Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

Aaron Lou 1 Chenlin Meng 1 2 Stefano Ermon 1

Abstract The crucial part for any deep generative model is the prob-
abilistic modeling technique. For discrete data such as
Despite their groundbreaking performance for
natural language, autoregressive modeling (Yule, 1971)–
many generative modeling tasks, diffusion mod-
arguably the simplest modeling type since it derives from
arXiv:2310.16834v3 [stat.ML] 6 Jun 2024

els have fallen short on discrete data domains

the probabilistic chain rule–has remained the only compet-
such as natural language. Crucially, standard dif-
itive method for decades. Although modern autoregres-
fusion models rely on the well-established the-
sive transformers have produced stunning results (Vaswani
ory of score matching, but efforts to generalize
et al., 2017; Radford et al., 2019), there are limits. For ex-
this to discrete structures have not yielded the
ample, the sequential sampling of tokens is slow, hard to
same empirical gains. In this work, we bridge
control, and often degrades without distribution annealing
this gap by proposing score entropy, a novel loss
techniques like nucleus sampling (Holtzman et al., 2019).
that naturally extends score matching to discrete
spaces, integrates seamlessly to build discrete dif- To alleviate these issues, researchers have sought alternative
fusion models, and significantly boosts perfor- approaches to generating text data. In particular, inspired
mance. Experimentally, we test our Score Entropy by their success in the image domain, many works have
Discrete Diffusion models (SEDD) on standard extended diffusion models (Sohl-Dickstein et al., 2015; Ho
language modeling tasks. For comparable model et al., 2020; Song et al., 2021c) to language domains (Li
sizes, SEDD beats existing language diffusion et al., 2022; Austin et al., 2021). Yet, despite considerable
paradigms (reducing perplexity by 25-75%) and effort, no such approach yet rivals autoregressive modeling,
is competitive with autoregressive models, in par- as they are not competitive on likelihoods, are slower to sam-
ticular outperforming GPT-2. Furthermore, com- ple from, and do not generate comparable samples without
pared to autoregressive mdoels, SEDD generates resorting to heavy annealing and empirical alterations.
faithful text without requiring distribution anneal-
In our work, we challenge the longstanding dominance of
ing techniques like temperature scaling (around 6-
autoregressive models by introducing Score Entropy Dis-
8× better generative perplexity than un-annealed
crete Diffusion models (SEDD). SEDD parameterizes a
GPT-2), can trade compute and quality (similar
reverse discrete diffusion process using the ratios of the
quality with 32× fewer network evaluations), and
data distribution. These are learned using score entropy, a
enables controllable infilling (matching nucleus
novel loss that is analogous to score matching for standard
sampling quality while enabling other strategies
diffusion models (Hyvärinen, 2005; Song & Ermon, 2019)
besides left to right prompting).
and results in several empirical benefits:

1. On core language modeling tasks, SEDD outperforms

1. Introduction all existing language diffusion models (Li et al., 2022;
Many recent advances in deep learning have centered around Austin et al., 2021; Gulrajani & Hashimoto, 2023; He
generative modeling. Here, a model learns how to generate et al., 2022) by large margins and is competitive with
novel samples from unstructured data. With the powerful autoregressive models of the same size (beating GPT-2
capabilities of modern neural networks, these “generative on its zero-shot perplexity tasks (Radford et al., 2019)).
AI” systems have developed unparalleled capabilities, such
as creating images given only text (Ramesh et al., 2022) and 2. SEDD generates high quality unconditional samples
answering complex questions (Brown et al., 2020). and enables one to naturally trade off compute for qual-
ity. When measuring the generative perplexity (given
1
Stanford University 2 Pika Labs. Correspondence to: Aaron by large models) of unconditional and un-annealed
Lou <[email protected]>. samples from similarly sized models, SEDD beats
Proceedings of the 41 st International Conference on Machine
Learning, Vienna, Austria. PMLR 235, 2024. Copyright 2024 by We open source our code at github.com/louaaron/Score-
the author(s). Entropy-Discrete-Diffusion

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 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

