities since scientists all over the world have recognized t expressed in terms of these fundamental quantities. To measure a physical quantityWe neéd a certain unit. There are two types of units. i)Fundamental Units: “The units used to express fundamental quantities are known as fundamental Units”. il Derived. units: “Tew to express the physical quantities that are derived from fundamental faaball physical quantities in mechanics can be quantities, are called Derived Units”. SI Fundamental (OR) Base Quantities With Their Units Physical. Symbol For Name Of Unit Symbol For. Quantity Quantity Unit Length L Metre m Mass m { Kilogram: Kg Time t I Second s Electric Current l Ampere Temperature T Kelvin K.. eas | Luminous intensity wv Candela &)* Amount of Substance N Mole _gnol Physical Quantities, Coefficients and Constants and Their S.1 Units S.N | Name of Quantity Symbol S1Unit Symbol 1 | Mass “| Kilogram kg 2° | Length Metre. m 3_| Distance Metre m 4 | Displacement wo % Metre m |_5_|Time ow Ge second $ 6 -| Area (aw Metre Square m 7_| Volume Metre Cube m 8"|'Density plow). | Kilogram Per metre cube |. Ke/m? L344 Speed v Metre per second més 10 | Velocity Vv. Metre per second m/s 11 | Acceleration F__ | Metre per second square | «m/s? 12: | Acceleration due to Gravity Pr _| Metre per second square m/s?13_| Force F [Newton N 14 | Weight Ww Newton 15_| Linear Momentum PB -_| Kilogram metre per second 16_| Torque Newton metre ¢ 17_| Centripetal Acceleration it Metre per second square 18 | Centripetal Force Newton) 6 19 | Gravitational Constant G Hi ware per Kg Square 20 | Energy E «Moule 21_| Work W_ “| Joule J 22 _| Kinetic Energy KE | Joule J 23 | Potential Energy PI Joule J 24 | Power Watt watt [as Wave lengths Metre m 26 f Hertz Hz zl 27 n | Newton N 28 | Pressure "P| Newton per metre Square | N/m? “20” | Heat 2a | Joule Lo 30 | Temperature T Kelvin K 31_| Specific Heat c_| Joule per Klogram Kehin Ikg.k 32 _| Heat Capacity c Joule per Kelvin I/k 33_| Amount of substance N Mole mal |_34_| Gas Constant R Joule per mole Kelvin J/mol.k 35 _| Stress o{Sigmia) | Newton per metre square N/m? | 36_| Strain elepsiton) | Nil 37_| Young’s Modulus, Y Newton per metre square _| Wat | 38 | Time period T Second [ @) as 39 | Amplitude Xo Metre 40_| Power of Lens P| Dioptre > 41_| Focal Length f | Metres. m | 42 | Electric Charge oe | c 43 | Potential Difference 3 | Volt Vv 44 | Capacitance Farad F 45 _| Electromotive Force Volt Vv 46 | Electric Current I Ampere A 47 | Resistance oo R Ohm Alomega). 48 | Luminous\intensity iy Candela cd 49 Geaeet Linear heat expansion a Per Kelvin A/K(K?) i lent of volumetric heat expansion B Per Kelvin A/K(K4) A set of fundamental and derived units is known as a “system of units”. There are four systems of units being used in scientific work.i) M.K.S System ii) CGS System {il}, British Engineering System (or) F.P.S System, yh Iv). System International (SI) oO i) M.K.S System: In this system Metre, Kilogram and Second are the fundamental far Length, Mass and Time respectively, % ji). C.G.S System: In this system Centimetre, Gram and Secor fundamental Units for Length, Mass and Time respectively. 6 iii) — British Engineerin, F.P.S System: Itis an old system of u is system Length, Force and Time are fundamental quantities and their units are vent and Second respectively. In this syste jot d fundamental quantity it is derived and Its unit is “Slug” which is derive sate of force i.e, Pound. 