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Earth Science 1
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 5: Earth Materials and Processes
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
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Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
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over them.

Published by the Department of Education, Division of Palawan

School Division Superintendent:
Natividad P. Bayubay, CESO VI
Assistant Schools Division Superintendents:
Rufino B. Foz
Arnaldo G. Ventura

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Ma. Carmela C. Ancheta
Editor: Remedios del Rosario Sagala, Fe Kenneth Gadiano-Aban
Illustrator: John Edward Cajiles
Management Team: Aurelia B. Marquez
Rodgie S. Demalinao
Rolsayn C. Gadiano

Printed in the Philippines, by ________________________

Department of Education – MIMAROPA Region – Division of Palawan

Office Address: PEO Road, Barangay Bancao-Bancao, Puerto Princesa City

Telephone: (048) 433-6392
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Website: www.depedpalawan.com

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 Senior High School
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iii
Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as
you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This
will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask
your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson.
At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will
be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided
to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best
help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this
SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read
the instructions carefully before performing each task

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Earth Science. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module will discuss the main topic on History of Earth with sub-topics,
namely:
 Stratigraphy
 Relative and Absolute Dating

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe how layers of rocks( stratified rocks) are formed;
2. Describe the different methods ( relative and absolute dating) to determine the
age of stratified rocks;
3. Learn and understand the concepts behind soil formation and appreciate its
importance in daily life.

1
 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which is NOT a basis of stratigraphy?

a. Principle of Verticality c. Principle of Faunal Succession
b. Principle of Superposition d. Principle of Original Horizontality

2. Which principle states that layers can be traced over a long interval from one
location to another?
a. Principal of Faunal Succession c. Principle of Original Horizontality
b. Principle of Lateral Continuity d. Principle of Superposition

3. How is the age of the Earth determined?

a. clock c. Fossils
b. absolute dating d. relative dating

4. Which dating technique requires an extensive knowledge of stratigraphy?

a. absolute dating c. Relative dating
b. Faunal dating d. Radiometric dating

5. Which principle states that younger organisms replace older organisms?

a. Principle of Faunal Succession
b. Principle of Lateral Continuity
c. Principle of Original Horizontality
d. Principle of Superposition

6. Which of the following types of unconformity indicates a large time gap between
the two layers?
a. Angular unconformity c. Nonconformity
b. Disconformity d. Paraconformity

7. Who was known as the father of stratigraphy?

a. Nicholas Steno c. William Smith
b. James Hutton d. Harry Hess15.

8. Absolute dating, also called numerical dating, arranges the historical remains in
order of their ages. Whereas, relative dating arranges them in the geological order of
their formation.
a. TRUE b. FALSE

9. How is the age of the Earth determined?

a. Clock c. Fossils
b. Absolute dating d. Relative dating

2
10. Which of the following methods refers to independent of all physical and chemical
conditions such as temperature, pressure and chemical agents?
a. Radioactive dating c. Radiocarbon dating
b. Potassium dating d. Uranium dating

11. Absolute dating works best for igneous and metamorphic rocks while Relative
dating works best for sedimentary rocks having layered arrangement of sediments.
a. TRUE b. FALSE

12. Which of the following methods involves the arranging of geological events based
on the rock sequence?
a. Relative dating
b. Absolute dating
c. Uranium-lead method
d. Carbon-14 method

13. Which of the following methods gives the actual date of the rock or period of an
event?
a. Relative dating
b. Absolute dating
c. Uranium-lead method
d. Carbon-14 method

14. An example of an original parent isotope

a. Argon b. Lead c. Strontium d. Uranium

15. Radiometric dating is achieved by determining the absolute age of a sample based
on the ratio of parent material to daughter material.
a. TRUE b. FALSE

Lesson
Describe how layers of rocks
1 (stratified rocks) are formed.