GPT-2 by 6-8× and can match performance using 32× 2.2. Discrete Diffusion Models
fewer function evaluations.
The goal of a discrete diffusion model is to construct the
3. By directly parameterizing probability ratios, SEDD aforementioned reverse process by learning the ratios pptt (x)
(y)
.
is highly controllable. In particular, one can prompt Unlike the continuous diffusion case, which has settled
SEDD from arbitrary positions without specialized around (up to minor scaling variations) the theoretical frame-
training. For both standard (left to right) and infill- work given by score matching (Hyvärinen, 2005), there cur-
ing, SEDD outperforms language diffusion models rently exist many competing methods for learning discrete
and is comparable with autoregressive models with diffusion models. In particular, these tend to produce mixed
nucleus sampling (as measured by MAUVE score (Pil- empirical results, which spurs the need for a reexamination.
lutla et al., 2021)).
Mean Prediction. Instead of directly parameterizing the
ratios pptt (x)
(y)
, Austin et al. (2021); Campbell et al. (2022)
2. Preliminaries instead follow a strategy of Ho et al. (2020) to learn the re-
2.1. Discrete Diffusion Processes verse density p0|t . This actually recovers the ratios pptt (x)
(y)
in a
roundabout way (as shown in our Theorem 4.2), but comes
We will be modeling probability distributions over a finite
with several drawbacks. First, learning p0|t is inherently
support X = {1, . . . , N }. As the support is discrete, note
harder since it is a density (as opposed to a general value).
that our probability distributions can be represented by prob-
Furthermore, the objective breaks down in continuous time
ability mass vectors p ∈ RN that are positive and sum to
and must be approximated (Campbell et al., 2022). As a
1. To define a discrete diffusion process, we evolve a fam-
result, this framework largely underperforms empirically.
ily of distributions pt ∈ RN according to the a continuous
time Markov process given by a linear ordinary differential Ratio Matching. Originally introduced in Hyvärinen (2007)
equation (Campbell et al., 2022; Anderson, 2012): and augmented in Sun et al. (2023), ratio matching learns
the marginal probabilities of each dimension with maximum
dpt
= Qt pt p0 ≈ pdata (1) likelihood training. However, the resulting setup departs
dt from standard score matching and requires specialized and
Here, Qt are the diffusion matrices RN ×N and have non- expensive network architectures (Chen & Duvenaud, 2019).
negative non-diagonal entries and columns which sum to As such, this tends to perform worse than mean prediction.
zero (so that the rate dp
dt sums to 0, meaning pt does not
t
Concrete Score Matching. Meng et al. (2022) generalizes
gain or lose total mass). Generally, Qt are simple (e.g.
the standardh Fisher i divergence in score matching, learning
a simple scalar factor Qt = σ(t)Q) so pt approaches a pt (y)
limiting distribution pbase as t → ∞. sθ (x, t) ≈ pt (x) with concrete score matching:
y̸=x

One can simulate this process by taking small ∆t Euler  

2
steps and randomly sampling the resulting transitions. In 1 X pt (y)
particular, the samples are defined by transition densities LCSM = Ex∼pt  sθ (xt , t)y −  (4)
2 pt (x)
y̸=x
which come from the columns of Qt :
p(xt+∆t = y|xt = x) = δxy + Qt (y, x)∆t + O(∆t2 ) (2) Unfortunately, the ℓ2 loss is incompatible with the fact that
pt (y)
pt (x) must be positive. In particular, this does not suffi-
Finally, this process has a well known reversal (Kelly, 1980; ciently penalize negative or zero values, leading to divergent
Sun et al., 2023) given by another diffusion matrix Qt : behavior. Although theoretically promising, Concrete Score
Matching struggles (as seen in Appendix D).
dpT −t pt (y)
= QT −t pT −t Qt (y, x) = Qt (x, y)
dt pt (x)
X 3. Score Entropy Discrete Diffusion Models
Qt (x, x) = − Qt (y, x) (3)
y̸=x In this section, we introduce score entropy. Similar to con-
crete score matching,
h i we learn the collected concrete score
This reverse process is analogous to the time reversal for typ- sθ (x, t) ≈ pptt (x)
(y)
(sθ : X × R → R|X |). We design
ical diffusion processes on Rn , with the ratios pptt (x)
(y)
(which y̸=x
the score entropy loss to incorporate the fact that these ratios
are collectively known as the concrete score (Meng et al., are positive and evolve under a discrete diffusion.
2022)) generalizing the typical score function ∇x log pt
(Song & Ermon, 2019) 1 scaling) defined for pairs x ̸= y by ∇f (xy) := f (y) − f (x).
The score function would generalize to the normalized gradients
1 ∇p(xy) p(y)
The gradient operator for discrete structures is (up to some p(x)
= p(x) − 1.

2
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

Definition 3.1. The score entropy LSE for a distribution p, dimensions, this is intractable, which means we have to
weights wxy ≥ 0 and a score network sθ (x)y is sample y uniformly, but this introduces additional variance
analogous to that introduced by the Hutchinson trace esti-
  mator (Hutchinson, 1989) for sliced score matching (Song
   et al., 2019). As a result, implicit score entropy is impracti-
X p(y) p(y)
Ex∼p  wxy sθ (x)y − log sθ (x)y + K  cal for large-scale tasks. Instead, we work a denoising score
p(x) p(x) matching loss (Vincent, 2011) variant of score entropy:
y̸=x
(5) Theorem 3.4 (Denoising Score Entropy). Suppose p is a
where K(a) = a(log a − 1) is a normalizing constant func- perturbation of a P base density p0 by a transition kernel
tion that ensures that LSE ≥ 0. p(·|·), ie p(x) = x0 p(x|x0 )p0 (x0 ). The score entropy
Remark. Instead of building off of Fisher divergences, LSE is equivalent (up to a constant independent of θ) to the
score entropy builds
 off of the Bregman divergence denoising score entropy LDSE is
p(y)
DF s(x)y , p(x) when F = − log is the convex function. 
 

