MINOR PROJECT

PRESENTED BY GROUP-D

NAME OF STUDENTS ROLL NO

1.ANSH RAJ 22/C-050
2.MANJIT KUMAR 22/C-051
3.ANAND RAJ 22/C-054
4.ANGAD KUMAR 22/C-057
5.RANDHIR KUMAR 22/C-059
6.MITTHU KUMAR 22/C-060
7.GAURI KUMARI 22/C-061
8.SANDEEP SHEKHAR 22/C-301
9.VIJAY KUMAR SAH 22/C-303
10.NIKET KUMAR 23/C/LE-601
11.VINAYANAND SNEHI 23/C/LE-602
12.CHANDAN KUMAR 23/C/LE-603

Presentation Outline
  Introduction

 Purpose and Benefits of Steel

 Types of Steel

 Application of Steel

 Uses of Steel

 Detail of Steel Section

 Steel as Tension member

 Steel as Compression member

 Steel as Truss member

 Steel Joints

Introduction
Steel is an alloy primarily composed of iron and carbon, with small
amounts of other elements such as manganese, silicon, phosphorus,
sulphur, and sometimes additional elements like chromium, nickel, or
molybdenum. It is one of the most widely used materials in the world
due to its strength, durability, and versatility.
Fig:- Image of Steel structure
STEEL
Purpose
Steel plays a critical role in civil engineering due to its unique
combination of strength, durability, and versatility. Here are the
primary purposes of steel in civil engineering work:
1. Reinforcement in Concrete
 Reinforced Concrete (RC): Steel bars (rebar) are embedded in
concrete to improve its tensile strength. Concrete is strong in
compression but weak in tension, so steel reinforcement helps
resist tensile stresses, making the structure more resilient and
preventing cracks from forming.
2. Structural Frameworks
 Steel Structures: In buildings, bridges, and industrial plants,
steel is used to create the structural framework. Steel’s high
strength-to-weight ratio allows for the creation of strong and
lightweight frames that can support heavy loads over large
spans.
 Long-span Structures: Steel is often used in large-scale civil
works like stadiums, bridges, and warehouses where long, open
spans are needed, as it allows for fewer columns or supports.
3. Durability and Corrosion Resistance
 Steel can withstand extreme weather conditions, including high
temperatures and corrosion, especially when treated with
coatings or when corrosion-resistant alloys are used. This makes
it ideal for infrastructure like bridges, tunnels, and high-rise
buildings exposed to harsh environments.
4. Bridges and Transport Infrastructure
 Steel is frequently used in the construction of bridges,
highways, and railway systems. Its flexibility and high tensile
 strength allow it to support the dynamic loads and stresses
caused by moving vehicles and environmental conditions.
5. Building Foundations and Superstructures
 Steel is commonly used in foundation piles, columns, beams,
and floor systems. It helps to support large structures,
particularly in seismic regions, due to its ability to absorb
energy from earthquakes and vibrations.
6. Modular Construction
 Steel is an excellent material for modular construction where
prefabricated steel components are assembled on-site. This
helps reduce construction time and improve quality control.
7. Cost-Effectiveness and Efficiency
 While steel can be expensive compared to other materials like
timber or concrete, its high strength and versatility often make
it a more cost-effective solution in the long run. Steel reduces
material waste and allows for faster construction.
8. Aesthetic and Design Flexibility
 Steel allows engineers and architects greater design freedom
due to its flexibility. Curved, angular, or intricate designs can be
more easily achieved with steel than with other materials,
offering aesthetic value to the project.
9. Sustainability
 Steel is highly recyclable. As a material, it can be reused or
repurposed at the end of its life cycle without a significant loss
in quality, contributing to the sustainability of civil engineering
projects.

10. Retrofitting and Strengthening

  Steel is used to strengthen existing structures through
retrofitting methods. For example, older buildings or bridges
may be reinforced with steel plates or braces to improve load-
bearing capacity or to comply with modern standards.
In summary, steel is indispensable in civil engineering due to its
strength, durability, and adaptability in a wide range of applications,
making it essential for creating safe, efficient, and lasting
infrastructure.

