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 To my wife, Sharon, for everything.
– John

To my wonderful wife Susan, and our children, Grace, Anthony, Adam, Lily, EJ, and Peter IV.
Your continued love and support keep me going as always.
– Pete

To my loving wife, Melissa, for her support and encouragement.

– Joe
Contents
Prefacevii
Creditsxxix
VideoNotesxxxi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Java Programming Language 2
A Java Program 3
Comments 5
Identifiers and Reserved Words 7
White Space 9

1.2 Program Development 11

Programming Language Levels 11
Editors, Compilers, and Interpreters 13
Development Environments 15
Syntax and Semantics 16
Errors 17

1.3 Problem Solving 18

1.4 Software Development Activities 20

1.5 Object-Oriented Programming 21

Object-Oriented Software Principles 22

Chapter 2 Data and Expressions 33

2.1 Character Strings 34
The print and println Methods 34
String Concatenation 36
Escape Sequences 40

2.2 Variables and Assignment 41

Variables 41
The Assignment Statement 44
Constants 46

xiii
xiv CONTENTS

2.3 Primitive Data Types 47

Integers and Floating Points 47
Characters 48
Booleans 50

2.4 Expressions 51
Arithmetic Operators 51
Operator Precedence 52
Increment and Decrement Operators 56
Assignment Operators 57

2.5 Data Conversion 58

Conversion Techniques 60

2.6 Reading Input Data 61

The Scanner Class 61

Chapter 3 Using Classes and Objects 75

3.1 Creating Objects 76
Aliases 78

3.2 The String Class 80

3.3 Packages 83
The import Declaration 84

3.4 The Random Class 86

3.5 The Math Class 89

3.6 Formatting Output 92

The NumberFormat Class 92
The DecimalFormat Class 94
The printf Method 96

3.7 Enumerated Types 97

3.8 Wrapper Classes 100

Autoboxing 102

Chapter 4 Conditionals and Loops 111

4.1 Boolean Expressions 112
Equality and Relational Operators 113
Logical Operators 114
 CO N T E N T S xv

4.2 The if Statement 116

The if-else Statement 119
Using Block Statements 121
The Conditional Operator 124
Nested if Statements 125

4.3 Comparing Data 127

Comparing Floats 127
Comparing Characters 127
Comparing Objects 128

4.4 The switch Statement 130

4.5 The while Statement 134

Infinite Loops 140
Nested Loops 141
Other Loop Controls 144

4.6 Iterators 145

Reading Text Files 146

4.7 The do Statement 148

4.8 The for Statement 151

Iterators and for Loops 156
Comparing Loops 157

Chapter 5 Writing Classes 169

5.1 Classes and Objects Revisited 170
Identifying Classes and Objects 171
Assigning Responsibilities 173

5.2 Anatomy of a Class 173

Instance Data 178
UML Class Diagrams 179

5.3 Encapsulation 181

Visibility Modifiers 182
Accessors and Mutators 183

5.4 Anatomy of a Method 188

The return Statement 194
Parameters 196
Local Data 197
Constructors Revisited 198
xvi CONTENTS

5.5 Static Class Members 199

Static Variables 199
Static Methods 200

5.6 Class Relationships 203

Dependency 203
Dependencies among Objects of the Same Class 204
Aggregation 206
The this Reference 211
5.7 Method Design 212
Method Decomposition 213
Method Parameters Revisited 218

5.8 Method Overloading 223

5.9 Testing 224

Reviews 225
Defect Testing 226
Unit Testing 227
Integration Testing 228
System Testing 228
Test-Driven Development 228

5.10 Debugging 229

Simple Debugging with print Statements 230
Debugging Concepts 230

Chapter 6 Graphical User Interfaces 245

6.1 Introduction to JavaFX 246
GUI Elements 249
Alternate Ways to Specify Event Handlers 252
Determining Event Sources 253

6.2 Other GUI Controls 256

Text Fields 256
Check Boxes 259
Radio Buttons 263
Color and Date Pickers 267

6.3 Mouse and Key Events 270

Mouse Events 271
Key Events 276
 CO N T E N T S xvii

6.4 Dialog Boxes 279

File Choosers 283

6.5 JavaFX Properties 286

Change Listeners 289
Sliders 292
Spinners 295

6.6 Tool Tips and Disabling Controls 299

Chapter 7 Arrays 313

7.1 Array Elements 314

7.2 Declaring and Using Arrays 315

Bounds Checking 318
Alternative Array Syntax 323
Initializer Lists 324
Arrays as Parameters 325

7.3 Arrays of Objects 325

7.4 Command-Line Arguments 335

7.5 Variable-Length Parameter Lists 337

7.6 Two-Dimensional Arrays 341

Multidimensional Arrays 344

7.7 Arrays and GUIs 346

An Array of Color Objects 346
Choice Boxes 349

Chapter 8 Inheritance 361

8.1 Creating Subclasses 362
The protected Modifier 367
The super Reference 368
Multiple Inheritance 372

8.2 Overriding Methods 373

Shadowing Variables 376

8.3 Class Hierarchies 376

The Object Class 377
Abstract Classes 379
xviii CONTENTS

8.4 Visibility 381

8.5 Designing for Inheritance 383

Restricting Inheritance 384

8.6 Inheritance in JavaFX 385

Chapter 9 Polymorphism 395

9.1 Dynamic Binding 396

9.2 Polymorphism via Inheritance 397

9.3 Interfaces 409

Interface Hierarchies 414
The Comparable Interface 415
The Iterator Interface 415

9.4 Polymorphism via Interfaces 416

Chapter 10 Exceptions 425

10.1 Exception Handling 426

10.2 Uncaught Exceptions 427

10.3 The try-catch Statement 428

The finally Clause 431

10.4 Exception Propagation 432

10.5 The Exception Class Hierarchy 435

Checked and Unchecked Exceptions 439

10.6 I/O Exceptions 439

Chapter 11 Analysis of Algorithms 449

11.1 Algorithm Efficiency 450

11.2 Growth Functions and Big-Oh Notation 451

11.3 Comparing Growth Functions 453

11.4 Determining Time Complexity 455

Analyzing Loop Execution 455
Nested Loops 456
Method Calls 457
 CO N T E N T S xix