The history of the earth is concerned with the development of the planet Earth
from its formation to the present day. In order to tackle Earth’s history, scientists
utilize methods to refer to the time periods in which events happened and organisms
thrived. With the information they gathered from fossil evidence and rocks and
applying Nicholas Steno’s principles, they were able to create a listing of rock layers
from oldest to youngest. Then they divided the history of the Earth into blocks of
time with each block characterized by important events.

3
 What’s In

How Do Rocks Keep Record of Geologic Events?

Activity 1: Rock Exam!

Objective: To explain the story behind the characteristics of each rock sample.

What you need?

Clear pictures of different rocks

4
What to do?
1. Look carefully at the picture of each rock sample.
2. List down the observed characteristics of each sample.

What happened?
1. What are the outstanding characteristics of these rocks?
2. Are rocks similar to each other? Or are they different?
3. In what way are they similar? In what way are they different?
4. What type of rocks did you examine?

What Now?
1. What process in the environment can you infer from their characteristics?
2. Can you tell profoundly the events that occurred in the earth’s surface by just
considering a rock’s characteristics? If no, why?

What’s New

Keywords to Build.
Direction: Arrange the jumbled letters below to form the right word.

________________1. RALUGNA YTIMROFNOCNU – it is originally deposited horizontal

layers are folded or tilted and then eroded.

________________2. YTIMROFNOCNON –Metamorphic or igneous rocks in contact

with sedimentary layers which indicates a period of uplift and
erosion of previous igneous/metamorphic rocks prior to the
deposition of a younger sedimentary rock.

________________3. YTIMROFNOCSID - Layers of sediments are uplifted without

folding but are exposed to weathering and erosion producing an
irregular surface. This type of unconformity indicates a large time
gap between the two layers.

________________4. YTIMROFNOCARAP – it is an unconformity where the strata are

parallel to each other and the contact is a simple bedding plane
indicative of a continuous deposition.

5
 What is It

. .
A process taking place on Earth is a geologic event in its history. The
characteristics of rocks show a record of events that happened involving them. But
if you just consider one rock it will give you very limited information. Instead, what
happened in the past can be best explained by examining the cross sections of large
masses of rocks in their particular location. We shall use the term “rock formation”.

Within the rock formations that make up the Earth’ crust lies evidence of over
4.5 billion years of time. The clues found in them help scientists put together a
picture of how Earth has changed.

As early as the mid 1600’s, Nicholas Steno, a Danish scientist, studied the
relative positions of sedimentary rocks. He found that solid particles settle according
to their relative weight or size. The largest and heaviest settles first; the smallest and
lightest is the last one to settle. Slight changes in particle size or composition result
in the formation of layers. Layering is the most obvious feature of sedimentary rocks.

Sedimentary rocks are formed particle by particle and layer by layer. The
layers are piled on top of the other. Rock layers are also called strata and
stratigraphy is the science of rock strata or layers. Layering occurs in sedimentary
rocks as they accumulate through time, so rock layers hold the key in learning about
the environment of long ago in unlocking the successive events of the Earth’s
historical past.

Stratigraphic Laws are basic principles that all geologist use in deciphering
the age and characteristics of rock layers. These laws were developed in the 17 th and
19th century based upon the work of Steno, James Hutton and William Smith.

There are four (4) fundamental principles of stratigraphy that form the
foundation of our comprehension of the history of the Earth.

1. The Principle of Original Horizontality: Most sediments when deposited, form

a horizontal or nearly horizontal layers. This means that if there are non-horizontal
layers they could have been titled or folded from their original horizontal position by
events such as episodes of mountain building.

2. The Principle of Lateral Continuity: Rock layers, as originally laid down, are
bounded by the edge of the basin of deposition. Layers of sedimentary rocks extend
sideways in the same order. A later event such as river cutting may form a gap, but
the connection between strata can still be established. The point is that, scientists
can relate layers at one location to layers at another location. This is critical for
stratigraphic correlation.

3. The Principle of Superposition: As undisturbed layers accumulate through time;

older layers are buried beneath younger layers. This principle also states that rock
fragments must be older than the rock containing the fragments.

