MODULE 1.

1 TYPES OF FLAT SLABS

ALTERNATIVE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION • FLAT SLAB

SYSTEM • FLAT SLAB WITH DROP PANELS
• FLAT SLAB WITH COLUMN HEAD
TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION
• FLAT SLAB WITH DROP PANEL AND
1. Adobe COLUMN HEAD
2. Rammed Earth
3. Cob
4. Strawbale & Clay
5. Log
6. Timber frame
7. Earth Ship

MODERN CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES

1. Cast-in-place/PRE-CAST Construction
2. Prestressed Concrete
3. Composite
4. Cable/Tensile
FLAT PLATES
5. Membrane
6. Shell - Erected as one-way or two-way slabs
7. Pre-engineered - Support is provided directly through
8. Geodesic columns or walls
- Easy and simple formworks
ALTERNATIVE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
- Length of 6 to 8m; Live loads among 3 and
Cast-in-place - cast in situ construction 5KN/m2
- Pre-stressed flat plates remain among 8 to
- a.k.a poured-in-place
12 m.
- concreting technique which undertaken in
- can also be erected as post-tensioned
concrete component’s finished position.
slabs
- Preferred choice for concrete slabs.
- low-cost formwork, uncovered flat ceilings,
Floor slab – also called plate slab/ filigree slab rapid construction
- low shear strength
- Is a reinforced concreted slab with min.
thickness of 5-6cm. CONVENTIONAL SLAB
- Made into solid or monolithic
- supported on beams and columns
- Standard residential construction: 4inches
- thickness is small; depth of beam is large;
- 5 to 6 inches recommended for occasional
load is transferred onto the beam and then
heavy loads
the column
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE SLABS IN - requires extra formwork
CONSTRUCTION - no column cap, thickness is 10cm
- 5 to 6 inches recommended for
FLAT SLAB – supported directly by a occasionally heavy loads
concrete/caps
TYPES OF CONVENTIONAL SLABS
- Known as a beam-less slabs
- Gives attractive appearance 1. ONE WAY SLAB
- Less sensitive of fire - Supported by a beam on two opposite side
- Easy to construct and require less formwork - Horizontal=main reinforcement bars;
- Min. thickness of 0.2m vertical=distribution bars
- spans of 6 to 9m - All cantilever slabs are usually one-way
 - Square in shape and 4 m in size - ability to create monolithic concrete slabs
2. TWO-WAY SLAB makes lift slab construction technique
- Supported by beams from all sides useful in quickly creating structures with
- Length and width of slabs is more than 4m repetitive form works like parking ramps.

HISTORY OF LIFT SLABS

JOIST SLAB (RIBBED) PHILIP N. YOUTZ AND THOMAS B. SLICK =

YOUTZ-SLICK METHOD
- Made up of wide band beams running
between columns with narrow ribs Components of Lift Slab
spanning the orthogonal direction
- ribs and beams are the same depth
- thin topping slabs completes the system
- one-way joist floor slabs
- consists of a series of small reinforced
concrete T-beams
- economic in the range 8 to 12 m
- saving of materials tends to be offset by
some complication formwork
- ribs should be at least 125 mm wide
- spacing between the ribs 20-30inch

ADVANTAGES:
WAFFLE SLABS
o Only formwork for the edges of the slab
- made of reinforced concrete with holes is required; no centering to the soffit of
underneath slabs is needed.
- preferred for large spans greater than 12m o Slabs are cast monolithically and
- used to avoid columns interfering the space designed to span continuously between
- flat on top, grid-like surface in bottom points of support, allowing for the use of
- grid is created by removal of molds minimal slab thickness.
- composed by intricate formwork, more o The lift-slab construction method is
expensive than other slabs advantageous in buildings with similar
- ribs are constructed perpendicular to each floor plans throughout the height of the
other building, especially where a flush slab
- provide good aesthetic features is desired.
- depth slab varies: from 85 to 100 mm o The lift-slab method can be used with
- width of inside beams range: from 110 to ribbed slabs, not just flat slabs, though
200 mm it may compromise the ease of casting.

DISADVANTAGES:
MODULE 1.2 o If not properly handled, precast units may
be damaged.
LIFT SLAB – also called youtz-slick method
o It can be challenging to produce
- constructing concrete building by casting satisfactory connections between precast
the floor or roof slab on top of the previous members.
and then raising the slab up with hydraulic o Special equipment is necessary for lifting
jacks and moving the precast units.
- allows for large portion of the work to o The economy achieved in precast
completed at ground level construction is partially offset by the costs
 of transport and handling of precast - Also, T-joist slab system requires less
members. concrete on site, reduced steel
o It is essential to locate the precast factory in reinforcement
a location that minimizes transport and - 20% savings compared to conventional
handling charges as much as possible. system
- Speeds up construction
EQUIPMENT USED FOR LIFT SLABS
- No exposed metal parts, durable and minimal to
HYDRAULIC JACKS maintain
- Clean and safe jobsite
- Is a Hydraulic piece of equipment
- Can lift slabs on columns loaded up to T-JOIST - precast pre-stressed Inverted T-beams
100,000 pounds at speeds of up to 14 ft./hr. and roof slab system