1 Slug =32.17 Pound = 14.59 kg cl stem International (S.l): In this system seven quantities have been accepted as fundamental quantities. They are Length, Mass, Time, Electric Current, Amount of Substance, Temperature and Luminous Intensity. Prefixes of Units and Their Values Prefix Symbol Value Notation Exa E _ » 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 10% | Peta P 1,000,000,000,000,000 105 * | tera T 1,000,000,000,000 owl, = | Giga G 1,000,000,000 @ uw | Mega M 1,000,000 G 10° Z |. Kilo K 1,000 @ e 10? S| Hector H 1,00 © 10? Deke Da Nh 10° Deci D A 10? wy | Centi c 6 .01 10? z= | Milli M a> 0.001 103 & Micro b e 0.000001 10% 5 | Nano N % o.con000001 10% g Men ae o.ooo0000000001 10% a 0.000000000000001 10% o.oovv00000000000001 © 10% %Dimensi The word dimension has special meaning in physics. It is used to denote the nature ofiphysical quantity. Whether a distance is measured in any unit eg. metres, miles or even lightyear. Itis always a distance and its dimension is length. The symbols L, M and T are the symbols usually used to specify sheereu of length, mass and time respectively. The dimension of any physical quantitycan always be expressed as some combination of the fundamental quantities, such as as mast length and time. Note: i. — By addition or subtraction, dimengonéremaih unchanged. Eg, (a) L#L=L fb) L-L=L (c) 3M+2MI=M (d) {d) 5T-T=T ii. _ By multiplication or division, dimension are changed. Eg. (a) LxL=l? (b) eg, 1 (c) 21x37 = 7? (d) 52x32 = MS Significant Figures Those digits tn a number which are known to be reasonably reliable or show the accuracy are called significant Figures. Example: The length of an object is recorded as 16,7cm. This measurement is an approximation to the nearest length of a centimetre and its exact value lies between 16.65 and 16.75 cm. If this measurement is exact to the hundredth of a centimeter. It would have been recorded as 16.70 cm. The value 16.7 represents three significant figures (1, 6, 7). While the other value 16.70 represents four significant figures (1, 6, 7, a Rules For Finding Significant Figures i, Ifthe number is written in ssnonent form (scientific notation), all digits are significant. Eg. 2.35x10° (no. of significant figures= 3) 5.410x105 (no. Of significant figures= 4) ii. All non-zero digits are significant. ¢ Eg. 382 (no. of significant figures= 3) _ om 5.148 (no. of significant figures= 4) - YY” ii, Zeros at the end of whole numbers are significant. » is Eg. 500 (no. of significant figures= 3) , . 152000 (no. of significant figures=.6) iv. Allzeros to the immediate rightoftthe | decimal are significant only when there isa significant figure to the text of the décimal, otherwise they are insignificant. Eg. 0.025 (no. of'significant figures= 2} 0.0000413 (fio. of significant figures= 3) 1.005». Ind. of significant figures= 4) v. . All z@rds between two non-zero digits are significant. (te, 2005 (no. of significant figures= 4) 5102007 —_ {no. of significant figures= 7} 2.3005 (no. of significant figures= 5)Addition and Subtraction: The answer should have the same number of figures to the right of the decimal 0 asd the least precisely known number being added or subtracted, Examples: i) 25.340 ii) 58.0 iii) 4,20 iv) 415.5 of 12,183 5.465 0,0038 1.6523 ae m. b). 