Chapter12 Introduction to Collections—Stacks 463

12.1 Collections 464
Abstract Data Types 465
The Java Collections API 467

12.2 A Stack Collection 467

12.3 Crucial OO Concepts 469

Inheritance and Polymorphism 470
Generics 471

12.4 Using Stacks: Evaluating Postfix Expressions 472

Javadoc 480

12.5 Exceptions 481

12.6 A Stack ADT 482

12.7 Implementing a Stack: With Arrays 485

Managing Capacity 486

12.8 The ArrayStack Class 487

The Constructors 488
The push Operation 490
The pop Operation 492
The peek Operation 493
Other Operations 493
The EmptyCollectionException Class 494
Other Implementations 495

Chapter 13 Linked Structures—Stacks 503

13.1 References as Links 504

13.2 Managing Linked Lists 506

Accessing Elements 506
Inserting Nodes 507
Deleting Nodes 508

13.3 Elements without Links 509

Doubly Linked Lists 509

13.4 Stacks in the Java API 510

13.5 Using Stacks: Traversing a Maze 511

xx CONTENTS

13.6 Implementing a Stack: With Links 520

The LinkedStack Class 520
The push Operation 524
The pop Operation 526
Other Operations 527

Chapter 14 Queues 533

14.1 A Conceptual Queue 534

14.2 Queues in the Java API 535

14.3 Using Queues: Code Keys 536

14.4 Using Queues: Ticket Counter Simulation 540

14.5 A Queue ADT 545

14.6 A Linked Implementation of a Queue 546

The enqueue Operation 548
The dequeue Operation 550
Other Operations 551

14.7 Implementing Queues: With Arrays 552

The enqueue Operation 556
The dequeue Operation 558
Other Operations 559

14.8 Double-Ended Queues (Dequeue) 559

Chapter 15 Lists 565

15.1 A List Collection 566

15.2 Lists in the Java Collections API 568

15.3 Using Unordered Lists: Program of Study 569

15.4 Using Indexed Lists: Josephus 579

15.5 A List ADT 581

Adding Elements to a List 582

15.6 Implementing Lists with Arrays 587

The remove Operation 589
The contains Operation 591
The add Operation for an Ordered List 592
 CO N T E N T S xxi

Operations Particular to Unordered Lists 593

The addAfter Operation for an
Unordered List 593

15.7 Implementing Lists with Links 594

The remove Operation 595

15.8 Lists in JavaFX 597

Observable List 597
Sorted List 597

Chapter 16 Iterators 605

16.1 What’s an Iterator? 606
Other Iterator Issues 608

16.2 Using Iterators: Program of Study Revisited 609

Printing Certain Courses 613
Removing Courses 614

16.3 Implementing Iterators: With Arrays 615

16.4 Implementing Iterators: With Links 617

Chapter 17 Recursion 623

17.1 Recursive Thinking 624
Infinite Recursion 624
Recursion in Math 625

17.2 Recursive Programming 626

Recursion versus Iteration 629
Direct versus Indirect Recursion 629

17.3 Using Recursion 630

Traversing a Maze 630
The Towers of Hanoi 638

17.4 Analyzing Recursive Algorithms 643

Chapter 18 Searching and Sorting 651

18.1 Searching 652
Static Methods 653
Generic Methods 653
Linear Search 654
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xxii CONTENTS

Binary Search 656

Comparing Search Algorithms 658

18.2 Sorting 659

Selection Sort 662
Insertion Sort 664
Bubble Sort 666
Quick Sort 668
Merge Sort 672
18.3 Radix Sort 675

18.4 A Different Way to Sort—Comparator 679

Chapter 19 Trees 693

19.1 Trees 694
Tree Classifications 695

19.2 Strategies for Implementing Trees 697

Computational Strategy for Array
Implementation of Trees 697
Simulated Link Strategy for Array
Implementation of Trees 697
Analysis of Trees 699

19.3 Tree Traversals 700

Preorder Traversal 700
Inorder Traversal 701
Postorder Traversal 701
Level-Order Traversal 702

19.4 A Binary Tree ADT 703

19.5 Using Binary Trees: Expression Trees 707

19.6 A Back Pain Analyzer 719

19.7 Implementing Binary Trees with Links 724

The find Method 728
The iteratorInOrder Method 730

Chapter 20 Binary Search Trees 737

20.1 Binary Search Trees 738
Adding an Element to a Binary Search Tree 739
 CO N T E N T S xxiii

Removing an Element from a Binary

Search Tree 741

20.2 Implementing a Binary Search Tree 743

20.3 Implementing Binary Search Trees: With Links 745

The addElement Operation 746
The removeElement Operation 748
The removeAllOccurrences Operation 752
The removeMin Operation 753
Implementing Binary Search Trees:
With Arrays 755

20.4 Using Binary Search Trees: Implementing

Ordered Lists 755
Analysis of the BinarySearchTreeList
Implementation 758

20.5 Balanced Binary Search Trees 759

Right Rotation 760
Left Rotation 761
Rightleft Rotation 762
Leftright Rotation 762

20.6 Implementing Binary Search Trees: AVL Trees 762

Right Rotation in an AVL Tree 763
Left Rotation in an AVL Tree 764
Rightleft Rotation in an AVL Tree 764
Leftright Rotation in an AVL Tree 765

20.7 Implementing Binary Search Trees:

Red/Black Trees 766
Insertion into a Red/Black Tree 766
Element Removal from a Red/Black Tree 770

Chapter 21 Heaps and Priority Queues 779

21.1 A Heap 780
The addElement Operation 782
The removeMin Operation 783
The findMin Operation 784

21.2 Using Heaps: Priority Queues 784

xxiv CONTENTS

21.3 Implementing Heaps: With Links 788

The addElement Operation 788
The removeMin Operation 792
The findMin Operation 795

21.4 Implementing Heaps: With Arrays 795

The addElement Operation 797
The removeMin Operation 798
The findMin Operation 800
21.5 Using Heaps: Heap Sort 800