As such, score entropy is non-negative, symmetric, and con-
X p(y|x 0 )
E
x0 ∼p0
 wxy sθ (x)y − log sθ (x)y 
vex. It also generalizes standard cross entropy to general p(x|x0 )
x∼p(·|x0 ) y̸=x
positive values (instead of simplex-valued probabilities), in- (7)
spiring the name. The weights wxy are used primarily when
combining score entropy with diffusion models. LDSE is scalable since Monte Carlo sampling only requires
the evaluation of one sθ (x), which gives us all sθ (x)y , and
While this expression is more complex than the standard the variance introduced by x0 is manageable. Additionally,
score matching variants, it satisfies several desiderata for a it is particularly appealing for discrete diffusion since the
discrete diffusion training objective: intermediate pt are all perturbations of the base density
p0 (resulting from Equations 1, 2), enabling us to train
3.1. Score Entropy Properties with LDSE using the diffusion transition densities pt|0 (·|x0 )
First, score entropy is a suitable loss function that recovers (which we can make tractable).
the ground truth concrete score.
3.2. Likelihood Bound For Score Entropy Discrete
Proposition 3.2 (Consistency of Score Entropy). Suppose
Diffusion
p is fully supported and wxy > 0. As the number of samples
and model capacity approaches ∞, the optimal θ∗ that Fourth, the score entropy can be used to define an ELBO
p(y)
minimizes Equation 5 satisfies sθ∗ (x)y = p(x) for all pairs for likelihood-based training and evaluation.
∗
x, y Furthermore, LSE will be 0 at θ . Definition 3.5. For our time dependent score network
θ
sθ (·, t), the parameterized reverse matrix is Qt (y, x) =
Second, score entropy directly improves upon concrete (
score matching by rescaling problematic gradients. For sθ (x, t)y Qt (x, y) x ̸= y
1
P θ found by replacing the ground
the weights wxy = 1, ∇sθ (x)y LSE = sθ (x) y
∇sθ (x)y LCSM , − z̸=x Qt (z, y) x = y
so the gradient signals for each pair (x, y) are scaled by a truth scores in Equation 3. Our parameterized densities pθt
factor of sθ (x)y as a normalization component. As such, thus satisfy the following differential equation:
this forms a natural log-barrier which keeps our sθ ≥ 0.
dpθT −t θ
Third, similar to concrete score matching, score entropy = QT −t pθT −t pθT = pbase ≈ pT (8)
dt
can be made computationally tractable by removing the
p(y)
unknown p(x) term. There are two alternative forms, the The log likelihood of data points can be bounded using an
first of which is analogous to the implicit score matching ELBO based off of Dynkin’s formula (Hanson, 2007), which
loss (Hyvärinen, 2005): was derived for discrete diffusion models in Campbell et al.
Proposition 3.3 (Implicit Score Entropy). LSE is equal up (2022). Interestingly, this takes the form of our denoising
to a constant independent of θ to the implicit score entropy score entropy loss weighted by the forward diffusion:
  Theorem 3.6 (Likelihood Training and Evaluation). For
X the diffusion and forward probabilities defined above,
LISE = Ex∼p  wxy sθ (x)y − wyx log sθ (y)x  (6)
y̸=x − log pθ0 (x0 ) ≤ LDWDSE (x0 ) + DKL (pT |0 (·|x0 ) ∥ pbase )
(9)
Unfortunately, a Monte Carlo estimate would require sam- where LDWDSE (x0 ) is the diffusion weighted denoising
pling an x and evaluating sθ (y)x for all other y. For high score entropy for data point x0

3
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

There are some practical consequences that render most

Qtok unusable for large scale experiments (e.g. for GPT-2
T
tasks, n = 50257). In particular, one is not able to store all
Z X
Ext ∼pt|0 (·|x0 ) Qt (xt , y) sθ (xt , t)y − edge weights Qtok (i, j) since this takes around 20 GB of
0 y̸=xt
GPU memory and is extremely slow to access. Furthermore,
!
one must be able to compute the columns exp(σ(t) · Qtok )

pt|0 (y|x0 ) pt|0 (y|x0 )
log sθ (xt , t)y + K dt (10) to get the transition ratios, but this must avoid matrix-matrix
pt|0 (xt |x0 ) pt|0 (xt |x0 )
multiplication again can’t be stored in memory.
Crucially, this result allows us to directly models based on To sidestep these issues, we follow prior work (Austin et al.,
their likelihood values (and the related perplexity scores), 2021; Campbell et al., 2022) and use two standard matri-
the core metric for language modeling tasks. In particular, ces with special structures. They arise, respectively, from
we can train and evaluate an upper bound. considering a fully connected graph structure and from in-
troducing a MASK absorbing state (similar to the BERT
Remark. The DWDSE (and the implicit version) can be
language modeling paradigm (Devlin et al., 2019)):
derived from the general framework of Benton et al. (2022)
assuming a concrete score parameterization. In particu- 
1−N 1 ··· 1

lar, the implicit version coincides with the likelihood loss  1 1 − N ··· 1 
introduced in Campbell et al. (2022). Quniform =  . (15)
 