10° ee mm (milimetre). b) 103 Gas = pm (pecometre), a) Les b) 105 metre = Hm (Hectometre). b) 107 by) 107 d) None of these c) 10° c) 10% ¢) 109 c) 10% c)102 c) 10? © d) 102 d)10% d) 10 al } nit of MBs dore of these ese F all) units are obi iplyin i d) None of these a) Subtracting b) Multiplyi a) Derived b) Bi % d) None of thesexxx, metre = km (kilometre). c) 10? b) 103 c) 107 d) 10 yx, — Random error is also called. error, a) Instrumental b) Accidental c) both d) None of these O xxxii, If we reduce the errors, then ‘will be increased. a) Accuracy b) Efficiency c) Result d) None of thess xxiii, We can Increase the accuracy by taking the e member ofreadings of the same measurement. a) Sum b) Difference c) Average d eS2 xxxiv. The fundamental physical quantities the bases for MKS system are: a) Mass, Length, Force ngth, Time —_c) Mass, Length, Time d) None of these 28 xxxv. . Metre, lg, ampere, Kelvin, candela and mole are the seven basic units in the system a) ‘ls t) SI e) cas d) None of these i | we] ov | we] wi | vil x | oxi | xi Bt[A|A{sB{[c{[c{[c[aj{c]es xv. | xvi | xvii. [xviii | xix, [x | oe, | oxi, iii, poxiv. 8 DB Cc B Do B Cc A B A yxy. poi, fxxvil. foxvill, fxtk. [0K [oct pox, ooddli, xxiv. boo, B c A | cle B | 8 Atcf{c B MCQs From Past Papel i, * Candela is the unit of. ‘ (2003}Pre Eng a) Force b) Luminous Intensity .c) Mass d)} Velocity ii, The basic unit of Luminous Intensity is, : won a) W/m? _b) Decibel c)Diopter d) Candelé”) iii. . The basic unit of Luminous Intensity is, j C, (2014) a} W/m? b) Decibel c)Diopter d) Candela iv. — Light year is the unit of: @ {2017} | a) Time b) Distance of d} Luminous Intensity i. i, iii, P78 T Re dimehsibns of angular mome 6°. a) MLT? b) So c) MUT+ d) None of these il, “The dimensions of mor rn: a) MLT* @ c} ‘yar? d) None of these ili. ~The dimensions of “G” are : ee b) ML*T3 ¢) MET d) None of these iv. E sions of acceleration are. bp a) LT b) LT? co) L'T? d) None of thesev. The dimensions of force are. a) MLT? b) MLT? c} MULT d) None of these i] a fim fw] v cies l|a [eis O MCQs From Past Papers: G i, The dimensions of angular momentum are. : <¢?. (2001) a) MLT# b) MT? o. d) MULT? ii, - The dimensions of angular velocity are (2003)Pre Eng a) Tt b) LT? MTA d) LT? iii.” - The dimensions of kinetic en (2002}Pre Med a) AMLT? ¢) MT? d) MT? iv. The dimensions ers are, (2003)Pre Eng a) MLT?, ) MLT+ ¢} Mert d) MUT v. The di athe" “Gt are__ (2003)Pre Med Q BT? b) ML?T3 c) M*L°T? dd) None of these Cl mensions of power are, (2006) MUTa b) MPLT? c) MET? d) MT vii. The “‘vienclng of linear momentum are. 7 (2007) a) MLT* b) MT? c) MUT? d) Meer vill, The dimensions of torque are. (2008) a) MULT b). ML-T? c) MT? d) MLT? ix, © The dimensions of angular momentum are, x (2010) a), UMeT? b) UMPT ¢} MT. d) UMT* x, . The dimensions of “G” are, cod a) MLT3 ob) ML? og MALT? d) MALT? O xi.» The dimensions of force are. (2013) a) MLT b)MLT# ) MLT? ers xii, The dimensions of torque are, ms (2014) a) MET b) MT? ¢) way d) MULT? xiii — The dimensions of “G” are. (2015) a) ML'Tb) ML ia d) MLr2 xiv... The dimensions of “G” are. (2016) a) MT b) We < c) MALT? d) ML{T? i] i, (Litt. ao vic [vit [vite [ix [x [oxi [xi [ait] xiv. AB nals a{tavta[Lslo[cfofe|lcfec O Exit 1.5 MCQs‘based on significant figure: Le The number 860.040 has. a). 