Chapter 22 Sets and Maps 807

22.1 Set and Map Collections 808

22.2 Sets and Maps in the Java API 808

22.3 Using Sets: Domain Blocker 811

22.4 Using Maps: Product Sales 814

22.5 Using Maps: User Management 818

22.6 Implementing Sets and Maps Using Trees 823

22.7 Implementing Sets and Maps Using Hashing 823

Chapter 23 Multi-way Search Trees 831

23.1 Combining Tree Concepts 832

23.2 2-3 Trees 832

Inserting Elements into a 2-3 Tree 833
Removing Elements from a 2-3 Tree 835

23.3 2-4 Trees 838

23.4 B-Trees 840

B*-Trees 841
B+ -Trees 841
Analysis of B-Trees 842

23.5 Implementation Strategies for B-Trees 842

 CO N T E N T S xxv

Chapter 24 Graphs 849

24.1 Undirected Graphs 850

24.2 Directed Graphs 851

24.3 Networks 853

24.4 Common Graph Algorithms 854

Traversals 854
Testing for Connectivity 858
Minimum Spanning Trees 860
Determining the Shortest Path 863

24.5 Strategies for Implementing Graphs 863

Adjacency Lists 864
Adjacency Matrices 864

24.6 Implementing Undirected Graphs with an

Adjacency Matrix 865
The addEdge Method 870
The addVertex Method 870
The expandCapacity Method 871
Other Methods 872

Chapter 25 Databases 879

25.1 Introduction to Databases 880

25.2 Establishing a Connection to a Database 882

Obtaining a Database Driver 882

25.3 Creating and Altering Database Tables 885

Create Table 885
Alter Table 886
Drop Column 887

25.4 Querying the Database 887

Show Columns 888

25.5 Inserting, Viewing, and Updating Data 890

Insert 891
xxvi CONTENTS

SELECT ... FROM 891

Update 896

25.6 Deleting Data and Database Tables 897

Deleting Data 897
Deleting Database Tables 898

Appendix A Glossary 903

Appendix B Number Systems 937

Place Value 938

Bases Higher Than 10 939

Conversions940

Shortcut Conversions 943

Appendix C The Unicode Character Set 949

Appendix D Java Operators 953

Java Bitwise Operators 955

Appendix E Java Modifiers 959

Java Visibility Modifiers 960

A Visibility Example 960

Other Java Modifiers 961

Appendix F JavaFX Graphics 963

Coordinate Systems 964

Representing Colors 964

Basic Shapes 965

Arcs970
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
town, Tas lanas; and in the woods he made one which he called
Sʟeng lanas (“rear part of the house”). 18

My informant, who is now chief of Those-born-at-House-point, began by saying

that when the flood raised by Raven’s uncle subsided a woman was sitting upon
House-point (i.e., Nekoon or Rose spit). This woman had four teats, each of which
was owned by one of the Raven families of House-point, the Eggs of Skî′tg̣ ao
Rear-town people, Point-town people, Those-born-at-House-point. After her people
had begun to increase they pulled grass over themselves, began to twirl one stick
upon another to light fires and, since they had no canoes, floated their fishing
lines off from the great spit. The story-teller probably intended these particulars to
be included as part of his relation. I also have a Masset version of that part of the
story which deals with the war at House-point. [322]

1 A level spot back of the town. ↑

2 A hill south of Rose spit. ↑
3 The present Haida name. ↑
4 Aythya americana, Eyt. So identified by the story-teller himself in the museum
at Victoria. Haida, qadjî′ñ-g̣ ᴀl-g̣ a′ksʟa-i. ↑
5 Inserted between the layers of cedar bark to be lined for roofing. ↑
6 Of the kind called skiä′msm; see the story of A-slender-one-who-was-given-
away, note 1. ↑
7 Said to be similar to the next piece mentioned. ↑
8 According to a Masset version Those-born-at-House-point were driven from the
town. ↑
9 One of the villages near Cape Ball. ↑
10 This was a portent of the destruction of the town mentioned below. ↑
11 The words are used for ditches or stream beds running through level ground, or
when some upright object falls over. ↑
12 People of Masset inlet. ↑
13 Or rather the place where trees have been burned off. ↑
14 That is, Cape Ball’s. ↑
15 Not far south of Rose spit. ↑
16 Tow is an English spelling of the Haida name Tao. Whether the same or not, it
is identical in form with the word which means “grease.” ↑
17 The Haida expression is “upward,” which means toward the Stikine country. ↑
18 See “Story of the Food-giving-town people,” and notes. ↑

[Contents]
 How the Seaward-sqoā′ładas obtained the names of their

gambling sticks

[Told by Walter McGregor of the Sealion-town people]

His father was a chief in Sealion-town. 1 His name was Poor-chief’s-

son. 2 One time his father was going to have a potlatch. Then his
father went to invite the Tsimshian. While he was gone, Gasî′na-
ᴀ′ndju 3 began to gamble. After he had gambled for some time, he
lost all of his father’s property. Then he put a bladder full of grease
into his gambling-stick bag. And he put it on his back and went
away.

After he had traveled for a while, he went in 4 at White-rocks. As he

went he ate all kinds of leaves. 5 Presently he wanted to defecate,
and he defecated at a rotten stump. And after that he again went
about eating leaves. After he had gone along for a while, he passed
over the bones of two human beings upon which moss was growing.

And, after he had gone on a while longer, he came to where two

streams flowed down from Djū′tcꜝîtga, 6 near which lay the fresh
bones of two persons. One stream was red. The other was blue.
Djū′tcꜝîtga’s manure made it red, they say, and his medicine made it
blue. Those who drank from the red one died there.

Then he took the grease out of his bladder, and he greased his
insides. Then he put his head into the blue one. After he had drunk
for a while, he lost consciousness. When he came to himself he was
standing in front of a big house with a two-headed house pole. And
they told him to come in. At once he entered.
The chief 7 in the house said to him: “News of you has come,
grandson. You gambled away all of your father’s potlatch property.”
Then the chief had a small box brought to him, and he took a hawk
feather out of it. Then he put it into the corner of his (the youth’s)
eye. After he had twisted it around there for a while, he pulled it out
and took out blood 8 and moss from it.

After he had finished both he said to him “Let me see your gambling
sticks,” and he gave them to him. He squeezed them. Then blood 8
came out. And, after he had touched his lips to his hands, he cut
around the middle of one of them with his finger nail. It was red.
And he said to him: “Its name shall be Coming-out-ten-times.” And,
after he had touched his lips to his hands again, he cut around on
another of them near the end. The end of it was red. Then he said:
“Its name shall be Sticking-into-the-clouds.” [323]

As soon as he brought out his gambling sticks to him, he named

them. He continued to name them: “Thing-always-carried-along,”
“Always-running-off,” “Bloody-nose,” “Shaking-his-head-as-he-goes-
along,” “Common-one,” “Rattling-bone,” “Elderberry-roots,” and
“Russet-backed-thrush” (?). 9

Large canoes were piled up in the corner of his house. That meant
that the Tsimshian had come during his absence. And two young
fellows who looked transparent were in his house. He said that one
should go with him. “This one will go with you. He will take away
your djîl when you gamble first. 10 Do not choose the fine cedar bark
out of which smoke comes. Take that that has no smoke. After you
have counted seven, take the one out of which smoke comes. Then
begin with ‘Coming-out-ten-times.’ ” After he had got through telling
this to him, he said to him: “Go home.” Lo! he awoke.