6
4. The Principle of Faunal Succession: This principle was developed by William
Smith, an English engineer. Smith noticed succession of rock layers; furthermore,
he saw that the same vertical changes in fossils that are embedded in rocks occurred
in different places. He recognized that fossil groups were succeeded by other fossil
groups through time. This allowed geologists to develop a fossil stratigraphy and
provided a means to correlate rock throughout the world.

What’s More

Activity 2: Name It!

Directions: Identify the Figures whether it is an Original horizontality, Law of
superposition, Law of lateral continuity and Law of cross-cutting relationships.
Write your answer in the space provided.

1. ________________. The oldest

layer will be at the bottom, the 2. ________________.
youngest at the top. Sedimentary rocks always
form in horizontal layers.

3.________________. Rock layers 4.________________. Rocks that

are continuous unless cut across is younger than
encountered by deposition. those it cut across.

7
 What I Have Learned

Activity 3.

Directions: Answer the following. Use additional sheets of paper if necessary.

1. Why are layers of rocks related with each other?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. How do layers of rock explain the history of Earth?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. How does the relative position of rocks reveal something about its history?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

8
 What I Can Do

Activity 4. Word Puzzle

ACROSS
9. states that a vein of rock that cuts across a rock’s layers is younger than the layers
10. An igneous rock layer formed when lava flows
onto Earth’s surface and hardens
11. Fossils of widely distributed organisms that lived during only one short period

DOWN
1. is a method of sequencing events in the order they happened
2. States that the bottom layer of the sedimentary rock is older than the layer on
top
3. fossils can be used to identify the relative age of the layers of sedimentary rock
4. Sometimes rock pieces are found inside another
rock.
5. The study of Earth's formation and structure
6. The remnant or trace of an organism from the past
7. A place where an old, eroded rock surface is in contact with a newer rock layer.
8. An igneous rock layer formed when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface.

9
 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
Test 1: Multiple Choices.

1. Which of the following statements about sedimentary rocks is NOT correct?

a. Fossils are not deposited in these layers of rocks.

b. Sedimentary rocks are originally deposited horizontally.
c. Sedimentary rocks are formed from fragments of preexisting rocks
d. All of the above.

2. Which principle stated that layers can be traced over a long interval from one
location to another?
a. Principle of Faunal Succession c. Principle of Original Horizontality
b. Principle of Lateral Continuity d. Principle of Superposition

3. An erosional surface or nondeposition where the underlying older rocks have

undergone deformation before the resumption of deposition?
a. Unconformity c. Cross-cutting relations
b. Superposition d. Angular unconformity

4. The rocks at the bottom layer are older than the top most layer.
a. Superposition c. Unconformities
b. Horizontality d. Cross-cutting relations

5. Which is NOT a basis of stratigraphy?

a. Principle of Verticality c. Principle of Faunal Succession
b. Principle of Superposition d. Principle of Original Horizontality

6. All of these were the geologists that developed and worked on the stratigraphic
laws EXCEPT__________?
a. Nicholas Steno c. William Smith
b. James Hutton d. Harry Hess

7. Which of the following refers to science of rock strata or layers?

a. Geography b. Stratigraphy c. Geology d. Petrology

8. Who was known as the father of stratigraphy?

a. Nicholas Steno c. William Smith
b. James Hutton d. Harry Hess15.

10
9. Which of the following types of unconformity laws or principles indicates a large
time gap between the two layers?
a. Angular unconformity c. Disconformity
b. Nonconformity d. Paraconformity

Test II: True or False

Directions: Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if the statement is False.

10. Cross-cutting relations stated that any rock or fault that cuts across other rocks
is older than those it cuts across.
11. Uniformitarianism is an idea which states that the present is the key to the past
12. The basic laws of stratigraphy that helps us determine relative time include the
law of original horizontality, law of superposition, and principle of crosscutting
relations.
13. Unconformities are surfaces of erosion and non-deposition that separate younger
rocks from older ones.
14. Stratigraphic laws are basic principles that all geologist uses in deciphering the
age and characteristics of rocks layers.
15. Rock layers are also called strata.