. .
. . . .. 
 . . . . 
3.3. Practical Implementation 1 1 ··· 1 − N
 
−1 0 · · · 0 0
Fifth, score entropy can be scaled to high dimensional tasks.  0 −1 · · ·
 0 0 
In practice, our state factorizes into sequences X = Q absorb  ..
= . .
.. . .. .. ..  (16)
{1, . . . , n}d to form sequences x = x1 . . . xd (e.g. se-  . .
quences of tokens or image pixel values). As a general
0 0 · · · −1 0 
Qt would be of exponential size, we instead choose a sparse 1 1 ··· 1 0
structured matrix that perturbs tokens independently with With such a structured Q, one can quickly and cheaply com-
a matrix Qtok t . In particular, the nonzero entries of Qt are pute all values in LDWDSE . As such, our training iteration
given by is about as fast and uses a similar amount of memory as
standard autoregressive training. In particular, our training
Qt (x1 . . . xi . . . xd , x1 . . . x
bi . . . xd ) = Qtok i
bi ) (11)
t (x , x
algorithm is given in Algorithm 1.
Since LDWDSE weights the loss by Qt (x, y), this token
level transition Qt renders most ratios irrelevant. In particu- 4. Simulating Reverse Diffusion with Concrete
lar, we only need to model all ratios between sequences with Scores
Hamming distnace 1, so we can build our score network
sθ (·, t) : {1, . . . , n}d → Rd×n as a seq-to-seq map: Given our scores sθ , we now derive various strategies for
simulating a path xt = x1t x2t . . . xdt ∼ pt of the reverse
pt (x1 . . . x
bi . . . xd ) diffusion process. Notably, the additional information that
(sθ (x1 . . . xi . . . xd , t))i,bxi ≈ (12)
pt (x1 . . . xi . . . xd ) we gain from sθ being an approximate ratio of pt can be
used to enhance the sampling process.
To fully compute LDWDSE , we just need to calculate the
forward transition pseq
t|0 (·|·). Luckily, this decomposes as 4.1. Time-Reversal Strategies
each token is perturbed independently:
To simulate the diffusion in Definition 3.5, one may be
d
Y tempted to use the Euler strategy from Equation 2. How-
pseq x|x) =
t|0 (b ptok xi |xi )
t|0 (b (13) ever, as noted in Campbell et al. (2022), this is inefficient
i=1
because the structure of Qseq
t only allows one position to be
For each ptok modified per step. Instead, a natural alternative has been to
t|0 (·|·), we employ the previously discussed strat-
use τ -leaping (Gillespie, 2001), which performs an Euler
egy and set Qtok
t = σ(t)Qtok for a noise level σ and a fixed step at each position simultaneously. In particular, given a
tok
transition Q . This avoids numerical R t integration as, if we sequence xt , we construct xt−∆t by sampling each token
define σ(t) as the cumulative noise 0 σ(s)ds, we have: xit−∆t (independently) from the corresponding probability
ptok tok


t|0 (·|x) = x-th column of exp σ(t)Q (14) δxit (xit−∆t ) + ∆tQtok i i
t (xt , xt−∆t )sθ (xt , t)i,xit−∆t (17)

4
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

While τ -leaping is a viable simulation strategy, it is agnostic 5. Experiments

to fact that our sθ approximates the true concrete score.
We now empirically validate that our score entropy discrete
In particular, knowing all pptt (x)
(y)
enables optimal denoising,
diffusion (SEDD) model on a variety of language modeling
analogous to Tweedie’s theorem (Efron, 2011):
tasks. We measure both perplexity (i.e. likelihood estima-
Theorem 4.1 (Discrete Tweedie’s Theorem). Suppose that tion capabilities) as well as generation quality, finding that
pt follows the diffusion ODE dpt = Qpt . Then the true our method performs quite well in both aspects.
denoiser is given by
5.1. Model and Training Setup
 h iN 
p0|t (x0 |xt ) = exp(−tQ) pt (i))
exp(tQ)(xt , x0 ) Our core model is based on the diffusion transformer ar-
pt (xt )
i=1 x0 chitecture (Peebles & Xie, 2023), which incorporates time
(18) conditioning into a standard encoder-only transformer archi-
tecture (Vaswani et al., 2017; Devlin et al., 2019), although
Unfortunately, we do not know all of the ratios (only ratios
we make some minor modifications such as employing ro-
between Hamming distance 1 sequences). However, we
tary positional encoding (Su et al., 2021).
can use this intuition to build a Tweedie denoiser analogue
of τ -leaping. In particular, we replace the token transition We construct SEDD Absorb and SEDD Uniform, which cor-
probabilities (for xit−∆t ) with the values respond to the matrices Quniform and Qabsorb respectively.
We tested a geometric noise schedule (that interpolates be-
exp(−σt∆t Q)sθ (xt , t)i xi exp(σt∆t Q)(xit , xit−∆t ) (19)