Then he went out at the same place where he had started in. Below
the stump from which he had defecated lay a sea otter. He looked at
the sea. The sea otter was drifting shoreward. Then he went down
to it, took it, and dried it. And he went from there to Sealion-town.

When he had almost reached it, he came to some dogs fighting with
each other for a gambling-stick bag which lay on the left side of the
place where the broad, red trail came out. The dogs fought for the
fat which was in it. And he looked into it. A small copper was in it.
He took it, and he came home.

And he came to the ten canoes of the Tsimshian who had arrived.
He went in to his mother and ate as usual. He also drank water.

Next day gambling began. He went out and staked the sea otter.
They tried to get ahead of one another in playing for it. The
Tsimshian wanted to gamble with him. Then one came to gamble
with him. The Tsimshian handled the sticks first. And he did not take
the one which smoked. After he had counted seven he took the one
which smoked. He got the djîl.

Then he took up “Coming-out-ten-times” as they had told him.

[They said] “He is losing as he always does.” Then he handled the
sticks. He counted ten. He had “Sticking-into-the-clouds” and this
one [besides his blank] left. 11 With them he won. He stopped
missing it. He handled the sticks. Then he held the blank over his
shoulder. He took it away. 12 They did not see it.

He won every single thing from the Tsimshian. After he had all of
their property he also won their canoes. By and by a little old man
behind the crowd of his opponents, who had just bathed and had
the right side of his face marked with paint, wanted to gamble with
him. And, after they had staked property, the Tsimshian handled the
sticks. Smoke came out of both heaps of cedar bark. Then he
selected that which smoked the most. He got one of those with
many marks. 13 And he handled them again. He took the one with
the [324]smaller smoke. Again he got one of those with many marks.
It was a good day for him (the Tsimshian). That was why he
(Gasî′na-ᴀ′ndju) could not see his djîl. He was the only one who beat
him.

Then his father’s potlatch was over. They gave the Tsimshian their
canoes. Then he had the breast of his son tattooed. He had the
figure of a cormorant put on him. He had its neck run through him.
He had its wings laid on each side of his shoulders. He had its beak
put on his breast. On his back he had its tail put. He was the only
Raven who had the cormorant for a crest. No one had it that way
afterward. The Tsimshian went home.

He had his father’s house pole made like Djū′tcꜝîtga’s. At that time
he named the house “Two-headed-house.” The Seaward-Sqoā′ładas
own the gambling-stick names.

All Haida families do not have distinctive family myths as is the case among the
Kwakiutl and Bella Coola. Some, however, have stories telling how they obtained
the right to certain names, crests, etc., and the following is one of that number. It
explains the origin of the names employed by the Seaward-Sqoā′ładas, a Raven
family of Skidegate inlet, for the sticks in their gambling sets, and at the same
time how the Sealion-town people, an Eagle family, obtained the right to a certain
style of house pole with two heads. One of the old Kaisun houses, Na-qā′dji-stîns,
“Two-headed-house,” was named from a pole of this kind which stood in front of
it. [325]

1 At Skotsgai bay, near Skidegate; compare the story of Sacred-one-standing-

and-moving, note 1. ↑
2 Probably intended in a reverse sense. ↑
3 He was also called Sîns-nᴀñ-qꜝā′-igiaos, “He-who-chews-the-days,” because that
was all that he had to live on during his fast and wanderings. He belonged to
the Seaward-sqoā′ładas; his father to the Sealion-town people. ↑
4 Into the woods. ↑
5 The words for leaf and medicine are identical. ↑
6 A mountain. ↑
7 Djū′tcꜝîtga. A song comes into this story somewhere the words of which were
given me by the last survivor of the Seaward-sqoā′ładas. They are as follows:
Gᴀm dī dā qê′ñg̣ ᴀñga, “You do not see me” [because I am too great to be seen].
Probably this was Djū′tcꜝîtga’s song, heard before or at the time when Gasî′na-
ᴀ′ndju was taken into his house. ↑
8 This condition was usually supposed to be brought about by the sight of a
menstruant woman. ↑ a b
9 The Haida name for this stick was Wī′dᴀwit, which appears to be a duplication
of wit, the word for russet-backed thrush. ↑
10 Compare the story of Sounding-gambling-sticks, notes 7 and 8. ↑
11 That is, he had Coming-out-ten-times, Sticking-into-the-clouds, and his djîl left.
For a further explanation of this game see story of Sounding-gambling-sticks. ↑
12 That is, the transparent being did. ↑
13 The djîl, which was the one desired, had few or no marks upon it. ↑

[Contents]
 How one of the Stasa′os-lā′nas became wealthy

[Told by Walter McGregor of the Sealion-town people.]

His name was Sqî′lg̣ aᴀlᴀn. 1 His wife belonged to the Seaward-
sqoā′ładas, and her name was A′łg̣ a-sīwa′t. They were camping at
Djiłū′.

And, when the tide was low, he went seaward. He heard some
puppies yelping. He looked for them. He could not find them. Then
he began to eat medicine. After he had eaten medicine for a while,
he went seaward again. Again he heard the puppies yelping.

After he had gone toward the place where they were yelping the
yelping sounded behind him. After he had done this for a while he
found two small pups among some stones lying in a pool of salt
water. Then he pick them up and stood up planks on edge for them
around a hollow between the roots of a tree behind the house. And
he had them live there. He hid them. He named one of them Found
and the other Helper. He fed them secretly.

When they became larger they went into the water early one
morning. They came shoreward together. They had a tomcod in their
mouths. They gave it to him. He said he had gone out to look for it
very early. And he brought it into the house.