Benefits
Steel is widely used in civil engineering and construction due to its
numerous advantages. Here are the key benefits of using steel in civil
work:
1. Strength and Durability
 Steel is incredibly strong and can withstand high loads, making
it ideal for structures like bridges, buildings, and high-rise
towers. Its high tensile strength ensures that it can support
substantial weight without failing.
 It is durable and resistant to wear and tear, which means it has
a long lifespan with minimal maintenance.
2. Flexibility and Versatility
 Steel can be molded into a wide range of shapes and sizes,
allowing for flexibility in design and construction. This is
particularly useful for creating intricate and complex structures.
 Its adaptability in various applications (e.g., beams, columns,
reinforcement bars) makes it versatile in both large-scale and
small-scale projects.
3. Sustainability and Recyclability
  Steel is 100% recyclable without losing its properties. This
makes it an environmentally friendly material when sourced
and used responsibly.
 Recycled steel reduces the need for new raw materials, thus
conserving natural resources and minimizing the carbon
footprint of construction projects.
4. High-Quality Structural Integrity
 Steel provides structural integrity and is resistant to many
environmental conditions, including wind, earthquakes, and fire
(when treated with appropriate fireproofing materials).
 It can maintain its strength at high temperatures, making it
suitable for fire-resistant designs in commercial buildings and
industrial application.
5.Cost Effectiveness

 While steel might have a higher initial cost compared to some

other materials, its durability, low maintenance requirements,
and reduced need for repairs make it cost-effective in the long
term.
 The ability to prefabricate steel components off-site can speed
up construction, reducing labor costs and project timelines.
 STEEL
Types of steel

In civil engineering, different types of steel are used for various

structural purposes based on their strength, durability, and other
characteristics. Below are the most common types of steel used in
civil engineering work:

1. Mild Steel (MS)

 Description: Mild steel is the most commonly used type of steel

in construction. It has low carbon content (usually less than
0.25%), making it more ductile and malleable.

Fig:- Mild
Steel
2. High-Strength Deformed Bars (HYSD)
 Description: This is a type of reinforced steel that has been
subjected to deformation to enhance its strength. It has a
higher yield strength compared to mild steel.

Fig:- High-Strength Bars(HYSD)

3. Stainless Steel
 Description: Stainless steel contains chromium (usually 10.5%
or more) to resist corrosion, making it suitable for use in harsh
environments.
 Fig:- Stainless Steel

4. Carbon Steel
 Description: Carbon steel is classified based on the amount of
carbon present. It has higher carbon content than mild steel,
giving it increased strength.

Fig:- Carbon Steel

5. Alloy Steel
 Description: Alloy steel is a type of steel that contains various
alloying elements such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, or
vanadium to enhance properties like strength, toughness, and
resistance to wear and corrosion.
 Fig:- Alloy Steel
STEEL
Application of Steel
1. Construction
 Structural Steel: Used in the construction of buildings, bridges,
and infrastructure due to its high strength-to-weight ratio. Steel
beams, columns, and reinforcement bars (rebar) are common in
skyscrapers and bridges.
 Steel Frames: Used in both residential and commercial
buildings to provide support and framework.
 Steel Roofing: Used in roofs of buildings and warehouses
because
it is
durable
and
weather-
resistant.

2. Automotive Industry
 Car Bodies: Steel is used in the manufacturing of car bodies and
frames. It provides strength and protection during collisions.
  Engine Components: Steel alloys are used in engine parts like
pistons, crankshafts, and cylinders.
 Exhaust Systems: Stainless steel is commonly used for exhaust
pipes due to its resistance to corrosion.

3. Manufacturing & Machinery

 Machine Tools: Steel is used in the manufacturing of tools and
machinery such as gears, bearings, and machine frames.
 Pipes & Tubes: Steel pipes are essential for transporting liquids,
gases, and other materials in industries like oil, gas, water
supply, and chemicals.
 Construction Equipment: Steel is a critical material in
equipment like cranes, excavators, and loaders.
4. Food and Beverage Industry
 Food Processing Equipment: Steel is used for making
machinery for food processing and packaging, as it is resistant
to corrosion and contamination.
 Storage Containers: Steel is used for making containers for
storing food and beverages, including cans for preserving food.
5. Medical Devices
 Surgical Instruments: Stainless steel is commonly used for
making surgical instruments such as scalpels, forceps, and
scissors due to its corrosion resistance and strength.
 Implants: Steel is also used in medical implants, like joint
replacements (hip or knee), because of its biocompatibility and
strength.
6. Defense & Military
  Armored Vehicles: Steel is used in the production of armored
military vehicles, tanks, and bulletproof vests.
 Weapons and Ammunition: Firearms, ammunition, and
defense equipment are often made from steel due to its
toughness and reliability.