Lesson Describe the different methods ( relative

2 and absolute dating) to determine the age

of stratified rocks.

What’s In

Activity 1
Superposition of Rock Layers
Steno proposed that if a rock contained the fossils of marine animals, the rock
formed from sediments that were deposited on the seafloor. These rocks were then
uplifted to become mountains. Based on these assumptions, Steno made a
remarkable series of conjectures that are now known as Steno’s Laws.
Directions: Identify the Laws that illustrated in Figures below. Choose the letter of
the correct answer and write it on the blank provided at the right side of the number.

11
_____1. Lateral continuity: Sediments are deposited in continuous sheets that span
the body of water that they are deposited in. When a valley cuts through sedimentary
layers, it is assumed that the rocks on either side of the valley were originally
continuous.
_____2. Original Horizontality: Sediments are deposited in fairly flat, horizontal
layers. If a sedimentary rock is found tilted, the layer was tilted after it was formed.
_____3. Superposition: Sedimentary rocks are deposited one on top of another. The
youngest layers are found at the bottom.

What’s New

Activity 2: Venn Diagram

Directions: Fill in the Venn diagram to show similarities and differences between
absolute dating and relative dating. Use the words inside the word pool to complete
the diagram.

12
 Word Pool

Use of numeric value qualitative method

Quantitative method use the position of rocks

Radiometric method stratigraphic method

Used to tell the age of rocks use sedimentary rocks

Give an idea of the order of geologic events

Use igneous and metamorphic rocks

What is It

Methods to Determine the Age of Stratified Rocks

There are two methods of determining the ages of rocks: Relative dating and
Absolute Dating.

Relative dating is a method of arranging geological events based on the rock

sequence.
Absolute dating is a method that gives an actual date of the rock or period of an
event.
Although both relative and absolute dating methods are used to estimate the
age of historical remains, the results produced by both these techniques for the
sample may be ambiguous.
Geological specimens that are unearthed need to be assigned an appropriate
age. To find their age, two major geological dating methods are used. These are called
relative and absolute dating techniques. Absolute dating, also called numerical
dating, arranges the historical remains in order of their ages. Whereas, relative dating
arranges them in the geological order of their formation.
The relative dating techniques are very effective when it comes to radioactive
isotope or radiocarbon dating. However, not all fossils or remains contain such
elements. Relative techniques are of great help in such types of sediments.

Relative Dating
It determines if an object/event is younger or older than another object/event
from history.
Relative dating is qualitative.
This technique helps determine the relative age of the remains.
It is less specific than absolute dating.
Relative dating is comparatively less expensive and time-efficient.
It works best for sedimentary rocks having layered arrangement of sediments.

13
The following are the major methods of relative dating.

Stratigraphy: The oldest dating method which studies the successive placement of
layers. It is based on the concept that the lowest layer is the oldest and the topmost
layer is the youngest.

Biostratigraphy: An extended version of stratigraphy where the faunal deposits are

used to establish dating. Faunal deposits include and fossils of dead animals.

Cross dating: This method compares the age of remains or fossils found in a layer
with the ones found in other layers. The comparison helps establish the relative age
of these remains.

Fluorine dating: Bones from fossils absorb fluorine from the groundwater. The
amount of fluorine absorbed indicates how long the fossil has been buried in the
sediments.

Amino acid dating: Physical structure of living beings depends on the protein
content help determine the relative age of these fossils.

Dendrochronology: Each tree has growth rings in its trunk. This technique dates
the time period during which these rings were formed.