Again they swam seaward. They brought in a red cod in their

mouths. When they started off again they brought back a halibut in
their mouths. When they became larger they brought in a piece
bitten out of a whale. All that time he said he had found the things.
When he had a quantity of food he carried the whale to his brothers-
in-law 2 at Skidegate as a gift.
They were nearly starved at Skidegate when he came and gave
them what he had. The day after he arrived he went for firewood.
When he brought it in the food was all gone. He wished to eat some
salmon eggs put up in bladders which his mother-in-law owned. She
did not give them to him. At that time he kept repeating: “I guess
there will be plenty in the dogs’ house.” Then his mother-in-law said:
“I wonder what sort of dogs have grease all over their house.” His
mother-in-law was stingy.

Next day he again came in from getting wood and said the same
thing as before. And his mother-in-law again said: “I wonder what
sort of dogs have grease all over their house.”

Next day he started for Djiłū′, and his mother-in-law went with him.
After they had gone along for a while they came to a porpoise
floating about, and his mother-in-law wanted it. He paid no attention
[326]to her. After they had gone on for a while longer, they came to a
hair seal floating about. His mother-in-law also wanted that. He paid
no attention to her.

After they had gone on for a while from there, they came to pieces
bitten out of a whale floating about. Those his mother-in-law also
wanted, and he said: “Nasty! that is my dogs’ manure.” And after
they had gone on for another space of time, they came to a jaw
good on both sides. Then he cut off two pieces from it and took
them in.

Now he landed at Djiłū′, and he would let his mother-in-law eat

nothing but fat food. When his mother-in-law went down to get sea
eggs he spilt whale grease around before her upon the sea eggs. He
also spilt whale grease around in the water. He was killing his
mother-in-law with mental weariness. 3
Then the dogs brought in two whales apiece. He (each) had one laid
between his ears and one laid near his tail.

His wife became two-faced (i.e., treacherous) to him. She discovered

that the dogs always went out at daybreak. Then she allowed urine
and blue hellebore to rot together.

One day, when the dogs were coming in together, she put hot stones
into this mixture. And, when it was boiling, she poured it into the
ocean. At once the wind raised big waves. There was no place where
the dogs could come ashore. The dogs carried some islands out to
sea in trying to scramble up them. One is called Sea-eggs, the other
G̣ agu′n.

Then they swam southward. He watched them from the shore. They
tried to climb ashore on the south side of the entrance of Skidegate
channel. 4 But they only made marks with their claws on the rocks
instead. They could not do it. Then they swam away. On that
account they call this place “Where-dogs-tried-to-crawl-up-and-slid-
back.” Then they swam together to the channel. 4 They lie in front of
Da′x̣ ua. 5 They call them “The Dogs.” 6

He had many whales. He filled up “Whale-creek.” He bent boxes for

them, and he put the whale grease into them. By selling these he
became a chief. 7

Compare “The story of those who were abandoned at Stasqa′os.” [327]

1 And he was a member of the above family, an Eagle family on the west coast. ↑
2 In this case “brothers-in-law” is synonymous with the entire family of his wife. ↑
3 According to the stories a person who lived entirely upon greasy food came to
be afflicted with mental lassitude; see the story of A-slender-one-who-was-
given-away. ↑
4 First the western entrance of Skidegate channel (G̣ a′oia) is referred to, then the
channel proper which was called Kꜝē′djîs, a word applied to the stomach and
intestines of an animal or man. ↑ a b
5 Close to Lawn hill. ↑
6 These are two rocks near the steamer entrance to Skidegate inlet. ↑
7 The word used here, I′ʟꜝxagidas, is applied to a house chief and is almost
synonymous with “rich man,” there being no caste limitations to prevent one
from becoming a house chief. ↑
[Contents]
 Stories of the Pitch-people

[Told by Walter McGregor, of the Sealion-town people]

Some persons went out hunting from Songs-of-victory town. 1 And

one of them put on the skin of a hair seal and lay on a reef. Then
some went hunting from Food-steamer’s 2 town. One of them
speared the hair seal lying on the reef with his bone spear. But a
human being screamed.

They used to put on the skin of a hair seal, lie on a reef and make
the cry of a hair seal, and, when a hair seal came up, one sitting
behind him speared it. They speared him (the man) while he was
doing that way. Then they went off in terror.

And then they began fighting with one another. The Songs-of-victory
people went out first, and they killed Food-steamer’s wife with
arrows. Then they fought continually with one another. At that time
they killed each other off.

Falling-tide was a brave man among the people of Songs-of-victory

town. One time, when he got back from fighting, he threw his kelp
fish line into the fire. Then he occupied a fort. At that time he had
nothing to eat. He spoiled himself. 3 After that they also killed him,
and only the town of Kaisun was left.

One day they stretched out a black-cod fishing line upon the beach
in front of Kaisun with the intention of seeing how far down the
house of The-one-in-the-sea was. But, when they went out fishing,
they never came back. Then that town was also gone. 4
They used to go fishing at night, because they said that the black
cod came to the surface of the sea during the night.

Before this, when the town people were still there, a child refused to
touch some black cod. And, after he had cried for a while, something
moving burning coals about called him through the doorway; 5
“Come here, my child; grandmother has some roots mixed with
grease which she put away for you.”

Then his parents told him to go out, and he went thither. It

stretched its arm in to him into the house, and the child said:
“Horrors, 6 something with large, cold hands grasped me.” Then it
said: “Grandfather has just come in from fishing. I have been
washing gills. That is why he says my hands are cold.”

Then his parents again told him to go out, and he went out to it. It
threw him into a basket made of twisted boughs. Then the child
cried, and they went out to look at him. He was crying within the
earth. [328]

Then they began to dig. They dug after the sound of his crying in
the earth. By and by they dug out the tail of the marten he wore as
a blanket. There are now ditches in that place.

The chief’s children in the town of Kaisun went on a picnic. They had
a picnic behind Narrow-cave. 7 Then all went out of the cave from
the town chief’s daughter. Some of them went to drink water. Part of
them went after food. Some of them also went to get fallen limbs
[for firewood].
Then she thought “I wish these rocks would fall upon me,” and
toward her they fell. Then she heard them talking and weeping
outside. And, after she had also cried for a while, she started a fire.
Then she felt sleepy and slept. She awoke. A man lay back to the
fire on the opposite side. That was Narrow-cave, they say.