STEEL
Uses of Steel
Steel is widely used in civil engineering due to its strength, durability,
versatility, and ability to withstand high stresses. Here are some of
the primary uses of steel in civil engineering:
1. Reinforced Concrete Structures
 Reinforcement in Concrete: Steel bars (rebar) are embedded in
concrete to improve its tensile strength. Concrete is strong in
compression but weak in tension, so rebar helps in reinforcing
concrete and allows it to withstand bending and stretching
forces.
2. Structural Frameworks
 Steel Frames: Steel is used to construct the skeleton of
buildings, bridges, and other structures. Steel beams, columns,
and braces form the framework that supports the weight of the
structure.
 High-rise Buildings: Steel's strength-to-weight ratio makes it
ideal for skyscrapers, providing support for large floors and
helping in distributing loads efficiently.
3. Bridges and Overpasses
  Bridge Construction: Steel is commonly used for the main
framework and supporting structures of bridges, including
girders, trusses, and cables in suspension bridges.
 Durability: Steel bridges are resistant to wear and can
withstand the dynamic loads from traffic, weather, and seismic
activity.

4. Pipes and Pipelines

 Water Supply and Drainage: Steel pipes are used for carrying
water, sewage, and natural gas, both in underground and
above-ground installations.
 Oil and Gas Pipelines: Steel is the material of choice for long-
distance transportation of petroleum and natural gas due to its
strength, resistance to pressure, and ability to withstand
corrosive environments.
5. Steel Plates and Sheets
 Reinforcement and Cladding: Steel plates are used for
constructing walls, roofs, and cladding in buildings. They
provide strength, protection, and weather resistance.
 Structural Elements: Steel plates are also used in foundations,
especially for heavy-load-bearing structures, such as factories
and industrial plants.
6. Tension Structures
 Suspension Bridges and Cables: Steel cables and ropes are used
in suspension bridges to handle tension forces. They can carry
extremely high loads and resist stretching.
  Tensile Structures: Steel is used in applications like large
domes, roofs, and awnings, where it is subjected mainly to
tensile forces.
7. Retaining Walls and Earth Support
 Soil Retention: Steel can be used in the form of sheet piling for
the construction of retaining walls, providing stability for slopes
and preventing soil erosion.
 Earth Pressure Resistance: Steel is used in the construction of
diaphragm walls and earth-retaining structures that resist
lateral earth pressures.
8. Towers and Masts
 Communication Towers: Steel is used to construct
communication masts, radio towers, and wind turbine towers
due to its ability to resist high winds and heavy loads.
 Utility Poles and Transmission Towers: Steel is used for
electrical transmission towers and poles to support overhead
power lines, offering strength and durability in various weather
conditions.
9. Seismic Bracing
 Earthquake Resistance: Steel structures, such as braces and
dampers, are used in seismic design to absorb and dissipate the
energy produced during an earthquake, ensuring the safety of
the building.
 STEEL
Detail of steel section
Steel sections are essential components used in construction, civil engineering,
and structural applications. These sections are available in various shapes,
sizes, and configurations to accommodate the different types of loads, stresses,
and requirements of construction projects. Here are some common types of
steel sections and their key details:
1. I-Section(I-Beam or H-Beam)
 Shape: The cross-section of an I-beam resembles the capital letter "I". It
consists of a
horizontal flange and
a vertical web.
Applications: Used in
buildings, bridges, and
other structures where high
bending resistance is
needed.
Dimensions:
 Flange width (b), flange thickness (t_f), web thickness (t_w), and overall
height (h).
 Example: UB 254x254x73 (Universal Beam 254mm depth, 254mm width,
73kg/m weight)
2. H-Section (Universal Columns)
 Shape: Similar to I-beams but with wider flanges, forming a more "H"
shape.
 Applications: High-rise buildings, structural support columns, large steel frames.
 Dimensions: Depth (h), flange
width (b), flange thickness (t_f),
and web thickness(t.w.)

3. Angle Sections
 Shape: An L-shaped
cross-section.
 Applications: Lattice structures, bracing, frames, and
supports.
 Dimensions: Leg length (a), thickness (t), and angle
between legs (usually 90°).

4. Channel Sections (C-Channels)

  Shape: A "C" shaped cross-section with flanges on both sides.
 Applications: Frames, trusses, and structural members in industrial applications.
 Dimensions: Height (h), flange width (b), web thickness (t_w), flange thickness
(t_f).

5. Tee Sections (T-Beams)

 Shape: A T-shaped
cross-section, which
is essentially an I-
beam with one flange removed.
 Applications: Used in structures like bridges, flooring systems, and secondary beams.
 Dimensions: Depth (h), flange width (b), and flange thickness (t_f).

6. Flat Bars
  Shape: Rectangular cross-section with a flat surface.
 Applications: Brackets, frames, reinforcement in concrete, and simple connections.