t−∆t tween 10−5 and 20), as well as a log-linear noise schedule
where σt∆t = (σ(t) − σ(t − ∆t)) (20) (the number of changed tokens for total noise σ(t) is ap-
proximately td for both transitions), which helps SEDD
This generalizes the theorem but enforces the tau-leaping Absorb for perplexities. Outside of this, we did not systemi-
independence condition and, in fact, is optimal: cally explore noise schedules or alternative loss weightings,
Theorem 4.2 (Tweedie τ -leaping). Let ptweedie
t−∆t|t (xt−∆t |xt ) although these could likely improve generation quality.
be the probability of the token update rule defined by Equa-
When training, we employ sentence packing to create uni-
tion 19. Assuming sθ is learned perfectly, this minimizes the
form length blocks to feed to our model, which is done
KL divergence with the true reverse pt−∆t|t (xt−∆t |xt ) for
typically for language modeling tasks. The only exception
all τ -leaping strategies (i.e. token transitions are applied
to this rule is our experiment on text8, which randomly sam-
independently and simultaneously).
ples contiguous subsequences to match prior work (Austin
These simulation algorithms are unified in Algorithm 2. et al., 2021) (although we found that this did not substan-
tially change results). We also matched architecture hy-
4.2. Arbitrary Prompting and Infilling perparameters with prior work (including number of layers,
hidden dimension, attention heads, etc...), although our mod-
Our concrete score can also be used to enable greater control els have slightly more parameters (≈ 5−10%) than a typical
over the generative process. This is due to the fact that we transformer due to time conditioning. We also use the same
are modeling a function of the probability, allowing us to tokenizers as prior work (which otherwise could be a source
include conditional information through Bayes’ rule. In of artifacts) as well as the same data splits.
particular, we consider the infilling problem
pt (xΩ |xΩ = y) Ω unfilled indices Ω filled (21) 5.2. Language Modeling Comparison

As an example, a standard autoregressive conditional gen- We begin by evaluating our model on core language model-
eration would have Ω = {1, 2, . . . , c} and Ω = {c + 1, c + ing (effectively likelihood-based modeling) on three com-
2, . . . , d}. By Bayes’ rule, the conditional scores can be mon datasets across a variety of scales.
recovered exactly from the unconditional score.
5.2.1. T EXT 8 DATASET
pt (xΩ = z′ |xΩ = y) pt (x = z′ ⊕Ω y)
= (22) We compare on the text8 dataset, a small, character level
pt (xΩ = z|xΩ = y) pt (x = z ⊕Ω y)
language modeling task. We follow Austin et al. (2021) for
where ⊕Ω is concatenation along Ω and Ω. Since the uncon- network hyperparameters and dataset splits and compare
ditional and conditional scores coincide, we can use our sθ with methods that employ a similar model size.
(learned unconditionally) for conditional sampling (given
arbitrary Ω). For a τ -leaping update rule (Equation 17 or We report bits per character (BPC) in Table 2. SEDD outper-
19), one would only modify by changing the values at Ω. forms other non-autoregressive models and is only beaten by
An explicit pseudocode of this is given in Algorithm 3. an autoregressive transformer and the discrete flow (which

5
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

Size Model LAMBADA WikiText2 PTB WikiText103 1BW

Small GPT-2 45.04 42.43 138.43 41.60 75.20
SEDD Absorb ≤50.92 ≤41.84 ≤114.24 ≤40.62 ≤79.29
SEDD Uniform ≤65.40 ≤50.27 ≤140.12 ≤49.60 ≤101.37
D3PM ≤93.47 ≤77.28 ≤200.82 ≤75.16 ≤138.92
PLAID ≤57.28 ≤51.80 ≤142.60 ≤50.86 ≤91.12
Medium GPT-2 35.66 31.80 123.14 31.39 55.72
SEDD Absorb ≤42.77 ≤31.04 ≤87.12 ≤29.98 ≤61.19
SEDD Uniform ≤51.28 ≤38.93 ≤102.28 ≤36.81 ≤79.12

Table 1: Zero-shot unconditional perplexity (↓) on a variety of datasets. For a fixed size, the best perplexity is bolded.
Our SEDD model with absorbing transition beats GPT-2 (Radford et al., 2019) on a majority of the tasks and entirely
outperforms prior language diffusion models (Austin et al., 2021; Gulrajani & Hashimoto, 2023).

Type Method BPC (↓) Type Method Perplexity (↓)