3 significant figures ¢) Gsignificant figures b) 4 significant figures. d) None of these.ii, The number of significant figures in all the given number are 25.12, 4.156, 1.257x10°. a) 2 6) 3 4 d) None of tein iii, The number 0.00089 should be expressed in significant notation as x a) 89 b) 89x10 c)8.9xi0% —d) ea iv. The number 9.40x105 has___—_. rite res a} 1 significant figures c) 3 significant figures ait ese v. Forthe quantity 0.121203, the number of figures i re a} 3 b) 4 abe vi. Te rumbe ofan ge? qofis a) 2 4 * a) 6 i. ii, iil, vi. c [ic [ic GS umber of significant figures in 1.20x10* are . (2002)Pre Med a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d)7 fi. _ For the quantity 0.121203, the number of significant figures is {2003)Pre Med a) 3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 7 ii, The number 860.040 has. significant figures. (2005) a) 3 b) 4 5 a) 6 iv. The number of significant figures in 2.050x10° is : (2006) a) 2 b) 3 (4 d) 5 vy. — The number of significant figures in 0.005040 is, 4 8) a) 3 . b4 5 d)6 om vi. The number of significant figures in 0.005040x107 . 009) a) 2 b) 3 4 d}7 vii. The number of significant figures in 7.050x107 is, G (2010) a) 2 b) 3 d 4 ee viii, The products of two numbers 5.642 and 4. 9 tive significant number is (2012) a) 2657382 b) 26.574 ha d) 26.5738 ix. — The number of significant fig st —— ¢ d)6 (2017) a) 2 ee. I i | tii, oJ . [vi [vi [vi | x | pietclic 2 |uestions From Past Papers: (Complete Chapter] ti. a uv vi vii. vill. ix. Name three Muslim Scientists? 4) What are the dimensions of angular velocity “w”? show that the equation) 2i dimensionally correct, where "T” Is the time period ofa simple oe of length “I” at the place where acceleration due to gravity is “g’ {1995} Give the names of three Muslim scientists who ma he) contin inthe field of physics. pon (1998) Show that the following “4 “6 nally correct: (2002)Pre Eng a) ran f & V=fa Prove that the —— are dimensionally correct: (2004) im b) T= 2. E e dimensions of the following quantities: (2012) a). Torque’ b) Angular Momentum c) Pressure d) K.E ‘Show that the following formulae are dimensionally correct: . (2013) fm a) V=fA t= an fe Show that the following formulae are dimensionally correct: (2016) a) V=fa b t= an fF Show that the expression f =~ |*is dimensionally correct and find the dimensions of sh S O Assignment # 1 What Is the meaning of dimension in physics? Prove the f £2. are dimensionally correct, a) vy=vrat 6° free ot? a Pie e) ¥ re"T" is tension and v is the speed of transverse waves) Chen E B) tan fe h) v=afiii. vii. Give the dimensions of the following quantities. *angular velacity, *pressure, * stress, *Tension, *spring constant(k}, *Gravitatic (6), *potential energy, *frequency, *weight, *coefficient of friction. o How many significant figures are given In the following? a} 454 b)2.2 c)2.205 d) 0.3937 e) 0.0353) 1.0080 140) 93x10" i) 1.118110? j) 1030 k) 125000 € Ans: 3, 2, 4,4, 3, 5,3, 2,4, 4,6. Add the following in the prospective signi ica mb. a) 703+7+0.66 b) 18.425+7.21: J035+0.097+0.225 d) 4,0+0.632+0.148 ‘Ans; 711, 30.6, 0.326, sk Subtract the following in the prospective significant number. eaten nie ras 6, 34 iply the following in the prospective significant number. a) 2.21x0.3 b} 72.4x0.084 c) 2.02x4.113 d) 107.88x0.610 e) 12.4xB4.0 f) 72.4x8.6 Ans: 0.7, 6.1, 8.31, 65.8, 1.04x10%, 6.2x10" Divide the following in the prospective significant number. a) 97.52+2.54 b)14.28+0.714 c) 0.032+0.004 d) 9.80+9.30 Ans; 38.4, 20.0, 8, 1.05