Then he looked at her, and he asked her: “Say! noble woman, 8 what
sort of things have they put into your ears?” And the child said to
him: “They drove sharp knots into them and put mountain sheep
wool into them.” Then he took sharp knots out of a little box he used
as a pillow. Now Narrow-cave laid his head on some planks for her,
and she pushed them into his ears. “Wa wa wa wa wa, it hurts too
much.” Then she at once stopped. And, when he asked her to do it
again, she again had him put his head on the plank. It hurt him, but
still she drove it into his ear. His buttocks moved a while, and then
he was dead.

Then she again cried for a while. She heard the noise of some teeth
at work and presently saw light through a small hole. Then she put
some grease around it, and the next day it got larger. Every morning
the hole was larger, until she came out. It was Mouse who nibbled
through the rock.

Then she was ashamed to come out, and, when it was evening, she
came and stood in front of her father’s house. And one of her
father’s slaves said she was standing outside. They told him he lied.
They whipped him for it.

Then her father’s nephew went out to look for her. She was really
standing there. And her father brought out moose hides for her. She
came in upon them. They laid down moose hides for her in the rear
of the house. She came in and sat there.
Then her father called in the people. She recounted in the house the
things that had happened. When she had finished she became as
one who falls asleep. They guessed that she had gone into his
(Narrow-cave’s) house to live.

One moonlight night they (the children) went to Tcꜝixodᴀ′ñqꜝēt 9 to

play. And two persons came to a boy who was walking far behind,
took him off with them, and led him to a fine house. [329]

Then they asked each other: “What shall we give him to eat?” “Give
him the fat of bullheads’ heads.” And they gave him food. In the
night he awoke. He was lying upon some large roots. And in the
morning he heard them say: “There are fine [weather] clouds.” Then
they went fishing, and, when it was evening, they built a large fire.
He saw them put their tails into the fire, and it was quenched. And
next day, after they had gone out fishing, he ran away.

Then they came after him. And he climbed up into a tree standing
by a pond in the open ground. They hunted for him. Then he moved
on the tree, and they jumped into the pond after his shadow.

Then they saw him sitting up there, and they called to him to come
down. “Probably, 10 drop down upon my knees.” And they could not
get him. They left him.

Then he started off. He came in to his parents. He came in after

having been lost, and his mother gave him a ground-hog blanket to
wear.

Then he went out to play with the others one day, and something
said to him from among the woods: “Probably is proud of his
ground-hog blanket. He does not care for me as he moves about.”
He did not act differently on account of this. 11 Those who took him
away were the Land-otter people.
The Pitch-people (Qꜝās lā′nas) occupied much of the northwestern coast of
Moresby island between Tas-oo harbor and Kaisun, but, when the Sealion-town
people moved to the west coast, they seem to have driven the Pitch-people out of
their northern towns. They were always looked upon as an uncultivated branch of
Haida, and are said not to have possessed any crests. Later they intermarried with
the Cumshewa people. Some of the Cumshewa people claim descent from them,
but none of the true Pitch-people are in existence. The relationship of their culture
to that of the other Haida would be an interesting problem for archeologists. The
following stories regarding these people were obtained from a man of the Sealion-
town people who supplanted them. [330]

1 There were several Haida towns so named. This stood near Hewlett bay, on the
northwest coast of Moresby island. ↑
2 Given at length the name means “putting rocks into fire to steam food.” He was
chief of the town of Kaisun before the Sealion-town people came there. ↑
3 By destroying his kelp line he cut off their only source of food supply, and, as a
result, the fort was destroyed. ↑
4 All except one man, who was found there by the Sealion-town people on their
arrival, and of whose strange actions and unusual abilities many stories were
told. ↑
5 A similar story occurs in my Masset series where the old woman was used as a
kind of bugaboo to frighten children. The same was probably the case at
Skidegate. ↑
6 Hā′maiya, the Haida word employed here, is one used to indicate very great
terror. ↑
7 This was the usual picnicking place of Kaisun children. ↑
8 The Haida word, Î′ldjao, used here is said to have a similar meaning to
“gentleman” and “lady” in English. ↑
9 Perhaps another playground. The last syllable, qꜝēt, means “strait.” ↑
10 Or, more at length, “that is probably it.” Haida, Ūdjiga′-i. ↑
11 That is, he did not lose his senses, as usually happened when one was carried
off by a land otter. ↑
[Contents]
 How a red feather pulled up some people in the town of

Gu′nwa

[Told by Walter McGregor of the Sealion-town people]

The town children were knocking a woody excrescence 1 back and

forth. After they had played for a while they began saying
“Haskwä′.” 2 The niece of the town chief was menstruant for the first
time. She sat behind the screens. 3

After they had played for a while a red feather floated along in the
air above them. By and by a child seized the feather. His hand stuck
to it. Something pulled him up. And one seized him by the feet.
When he was also pulled up another grasped his feet in turn. After
this had gone on for a while all the people in the town were pulled
up.

Then the one who was menstruant did not hear them talking in the
house. She was surprised, and looked toward the door. There was
no one in the house. Then she went outside. There were no people
about the town. Then she went into the houses. She saw that they
were all empty.

Then she began to walk about weeping. She put her belt on. Then
she blew her nose and wiped it on her shoulder. And she put
shavings her brothers had been playing with inside of her blanket.
Feathers and wild crab apple wood, pieces of cedar bark, 4 and mud
from her brothers’ footprints she put into her blanket.

By and by, without having been married, she became pregnant.

Soon she gave birth. Again she became pregnant. Again she bore a
boy. After this had gone on for some time, the youngest came out
with medicine in his mouth. He had a blue hole in his cheek. With a
girl they were ten.

And she started to rear them. She brought home all kinds of food
that was in the town. She gave this to her children to eat. Very soon
they grew up. They began playing about the house.

By and by one of them asked their mother: “Say! mother, what town
lies here empty?” And his mother said to him: “Why! my child, your
uncles’ town lies here empty.” Then she began telling the story. “The
children of this town used to go out playing skîtqꜝ′ā′-ig̣ adañ. Then a
red feather floated around above them. I sat behind the planks.
There I discovered that the town lay empty, and I was the only one
left. There I bore you.” Like this she spoke to them.

Then they asked their mother what was called “skîtqꜝā′-ig̣ adᴀñ.”
Then she said to them: “They smoothed the surface of a woody
excrescence, and they played with it here.”

Then they went to get one. They worked it, and, after they had
[331]finished it, they played about on the floor planks of the house
with it. While they were still playing daylight came. And next day
they also played outside. The feather again floated about above
them. Their mother told them not to take hold of the feather.