Thermo luminescence: It determines the period during which certain object was
last subjected to heat. It is based on the concept that heated objects absorb light,
and emit electrons. The emissions are measured to compute the age
Absolute Dating
It determines the age of a rock/object using radiometric techniques.
Absolute dating is quantitative.
This technique helps determine the exact age of the remains.
It is more specific than relative dating
Absolute dating is expensive and time-consuming.
It works best for igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Absolute Rock Dating or Radiometric dating: This technique solely depends on

the traces of radioactive isotopes found in fossils. The rate of decay of these elements
helps determine their age, and in turn the age of the rocks.
Some of the most commonly used radiometric dating include:
a. Radiocarbon dating. This technique measures the decay of C-14 in
organic material and can be applied to specimens younger than 60,000 years.
Carbon-14 dating has been successful in determining the age of fossils. You must
remember that the rock strata are usually as old as the fossils embedded in them.
b. Uranium dating uses a very important isotope which is U-238. It is used
in dating very old rocks, especially rocks that do not contain fossils. Uranium when
it decays undergoes a series of nuclear transformation to arrive at Pb-206 that is
often applied to the trace mineral zircon in igneous rocks.
c. Radioactive dating method is independent of all physical and chemical
conditions such as temperature, pressure and chemical agents. Using this method
allowed scientist to date thousands of rock samples from different parts of the Earth.

14
 d. Potassium dating- Another example of a radioactive isotope used in
absolute rock dating is potassium-40. It has a half-life of 1.25 x10 E9 years when it
undergoes a beta decay.

Radiometric technology has recently unlocked the clue that reveals the
ancient age of our planet. Evidence from radiometric dating indicates that the Earth
is about 4.54 billion years old.

What’s More

Activity 3

Directions: Make a concept map describing the differences of relative and

absolute dating.
(See attached Rubric after the Additional Activities)

What I Have Learned

Activity 4

Directions: Answer the following. Use additional sheets of paper if necessary.

1. How is absolute dating used to determine the age of rock?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. Describe the difference between Absolute Dating and Relative Dating?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. What do you think in how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the
subdivisions of geologic time?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

15
 What I Can Do

Activity 5

Directions: Make a photo collage that illustrates differences between Absolute and
Relative Dating Method.

Collage Rubrics
Category 20% 15% 10% 5%
Attention The student The student The student The student’s
to Theme gives a gives a gives a explanations
reasonable reasonable fairly are weak and
explanation explanation reasonable illustrate
of how every of how most explanation difficulty
item in the items in the of how most understanding
collage is collage are items in the how to relate
related to the related to collage are items to the
assigned the assigned related to assigned
theme. For theme. For the theme.
most items, many of the assigned
the items, the theme.
relationship relationship
is clear is clear
without without
explanation. explanation.
Design Graphics are 1-2 graphics 3-4 Graphics are
cut to an are lacking graphics not an
appropriate in design or are lacking appropriate
size, shape placement. in design or size shape.
and are There may placement. Glue marks
arranged be a few Too much evident. Most
neatly. Care smudges or background of the
has been glue marks. is showing. background is
taken to There are showing. It
balance the notice appears little
pictures smudges or attention was
across the glue marks. given to
area. Items designing the
are glued collage.
neatly and
securely.
Creativity All of the Most of the Only a few None of the
graphics or graphics or graphics or graphics or
objects used objects used objects objects reflects
in the collage in the reflect student
reflect a collage student creativity.
degree of reflect creativity,
student student but the
creativity in creativity in ideas were
their display. typical

16
 their rather than
display. creative.
Originality/Interest Many Several Some Few original
original ideas original original ideas in
in material ideas in ideas in material or
and display material or material or display are
are evident display are display are evident to
and evident to evident to stimulate
stimulate a stimulate stimulated interest.
great deal of much some
interest interest interest
Visual Impact Overall visual Overall Overall Overall visual
impact is visual visual impact is
very effective impact is impact is limited
effective. effective

Overall Score:________

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
Test 1: Multiple Choices. (Numbers 1-8)
1. Which of the following methods that refers to independent of all physical and
chemical conditions such as temperature, pressure and chemical agents?
a. Radioactive dating c. Radiocarbon dating
b. Potassium dating d. Uranium dating

2. An example of an original parent isotope

a. Argon b. Lead c. Strontium d. Uranium

3. This method is used to date rocks older than 100,000 years.

a. Carbon-14 dating
b. Uranium-lead dating
c. Potassium-argon dating
d. None of these