LIFTING COLLARS Joist: Horizontal structural member used in

framing.
- Cast into each slab around columns.
- Function: Provide a means to lift the slab Function: Spans open spaces between beams.
and add shear reinforcement.
Load Transfer: Transfers loads to vertical
- Attachment: Fixed to columns by welding
members.
shear blocks to plates on column flanges
and to the collar after the slab is raised into Floor Framing System: Provides stiffness to
position. subfloor sheathing.
SHEAR BLOCK – steel component used to hold Horizontal Diaphragm: Allows subfloor to function
the lifted slab in its final elevation effectively.
BOND BREAKER – to minimize dynamic loads
during lifting or stripping of pre-cast members
STANDARD TYPES OF FLOORING UNITS
- Permits the slabs to be separated cleanly
and easily from one another UNI SPAN FLOOR SLAB
- Includes wax dissolved in a volatile spirit - consists of a series 75mm thick precast
- prestressed concrete slabs with reinforced
concrete topping.
DETAIL - allows clear spans of up to 8.0 meters
- provides a solid slab reduces inter-story
noise and vibration
- construction is very simple

FLAT SOFFIT PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

- does not require permanent corbels or

beam ledges for structural support.
- it uses a shallow flat soffit (or hollow core
MODULE 1.3 planks)
SPAN STRESS FLOOR SYSTEM - can be quickly erected on site without
formwork
- construction method that utilizes span-
stress prestressed T- Joist INTER SPAN FLOOR SLAB
- light yet capable of heavy loads and long - tiller span flooring system consists of
spans 200mm wide
- Length goes from 3.00 meters to 9.00 - ribs Spaced generally at 900mm centers
meters with timber in fills
HOLLOW CORE SLAB 2. Wales

- cores can function as service ducts and Holds vertical forms in place; supports platforms
significantly reduce the self-weight of the and scaffolding; transmits lifting force.
slabs, maximizing structural efficiency.
3. Yokes
DOUBLE TEE FLOORS
Attach/support wales; transmit lifting forces; resist
- Load-bearing structure that resembles two lateral force from concrete.
5- beams connected to each other side by
4. Jacks
side.
Mounted on jack rods; lift the slip form system;
enable lifting of entire formwork.
MODULE 1.4
5. Jack Rods
SLIP FORMWORKS - construction method in which
Support jacks; essential for climbing the formwork
formwork continuously rises vertically as a work
system.
process.

- used to construct the core wall in building

construction TYPES OF SLIPFORM SYSTEMS
- can be used to construct any regular shape
or core. • Vertical slip form system
- raised or lifted upward at a rate of about • Cantilever lump Form Method
300mm per hour
- constructed approximately 1.0 to 1.2 • Egg shape slip form system
meters high at the base of the structure. • Conical formwork system
- consist of various belts of forms; one for
each surface, 1 to 1.5 meters wide usually
about 1.2m (4k) made of timber or steel.
1. Vertical Slip Form System: Relies on quick-
- placed on the Internal and external
setting concrete for initial strength; uses
surfaces of a wall, chimney, cooling tower,
hydraulic lifters for efficient formwork lifting;
etc.
work platform supports horizontal
- The rate of raising the formwork Is around 5
projection.
to 30 cm/hour as per requirements.
2. Cantilever Jump Form Method: Uses
COMPONENTS OF SLIP FORMWORK electric motors to lift and expand formwork;
minimizes crane use; attached to large
• Sheathing or vertical forms formwork areas.
• Wales 3. Egg Shape Slip Form System: Adaptable to
• Yokes various geometric shapes; allows
• Jacks circumference adjustments; flexible for wall
• Jack rods curvature and working conditions.
4. Conical Form-work System: Features
conical and overlapping plates with
1. Sheathing or Vertical Forms automatic geometry adjustment; suitable for
tapering walls and geometric transitions;
also known as vertical forms, can be made up
integrated scaffolding for safe work
of wood staves, metal, plywood, glass-fiber-
platforms.
reinforced plastic, or a combination of these
materials.
USES OF SLIP FORM - The operation must be continued In any
weather
• Tall Towers
- High initial expense.
• Big Bridges - Need 24-hour service facilities (e.g.
• Silos and Grain Elevators Canteen, material supply, maintenance
• Roads and Highways team, primary clinic).

SLIP FORM TECHNIQUE

Slip-Form Technique: Special concrete placement

method.

Applications: Tall structures (chimneys, silos),

pavement construction.

Usage: Vertical and horizontal construction.

ADVANTAGES

- Prevision of a Jointless structure.

- A saving of shuttering material initially and
also saving the cost.
- Scaffolding is not required.
- Very rapid concreting. It is at least
- four times faster.
- Better finishing of concrete.
- Reduced labor cost.
- Slip-form construction does not require a
crane, minimizing crane use.
- No plastering is required.
- Accuracy is more than regular formwork.
- Strength is more than regular formwork.
- Save formwork material.
- Economical for the structure above a
certain size.

DISADVANTAGES

- Its installation required a longer time.

- Experienced and skilled supervision need
for uniform movement of the slip form
system.
- When material stoking is difficult on site.
- Good coordination and site organization
are required.
- Large quantities of equipment (e.g.
Generators, lighting systems, and hoists)
are needed.
- A skilled labor force is required for the
operation of equipment and methods.