After they had played for a while the eldest, who was heedless,
seized the feather. His hand stuck to it. When he was pulled up he
turned into mucus. After it had been stretched out five times the end
was pulled up. Another one seized it. He became a shaving. After he
had been stretched out five times he, too, was pulled away.

Another one grasped it. He became a feather. After something had

pulled him up five times he also left the ground. Another one seized
it. He became a strip of cedar bark. After something had pulled him
up five times he also left the ground. And again one seized it. He
became mud. After he had been stretched out five times he left the
ground. And another seized it. The same thing happened to him;
and after this had gone on for a while they were nearly all gone.

Then again one seized it. He became a wild crab-apple tree. He was
strong. And, while he was being stretched up, his sister went around
him. She sharpened her hands. “Make yourself strong; [be] a man,”
she said to her brother. When he had but one root left his sister
climbed quickly up upon him. After she had reached the feather, and
had cut at it for a while, she cut it down. A string of them fell down.

He who had medicine in his mouth stood over his elder brothers.
Upon his elder brothers he spit medicine. Then they got up. And the
bones of those in the town who had been first pulled up lay around
in a heap. He also spit medicine upon them. They also got up, and
the town became inhabited.

They played with the feather. They went around the town with it. By
and by it began to snow. Then they rubbed the feather on the fronts
of the houses of the town, and the snow was gone. 5 After they had
done so for a while the snow surmounted the house.

After some time a blue jay dropped a ripe elderberry through the
smoke hole. By and by they went out through the smoke hole. They
went to see Bill-of-heaven. 6

After they had gone along for a while, they came to a djo′lgi 7
walking around. Then he who was full of mischief tore the animal in
pieces and threw them about. After they had gone on some distance
from there, they came to a woman living in a big house. Her labret
was large. When she began to give them something to eat the
woman asked them: “Was my child playing over there when you
passed?” And one said to her: “No, only a djo′lgi played there. We
tore it in pieces, and we threw it around.” “Alas! my child,” said the
woman. “Door, shut yourself.” Xō-ō, it sounded.

Then he who knew the medicine became a cinder, and he let himself
go through the smoke hole. When he got outside, “Smoke hole, shut
[332]yourself” [she said]. That also sounded Xō-ō. Then he ran
quickly to the place where they had torn up the djo′lgi and,
gathering up the pieces, put them together and spit medicine upon
them. The djo′lgi shook itself, and started for the house with him.

The djo′lgi tapped upon the door. “Grandmother, here I am.” And
when she had said “Door, unlock yourself; smoke hole, open
yourself,” so it happened. Then she began giving them food. She
gave them all kinds of good food to eat. That was Cliff’s house, they
say. She is the djo′lgi’s grandmother.

And they stayed all night in her house, and next day she again gave
them something to eat. Then they started off. After they had
traveled for a while, they came to where another woman lived. And,
after she had given them food, they stayed in her house all night as
well.

And, after he who was full of mischief saw that the woman was
asleep, he went to her daughter who lay behind the screen. And he
put her belt around himself. After he had lain for a while with her
her mother saw him. Then she took out the man’s heart and
swallowed it. 8 Then he put her belt around her, went from her, and
lay down.

Next morning, after she had given them something to eat there, she
called her daughter. She paid no attention to her, and she went to
her. She lay dead. Then she began to weep. She composed a crying
song, “My daughter I mistook.” Then they left her.
After they had gone on for a while they came to where a big thing
stood. When they pushed it down it fell upon two of them. Seven
escaped and went off.

After they had gone on for a long space of time they came to a small
dog lying in the trail. One jumped over it. Right above it it seized
him with its teeth. Another jumped over it. He was treated in the
same way. It killed three and four escaped.

After they had gone on for a while longer they came to the edge of
the sky. It shut down many times. Then they ran under. Two of them
were cut in two and two escaped. They, however, saw Bill-of-heaven.

Gunwa being one of the Nass towns, this story would appear to be an importation.
It is paralleled, however, by a Masset myth, the scene of which is laid in a Haida
town. [333]

1 A burl cut out of the side of a tree and used as a ball. ↑

2 Probably a word made up for the occasion. ↑
3 As all girls were compelled to do at puberty. ↑
4 Old pieces of cedar bark thrown away while making mats. ↑
5 Although snow continued to pile up, by rubbing their feather on the house
fronts they kept these clear. ↑
6 This name Sîns-kꜝū′da is a little uncertain. The being referred to may have been
identical with Power-of-the-shining-heavens. ↑
7 A mainland animal, said to resemble a mink. ↑
8 That is, she thought she did so, but in reality she took out her daughter’s. ↑

[Contents]
 How one was helped by a little wolf

[Told by Tom Stevens, chief of Those-born-at-House-point.]

A certain person was a good hunter with dogs. He also knew other
kinds of hunting, but still he could not get anything. They were
starving at the town. And one time, when he went to hunt, he
landed below a mountain. And when he started up some wolves ran
away from him out of a cave near the water. In the place they had
left a small wolf rose up. Then he tried to catch it, and the wolf tried
to fight him. Then he said to it “I adopt you,” and it stopped fighting.

Then he put it into a bag he had and went home with it, and he hid
it in a dry place near the town. After that he dreamed that it talked
to him. It said to him: “Go with me. Put me off under a great
mountain where there are grizzly bears and sit below. Then I will
climb up from you toward the mountain and, when a big grizzly bear
rolls down, cut it up. And, when another one comes down, split it
open, but do not touch it.”

At once he took it away and put it off under a mountain. Then he

went up, and, while he sat beneath, a big grizzly bear came rolling
down. While he was cutting it up another came rolling down, and he
split it open.

Immediately afterward the small, wet wolf came down. It yelped for
joy. It shook itself and went inside the one that was split open. At
once it made a noise chewing it. It ate it, even to the bones.
Although it was so big it consumed it all. Only its skin lay there.

Then he put the parts into the canoe and brought them to the town.
And they bought them of him. When they were gone he took it (the
wolf) off again. They kept buying from him.

When his property was fully sufficient his brother-in-law borrowed it.
Then he gave him directions. “Cut up the one that rolls down first,
but the last one that rolls down only cut open.” Then he gave it to
him in the sack in which he kept it.