4. Which of the following methods refers to arranging geological events based on the
rock sequence?
a. Relative dating
b. Absolute dating
c. Uranium-lead method
d. Carbon-14 method

17
5. Which of the following methods gives the actual date of the rock or period of an
event?
a. Relative dating
b. Absolute dating
c. Uranium-lead method
d. Carbon-14 method

6. Which of the following statements expresses the difference between the Absolute
Dating and the Relative Dating?
a. Absolute dating is expensive and time-consuming
b. Absolute dating determines the age of a rock/object using radiometric
techniques while Relative dating determines if an object/event is younger or older
than another object from history.
c. Relative dating is qualitative and Absolute dating is quantitative
d. Relative dating is comparatively less expensive and time-efficient.
7. Which of the following dating technique requires an extensive knowledge of
stratigraphy?
a. Absolute dating c. Relative dating
b. Faunal dating d. Radiometric dating
8. How is the age of the Earth determined?
a. Clock c. Fossils
b. Absolute dating d. Relative dating

Test II: True or False

Directions: Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if the statement is False.

9. Radiometric dating is achieved by determining the absolute age of a sample based

on the ratio of parent material to daughter material.

10. Relative dating is qualitative while Absolute dating is quantitative.

11. Absolute dating works best for igneous and metamorphic rocks while Relative
dating works best for sedimentary rocks having layered arrangement of sediments.

12. Absolute dating is less specific than Relative dating

13. Relative dating is more specific than Absolute dating

14. Absolute dating is expensive and time consuming than Relative dating.

15. Absolute dating, also called numerical dating, arranges the historical remains in
order of their ages. Whereas, relative dating arranges them in the geological order
of their formation.

18
 Additional Activities

Directions: Answer the following. Use additional sheets of paper if necessary.

How Do Rocks Keep Record of Geologic Events?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

19
 20
Assessment
1. A 11. A
2. B 12.A What’s New
3. A 13. A 1. ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY
4. A 14. A 2. NONCONFORMITY
5. A 15. A 3. DISCONFORMITY
6. D 4. PARACONFORMITY
7. B
8. A
9. C
10. A
What’s In
(Answer may vary)
What I Have Learned
(Answer may vary) What’s More
1. Law of Superposition
2. Original Horizontality
3. Law of Lateral Continuity
What I Can Do 4. Law of cross-cutting
Word Puzzle relationships
Across
9. Cross-cutting relationship
10. Extrusion
11. Index Fossil What I Know
Down 1. A 11. A
1. Relative Dating 2. B 12. A
2. Superposition 3. B 13. B
3. Faunal Succession 4. C 14. D
4. Inclusions 5. D 15. A
5. Geology 6. C
6. Fossils 7. A
7. Unconformity 8. A
8. Intrusion 9. B
10. A
LESSON 1:
Answer Key
 21
Assessment
1. A
2. D
3. C Additional Activities
4. A (Answer may vary)
5. B
What’s New 6. B
Relative Dating 7. C
1. Qualitative 8. B What I Can Do
2. Use the position of rocks 9. A (Answer may vary)
3. Stratigraphy method 10. A
4. Use sedimentary rocks 11 A
Absolute Dating 12. B
1. Quantitative 13. B
What I Have Learned
2. Use numeric value 14. A
(Answer may vary)
3. Radiometric method 15. A
4. Use igneous and
metamorphic rocks
Similarities What’s In
1. Used to tell the age of the What’s More
1. b
rocks (Answer may vary)
2. a
2. Give an idea of the order 3. c
of geologic events
Lesson 2:
References
Olivar II, Jose Tolentino & Morales-Ramos, Anna Cherylle (2016). Exploring Life
through Earth Science. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Bayo-Ang, et. al., (2016). Earth and Life Science for Senior High School. Quezon
City: Educational Resources Corporation

www.exploringnature.org

Sciencestruck.com/relative-vs-absolute-dating/amp

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