Autoregressive Backbone IAF/SCF 1.88 Autoregressive Transformer 31.98
AR Argmax Flow 1.39 Diffusion D3PM Absorb ≤ 77.50
Discrete Flow 1.23 Diffusion-LM ≤ 118.62
Autoregressive 1.23 BERT-Mouth ≤ 142.89
Non-autoregressive Mult. Diffusion ≤ 1.72 DiffusionBert ≤ 63.78
MAC ≤ 1.40 Ours (Diffusion) SEDD Uniform ≤ 40.25
BFN ≤ 1.41 SEDD Absorb ≤ 32.79
D3PM Uniform ≤ 1.61
D3PM Absorb ≤ 1.45 Table 3: Test perplexities on the One Billion Words
Ours (NAR) SEDD Uniform ≤ 1.47 Dataset. The autoregressive result is an exact likelihood,
SEDD Absorb ≤ 1.39 while the diffusion results are upper bounds. SEDD beats
all other discrete diffusion models (by at least 2×) while
Table 2: Bits Per Character on text8. Our SEDD matching the autoregressive baseline.
models achieve second-best overall result (best for non-
autoregressive), only being beaten out by the autoregressive
model and a discrete flow (which uses an autoregressive 5.2.3. GPT-2 Z ERO S HOT TASKS
model as a backbone) by a small margin. SEDD also sub-
Finally, we compare SEDD against GPT-2 (Radford et al.,
stantially improves upon prior the discrete diffusion model
2019). We train on OpenWebText as the original WebText
D3PM (Austin et al., 2021).
dataset has not been made available (this is typical prac-
tice and does not meaningfully affect results in practice)
incorporates an autoregressive base distribution) (Tran et al.,
(Gokaslan & Cohen, 2019) and test on the LAMBADA,
2019). Furthermore, SEDD substantially improves upon
WikiText2, PTB, WikiText103, and One Billion Words
D3PM (Austin et al., 2021), despite both being built from
datasets (which were all of the GPT-2 zero-shot tasks that
the same discrete diffusion principles.
measured perplexity). We recompute baseline likelihoods
for all datasets except 1BW, where we encountered unex-
5.2.2. O NE B ILLION W ORDS DATASET
pected behavior with the public implementations. Our like-
We also test SEDD on One Billion Words, a more medium lihood computation changes from the original setting since
sized and real world dataset. We follow He et al. (2022) for we evaluate unconditionally (i.e. without a sliding window),
the tokenization, training, and model size configurations. In and this results in higher values than originally reported.
particular, our baselines are all around the size of GPT-2
Our results are reported in Table 1. Our SEDD Absorb
small. Following He et al. (2022), we compare primarily
beats GPT-2 on a majority of the zero-shot tasks across both
against other language diffusion models, although we also
sizes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time
train a standard autoregressive transformer as a benchmark.
where a non-autoregressive language model has matched a
We report perplexity values in Table 3. Our SEDD model modern, reasonably sized, and well-known autoregressive
outperforms all other diffusion language modeling schemes model for perplexities. We also compare against the most
by 50-75% lower perplexity (in particular D3PM). Further- competitive continuous (Gulrajani & Hashimoto, 2023) and
more, SEDD is within 1 perplexity of the autoregressive discrete (Austin et al., 2021) diffusion baselines, seeing a
model, likely matching since we only report an upper bound. large improvement over both.

6
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

a hiring platform that ”includes a fun club

GPT-2 S
meeting place,” says petitioner’s AQQFred-
ericks. They’s the adjacent marijuana-hop.
Others have allowed 3B Entertainment
misused, whether via Uber, a higher-order

GPT-2 M
reality of quantified impulse or the No Mass
Paralysis movement, but the most shame-
fully universal example is gridlock
As Jeff Romer recently wrote, “The economy

SEDD S
has now reached a corner - 64% of house-
hold wealth and 80% of wealth goes to credit
cards because of government austerity
Wyman worked as a computer science coach

SEDD M
before going to work with the U.S. Secret
Service in upstate New York in 2010. With-
out a license, the Secret Service will have to
(a) Generative Perplexity (↓) vs. Sampling Iterations. (b) Generated Text (small models)

Figure 1: Quality evaluation of unconditionally generated text. We compare SEDD and GPT-2 by the perplexity of their
analytically generated sequences. Our SEDD models consistently outperform GPT-2, interpolating between a 32× speedup
and a 6-8× improvement based on the chosen step size. The generated text reflects this improved generation capability, as
our samples are far more coherent. Additional samples and ablations can be found in Appendix D.3

5.3. Language Generation Comparison 5.3.2. I NFILLING C ONDITIONAL G ENERATION

With our trained models, we compare against prior work in Finally, we showcase SEDD’s ability for conditional gener-
terms of generation quality. In particular, we compare GPT- ation. We generate samples conditioned on a fixed amount
2 with our SEDD Absorb on a variety of scales. Results for of input text (from the WebText dataset) and compare their
SEDD Uniform are given in Appendix D. MAUVE scores (Pillutla et al., 2021). For SEDD, we con-
sider two prompting strategies: standard generation given
5.3.1. U NCONDITIONAL G ENERATION the beginning and infilling using the beginning and end,
although obviously more sampling strategies exist (and sev-
We first compare the quality of unconditional samples be-
eral are visualized in Table 4).
tween GPT-2 and SEDD. As most language metrics are
meant for comparing conditional generations (Pillutla et al., We compare against GPT-2 and SSD-LM (Han et al., 2022),
2021), we instead measure the generative perplexity of sam- a competitive language diffusion model built for this task
pled sequences (using a GPT-2 large model for evaluation). (all models are medium sized). Interestingly, a critical
This is a simple and common metric (Han et al., 2022; Diele- component for both baselines is distribution annealing: nu-
man et al., 2022) but can easily be “hacked” by simple dis- cleus sampling for autoregressive modeling (Holtzman et al.,
tribution annealing methods. So, we compare analytically 2019) (which clips the token probability) and thresholding
sampled generations (i.e. no temperature scaling). for diffusion (Li et al., 2022; Lou & Ermon, 2023) (which
constrains generation to disallow paths in low probabil-
For SEDD, we simulate using 32 to 2048 steps, which ap-
ity spaces). As introducing similar annealing methods for
proximates the learned distribution with minimal error for a
SEDD is out of scope for this paper, we compare against
large number of steps (the sequences are length 1024). Our
both the annealed and un-annealed baselines samples.
results (both the measured generative perplexity and some
samples) are shown in Figure 1. SEDD matches GPT-2 Our results are given in Table 5. SEDD is highly competitive
quality using 32× fewer network evaluations and outper- with the best configuration for both baselines, in fact beating
forms by 6-8× when using the full 2048 steps. Furthermore, both when using standard prompting. This is rather notable
SEDD forms a predictable log-log linear pareto frontier since SEDD does not use distribution annealing and does not
between the number of sampling steps and generative per- explicitly encode left to right prompting as an architectural
plexity. However, each network evaluation is different due inductive bias (while GPT-2 and SSD-LM were trained
to the KV-cache, which introduces a cost benefit tradeoff explicitly for autoregressive-like generation).
that we discuss more in Section 6.