 Dimensions: Width (b), thickness (t).

STEEL
Steel as tension member
Steel is commonly used as a tension member in structural engineering,
especially in applications where materials are subjected to pulling or stretching
forces. A tension member is a structural element that primarily experiences
tensile (pulling) forces, and steel is ideal for these applications due to its high
tensile strength and durability.
Key Characteristics of Steel as a Tension Member:
1. High
Tensile
Strength:
Steel has
a high
tensile
strength
 compared to other materials, which means it can withstand significant
pulling forces before breaking.
2. Ductility: Steel has the ability to deform under stress, which allows it to
absorb energy before failing. This is beneficial in tension members
because it provides a safety margin under extreme loading conditions.
3. Formability: Steel can be shaped into various forms such as rods, cables,
beams, and plates, making it versatile in tension member applications.
4. Cost-Effectiveness: Steel is relatively inexpensive compared to other
high-strength materials, making it a cost-effective choice for tension
members.
Applications of Steel Tension Members:
1. Trusses: Steel tension members are used in truss structures (such as in
bridges or roofs) to resist the tensile forces.
2. Suspension Bridges: Cables made from steel are commonly used in
suspension bridges to carry the tension forces from the deck.
3. Tension Cables: Steel cables are used in various structural applications,
including towers, masts, and in tensioned fabric structures.
4. Steel Cables: Used in elevator systems, cranes, and other machines
where the tensile force is crucial.
Design of Steel Tension Members:
When designing steel tension members, the following factors must be
considered:
1. Cross-Sectional Area: The required cross-sectional area of the tension
member is determined by the tensile load and the material's tensile
strength. The member must be sized to ensure it does not fail under the
applied load.
2. Material Properties: The tensile strength and yield strength of the steel
must be taken into account. Common grades include A36 (mild steel) or
higher-strength steels such as A992 and A572.
3. Buckling and Stability: Although tension members are primarily loaded
in tension, they must still be designed to resist any potential lateral
instability or buckling if the member is slender.
 4. Safety Factors: Design codes (such as the American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC) or Eurocode 3) provide safety factors to ensure the
member can withstand unexpected forces or material imperfections.
5 .End Conditions and Connections: The connections at the ends of tension
members (such as bolts or welds) must be designed to transfer the tensile
forces without failure.
6. Design Formula
For a tension member (such as a steel rod or plate), the design tensile
strength can be calculated using:
Ft=At×fyF_{t} = A_{t} \times f_{y}Ft=At×fy
Where:
 FtF_{t}Ft = Design tensile force
 AtA_{t}At = Cross-sectional area of the member
 fyf_{y}fy = Yield strength of the material

Common Types of Steel Tension Members:

1. Solid Rods or Bars: Used for simple applications like cables or
simple truss members.
2. Hollow Sections (e.g., pipes): Often used where weight
reduction is a concern while maintaining strength.
3. Angle Sections: Steel angle sections are commonly used in
trusses and other structures where members are subjected to
combined forces.

STEEL
Steel as compression member
Due to its Steel is commonly used as a compression member in structural
engineering high strength, durability, and versatility. Compression members
are structural elements that carry axial compressive loads and are typically
 found in columns, braces, and other vertical or inclined supports. Here’s an
overview of how steel is used as a compression member.
Properties of Steel in Compression
 High Strength: Steel has a high compressive strength, which allows it to
carry heavy loads without failing. The typical yield strength of steel is
around 250 MPa (megapascals) to 450 MPa or higher, depending on the
grade of steel.
 Elastic Behavior: Steel behaves elastically under compression until it
reaches its yield point, after which it can plastically deform.
 Ductility: Steel is highly ductile, which means it can undergo significant
deformation before failure. This is important for ensuring stability in
compression members.
Types of Steel Compression Members
 Solid Steel Columns: These are simple vertical compression members
that carry axial load. They are commonly used in buildings and bridges.
 Lattice or Tubular Members: Steel compression members may also be
part of more complex structures, such as lattice towers or trusses, where
steel sections are used to form a network of connected members.
3. Behavior of Compression Members
Steel compression members can fail in different ways depending on their
geometry, length, and load. These include:
 Buckling: One of the most common failure modes for compression
members. If a compression member is long and slender, it may buckle
under compressive loads even if the stress is below the material’s yield
strength. The risk of buckling increases as the member length increases
relative to its cross-sectional dimensions.
 Local Buckling: In thin-walled members (e.g., hollow sections), the walls
may buckle locally before the entire member fails.
 Material Failure: This occurs when the compressive stress exceeds the
material’s yield strength, leading to permanent deformation or rupture.