Then he started with it and put it off beneath the mountain. Soon
after it had gone up a grizzly bear rolled down, and he cut it up.
Afterward another one rolled down, and he cut that up also. Then
the wolf came down. After it had walked about for a while it began
to howl. Then it started away, so that he was unable to catch it. It
went along on a light fall of snow.

And, when he got home and he (the owner) asked for it, he told him
it got away. He handed him only the empty bag. [334]

At once he bought hide trousers. He also bought moccasins.

Immediately he started off. He put the hides into a sack. Then he
landed where he used to put it (the wolf) off and followed its tracks.
He followed its footprints upon the snow lying on the ground.

Now, as he went, went, went, he spent many nights. He wore out

his moccasins and threw them away. All the while he followed his
son’s footprints upon the snow. He went and went, and, when his
moccasins and trousers were almost used up, he heard many people
talking and came to the end of a town.

Then he hid himself near the creek, and, when one came after
water, he smelt him. Then he saw him and shouted to him: “So-and-
so’s father has come after him.” At once they ran to get him. His son
came in the lead. They were like human beings. Then he called to
his father. He led him into the house in the middle. The son of the
chief among the wolf people had helped him. The house had a
house pole.

Then they gave him food. They steamed fresh salmon for him, and,
when they set it before him, his son told him he better eat. Then he
ate. And, after they had fed him for a while, they brought the hind
quarter of a grizzly bear, already cooked, out of a corner. Then they
cut off slices from it and gave them to him to eat.

He kept picking them up, but still they remained there. They set the
whole of it before him with the slices on top. He did not consume it.
It is called: “That-which-is-not-consumed.”

After he had been there for a while they steamed in the ground deer
bones with lichens 1 on them. And next day they began to give them
to him to eat. Then he did not pick them up, but he said to his
father: “Eat them, father.” He was afraid to eat them because they
were bones. Then he picked one up. But, when he touched it to his
lips, it was soft.

Every morning they went after salmon. They put on their skins. Then
they came home and brought three or four salmon on the backs of
each. They shook themselves, took off their skins, and hung them
up.

Presently he told his son that he wanted to go away. Then they

brought out a sack and put grizzly-bear fat into it. When the bottom
of it was covered they put in mountain-goat fat. There was a layer of
that also. After that they put in deer fat, as well as moose fat. They
put in meat of all the mainland animals.

After it was filled, and they had laced it up they gave him a cane. It
was so large he did not think he could carry it. And, when he started
to put it on his back, his son said to him: “Push yourself up from the
ground with your cane.” Then he did as directed. He got up easily.
[335]

Then he gave other directions to his father. “You will travel four
nights. When you camp for the night stick the cane into the ground
and in the morning go in the direction toward which it points. Stick
the cane into the ground where you come out. After you have taken
those things out of the sack, take that over also and lay it near the
cane. Those things are only lent you.”

At once he set out. And, when evening came, he stuck the cane into
the ground. But the cane pointed in the direction from which he had
come, and he went toward it. And, when evening again came, he
stuck the cane in, and in the morning the cane was again pointing
backward; and again he followed it.

After he had camped four nights he came out. And he stuck in the
cane at the edge of the woods. And, while they were again in a
starving condition, he came home. They were unable to bring out his
sack. And, when a crowd took hold of it, they got it off [the canoe],
and, after they had taken the best parts of all kinds of animals out of
it, he took the sack back to the cane and laid it near by.

Then they also began to buy that. With what he got in exchange he
became a chief. 2 With what he got in exchange he also potlatched.
After two nights had passed he went to see the place where he had
left the sack. He saw that they had taken it away.

Since wolves are not found upon the Queen Charlotte islands, this is necessarily a
mainland story, probably Tsimshian. [336]

1 I am not quite certain of the correctness of this translation of sqēnā′wasʟīa. ↑

2 The word indicates a rich man or house chief. ↑
[Contents]
 Gunanasî′mgît

[Told by Jackson, late chief of Skidegate.]

A certain woman of the upper class, whose father was a chief, was
squeamish about stepping on the dung of grizzly bears. They went
with her to pick berries, and then she started back. At that time her
basket strap broke. Now her basket upset. It upset four times.

In the evening, when her basket upset for the last time, two good-
looking fellows came to her and asked her to go with them. The two
persons begged her to go, and they said to her: “A little way inland
are berries.”

Then she went back with them. And she said: “Where are they?”
They said to the woman: “A little farther inland.” Now it was
evening. And they led her into a big town. Now they led her into a
big house in the middle of the town which had a painting on the
front. A woman who was half rock sat in the corner of the house.

When they gave her something to eat [this woman said]: “When you
eat it, eat only the shadow. 1 Only eat the cranberries they give you
to eat. Drink nothing but water. Do not eat the black, round things
they give you to eat. I have been eating them. That is why I am
here. I am half rock. When you go to defecate dig deeply into the
ground. Cover it over.”

Now she went to defecate as directed. And, when she went to

defecate, she laid copper bracelets on top and copper wire. She
finished. Now, after she was gone, a man went and looked at the
place. He saw copper wire and bracelets. Then the man shouted. A
crowd of people looked at it. Truly that was why she did not want to
step on dung. Now she became used to [her surroundings].

Now all in the town went out to fish for salmon. Afterward the
woman went after wood. Those who went after salmon came back
making a noise. Then the woman put wood on the fire. Those who
had gone after salmon came in. Now those who went after salmon
shook themselves. The fire was quenched. Next day they again went
after salmon. Then the half-rock woman said to her: “Take knots.”
The woman did so. Now they came back again with noise. She put
knots on the fire. They came in. Again they began shaking
themselves. Then the fire was not quenched. Now her husband’s
mind was good toward her.

Then the woman began to dislike the place. Now they went out
again to get salmon. Then she told the woman who was half rock
that she wanted to go away. And she thought that that was good.
[337]

Then she gave her a comb. She also gave her some hairs. She also
gave her some hair oil. She also gave her a whetstone. While they
were out after salmon she started off.

Now she heard them pursuing her. They came near her. Then she
stuck the comb into the ground. And she looked back. She saw great
masses of fallen trees. Now those behind her had trouble in getting
through. While they were getting through with difficulty she got a
long distance away.

Again they got near her. She also laid the hair on the ground. Again
she looked back. There was a great amount of brush there. Now
they again had trouble behind that. Again she got a long distance
away from them.