7
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

A bow and arrow is a traditional weapon that enables an attacker to attack targets at a range within a meter
or maybe two meters. They have a range far longer than a human can walk, and they can be fired . . .
. . . skydiving is a fun sport that makes me feel incredibly silly. I think I may’ve spent too much, but it could’ve
been amazing! While sky diving gives us exercise and fun, scuba diving is an act of physical fitness, . . .
. . . no one expected the results to much better than last year’s one-sided endorsement. Nearly 90 percent of
the results were surveyed as ”independent,” an promising result for school children across the country.
. . . results show that Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton are in 38 states combined with less than 1% of the
national vote. In a way, it’s Trump and Hillary Clinton who will work overtime to get people to vote this . . .

Table 4: Conditionally Generated Text. Prompt tokens are given in blue. Our model is able to generate meaningful text
with prompt tokens in the front, the end, the middle, or even split up. Additional samples are given in Appendix D.3.

Method Annealing Mauve (↑) than language (e.g. images), likely due to empirical chal-
GPT-2 Nucleus-0.95 0.955 lenges. Despite this, some works have shown strong per-
None 0.802 formance on language, particularly for seq-to-seq tasks and
SSD-LM Logit Threshold-0.95 0.919 more efficient generation (Zheng et al., 2023; Chen et al.,
None 0.312 2023; Ye et al., 2023). Notably, from these works discrete
SEDD Standard None 0.957 diffusion has tended to be advantageous over continuous
SEDD Infill None 0.942 diffusion in reducing network evaluations.

Table 5: Evaluation of conditionally generated text. SEDD vs Prior Work. SEDD is a discrete diffusion model
SEDD with standard prompting beats both GPT-2 and SSD- that focuses on score matching, the crucial ingredient for
LM. SEDD also offers more flexibility (enabling infilling continuous diffusions (Song & Ermon, 2019; Ho et al.,
generation with comparable performance) and does not re- 2020). Many such works also focus on reversing a dis-
quire distribution annealing techniques for good generation. crete diffusion process (Campbell et al., 2022; Benton et al.,
2022; Sun et al., 2023), so score entropy is naturally related
6. Related Work with prior training objectives. However, SEDD focuses on
a principled, scalable, and performant objective (namely
Continuous Diffusion Models for Text Data. Initially pro- denoising score entropy), filling in shortcomings found in
posed by Li et al. (2022), continuous language diffusion previous works. In particular, prior methods train either
models embed tokens in a latent space, learn a diffusion with the equivalent of implicit score entropy (which is in-
model there, and take the nearest neighbor to dequantize. tractable and high variance) or propose alternate losses that
While initial versions struggled, these models have achieved suffer from other issues. These critical differences enable
significant results by iterating on several empirical com- large improvements for language tasks, where prior discrete
ponents. For example, prior works improve downstream diffusion models have conspicuously struggled on.
performance with alternative loss functions (moving away
from likelihood-based score matching) (Han et al., 2022; Furthermore, SEDD achieves better results (for both perplex-
Mahabadi et al., 2023) and explicitly encoding conditional ity and generation) than even continuous diffusion models
information (e.g. inputting an infilling mask) (Gong et al., (without resorting to empirically driven heuristics). This
2023; Dieleman et al., 2022). Additionally, distribution is desirable since discrete data should necessitate a novel
annealing methods like thresholding (Li et al., 2022) and approach. Future work could adapt empirical designs from
classifier-free guidance (Ho, 2022) can further improve continuous diffusion, further improving performance.
generation quality, although recent work has shown that Finally, SEDD challenges autoregressive models, achieving
methods like self-conditioning (Strudel et al., 2022) and competitive perplexities (beating GPT-2) and generation
designing a less sparse embedding space (e.g. based on bits) quality (beating nucleus sampling). While there is still a
(Chen et al., 2022) can obviate the need for such methods. large gap with modern large language models, we believe
Finally, Gulrajani & Hashimoto (2023) showed that, with that future work can bridge this using SEDD as a backbone.
many surgical changes to the training paradigm, it is pos-
sible for language diffusion models to begin approaching SEDD vs Autoregressive Sampling Iterations. SEDD
autoregressive performance for likelihoods. and autoregressive models have significantly different sam-
pling procedures due to the introduction of the KV-cache
Discrete Diffusion Models. Most discrete diffusion works for standard decoder-only transformer models. In particular,
follow the framework set out by D3PM (Austin et al., 2021) this complicates the inference code (as each network pass
which mimics “mean prediction” (Ho et al., 2020). These changes from being a standard full batch forward) and trades
discrete diffusion methods are largely applied to fields other