Design Codes for Steel Compression Members

Steel compression members are designed using specific design codes that
provide guidance on load capacities, safety factors, and detailed calculations.
Some widely used design codes include:

 AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction) in the U.S. (e.g.,

AISC 360)
 Eurocode 3 (EN 1993) in Europe
 IS 800 in India (General Construction in Steel – Code of Practice)

STEEL
Steel as truss member
Steel is commonly used as a material for truss members in structural
engineering due to its strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness.
Trusses are frameworks composed of triangular units, and the
members of these units can be made from steel to provide support
for bridges, roofs, and other structures. Here's why steel is an ideal
material for truss members:

1. Strength-to-Weight Ratio:

 Steel offers a high strength-to-weight ratio, meaning it can

support large loads while being relatively lightweight. This is
crucial in truss design because it allows for the use of smaller,
lighter members without sacrificing structural integrity.

2. Durability and Longevity:

 Steel is durable and resistant to various environmental

conditions, such as weather, corrosion (when properly treated),
and temperature variations. This makes it suitable for both
indoor and outdoor applications.

3. Ease of Fabrication:
  Steel is easy to fabricate into precise shapes and sizes, ensuring
that truss members are manufactured to exact specifications.
Modern steel fabrication techniques, including welding and
bolting, allow for efficient construction of complex truss
structures.

4. Cost-Effective:

 Steel is often less expensive than alternative materials such as

reinforced concrete, especially when considering its high
strength and the efficiency with which it can be used in truss
design.

5. Versatility:

 Steel truss members can be designed in a variety of shapes,

such as angles, channels, or hollow sections (like I-beams or
box sections), to meet the specific requirements of a given
structure.

6. Flexibility in Design:

 Steel allows for flexible truss designs that can accommodate

varying loads, spans, and types of structures. Whether it’s for
bridges, roofs, or towers, steel trusses can be customized to
meet specific design needs.

Types of Steel Truss Members:

 Tension Members: Steel members subjected to pulling forces.

These are often slender and are designed to resist stretching.
 Compression Members: Steel members that resist compressive
forces. These are typically thicker to prevent buckling.
 Diagonal Members: Often used in combination with horizontal
and vertical members to provide stability and distribute lo

STEEL
Steel joints
In civil engineering, steel joints play a crucial role in connecting
various structural elements such as beams, columns, and braces,
ensuring stability, strength, and overall integrity of buildings, bridges,
and other infrastructure projects. These joints are designed to
transfer loads, resist forces, and maintain the structural framework.
Steel joints come in different forms and are selected based on the
specific requirements of the project, such as load-bearing capacity,
environmental conditions, and ease of assembly.
1. Welded Joints

 Description: Involves joining steel elements by melting the edges of the

components and fusing them together.
 Applications: Commonly used for creating continuous and strong
connections in structural steelwork like bridges and buildings.
 Types of Welds:
o Butt Weld: Joining two parts end-to-end.
o Fillet Weld: Joining parts at an angle (commonly used in T-joints).
o Corner Weld: Used where two parts meet at a right angle.

2. Bolted joints

 Description: Steel members are connected using bolts and nuts, allowing
for disassembly if necessary.
 Applications: Used in steel-frame buildings, bridges, and industrial
structures where adjustments or future modifications may be required.
 Types of Bolted Joints:
o Single Shear: One plate bears the load.
o Double Shear: The load is transferred through two plates.
 o Preloaded Bolts: Often used to increase the stiffness and stability
of the joint.

3. Riveted Joints
 Description: Steel plates or structural elements are connected by placing
rivets through pre-drilled holes and then hammering them to secure the
connection.
 Applications: Historically used in bridges and industrial structures,
although they are largely replaced by bolted or welded joints in modern
construction.
 Advantages:
Provides a strong,
durable connection,
though it is time-
consuming to install
and repair.

4.Pinned joints
4. Description: These joints allow limited rotation
between the connected members, typically by
using pins, which can be cylindrical or
tapered.
5. Applications:
Used in
trusses,
bridges, and
cranes
 where some degree of movement is
permissible.
6. Advantages: Effective for transferring axial forces
while allowing rotation, useful in frames
subjected to dynamic loads or large
displacements.

5. Bracing Connections
 Description: These
are designed to
connect bracing members (diagonal braces) to the main frame, typically
with bolted or welded connections.
 Applications: Common in trusses, frames, and structures subjected to
lateral forces like wind or seismic activity.
 Advantages: Helps in distributing lateral loads to maintain structural
stability.
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