8
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

off speed with memory. For example, for our (known) unop- Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G.,
timized codebase and the existing huggingface transformers Askell, A., Agarwal, S., Herbert-Voss, A., Krueger, G.,
library (Wolf et al., 2020), we observed that SEDD matches Henighan, T., Child, R., Ramesh, A., Ziegler, D., Wu, J.,
autoregressive inference time when using around 100 steps Winter, C., Hesse, C., Chen, M., Sigler, E., Litwin, M.,
but can increase the batch size by roughly 4 − 6 times by Gray, S., Chess, B., Clark, J., Berner, C., McCandlish,
removing the KV-cache memory. Future work will likely S., Radford, A., Sutskever, I., and Amodei, D. Language
decrease the steps required for optimal generation (similar models are few-shot learners. In Advances in Neural
to existing work in standard diffusion (Song et al., 2021a)) Information Processing Systems, volume 33, 2020.
which can improve this tradeoff.
Campbell, A., Benton, J., Bortoli, V. D., Rainforth, T.,
Deligiannidis, G., and Doucet, A. A continuous time
7. Conclusion framework for discrete denoising models. In Advances in
We have introduced score entropy discrete diffusion (SEDD) Neural Information Processing Systems, 2022.
models, a discrete diffusion model that is parameterized by Chen, R. T. Q. and Duvenaud, D. K. Neural networks
the concrete score and can be trained efficiently with our with cheap differential operators. In Neural Information
novel score entropy loss. SEDD beats previous language Processing Systems, 2019.
diffusion models and rivals autoregressive models for both
perplexity and quality. We hope that future work can build Chen, T., Zhang, R., and Hinton, G. Analog bits: Gen-
off our framework to defines alternatives to the modern erating discrete data using diffusion models with self-
autoregressive language modeling paradigm. conditioning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2208.04202, 2022.
Chen, Z., Yuan, H., Li, Y., Kou, Y., Zhang, J., and Gu, Q.
Impact Statement Fast sampling via de-randomization for discrete diffusion
models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.09193, 2023.
This paper proposes work that advances the field of natural
language generation. Outside of existing ethical questions Dao, T., Fu, D. Y., Ermon, S., Rudra, A., and R’e, C. Flashat-
for this area (e.g. bias, toxicity, fake content), our approach tention: Fast and memory-efficient exact attention with
does not present any specific danger as the core work is io-awareness. In Neural Information Processing Systems,
largely theoretical and not at the scale to pose a specific 2022.
problem.
Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., and Toutanova, K. BERT:
Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for lan-
Acknowledgements guage understanding. In Proceedings of the 2019 Confer-
This project was supported by NSF (#1651565), ARO ence of the North American Chapter of the Association
(W911NF-21-1-0125), ONR (N00014-23-1-2159), CZ Bio- for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Tech-
hub, a Stanford HAI GCP grant. AL is supported by a NSF nologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers). Association
Graduate Research Fellowship. for Computational Linguistics, 2019.
Dieleman, S., Sartran, L., Roshannai, A., Savinov, N.,
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 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

A. Proof of Main Results

Proof of Prop 3.2. Given infinite samples, the loss becomes equivalent to minimizing
 
X p(y)
min p(x)wxy sθ (x)y − log sθ (x)y (23)
θ p(x)
x,y̸=x

where we have removed constants not depending on θ. This is minimized when

p(y)
sθ (x)y − log sθ (x)y (24)
p(x)

p(y)
is minimized for all x, y. Taking a derivative with respect to s and setting to 0, we see that this occurs when sθ (x)y = p(x) ,
which can be easily checked to be optimal as the function is convex as a function of s. One can check that the loss is 0 at the
minimum.

Proof of Prop 3.3. The trick is the categorical equivalent of the divergence theorem. In particular, we have
X p(y) X p(y)
Ex∼p f (x, y) = p(x)f (x, y)
p(x) p(x)
y̸=x x,y:x̸=y
X
= p(y)f (x, y)
x,y:x̸=y
X
= Ey∼p f (x, y)
x̸=y
X
= Ex∼p f (y, x)
y̸=x

for abitrary f . By setting f (x, y) = wxy log sθ (x)y , we get that

 
  
X p(y) p(y)
Ex∼p  wxy sθ (x)y − log sθ (x)y + K 
p(x) p(x)
y̸=x
 
 
X p(y) 
= Ex∼p  wxy sθ (x)y − wyx log sθ (y)x + wxy K
p(x)
y̸=x

which is the desired equivalent (as the last term does not depend on θ).

Proof of Thm 3.4. This is similar to the same denoising variant for concrete score matching. We just need to show that the
log sθ (xt )y pptt (x)
(y)
marginalizes out, since everything else does not change or is a constant.

X p(y) X
Ex∼p f (x, y) = f (x, y)pt (y)
p(x)
y̸=x y̸=x
XX
= f (xt , y)p(y|x0 )p0 (x0 )
y̸=x x0
X p(y|x0 )
= Ex0 ∼p0 f (x, y) p(x|x0 )
p(x|x0 )
y̸=x
X p(y|x0 )
= Ex0 ∼p0 ,x∼p(·|x0 ) f (x, y)
p(x|x0 )
y̸=x

12
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

Applying this to our loss when f (x, y) = wxy log sθ (x)y gives us
 
  
X p(y) p(y)
Ex∼p  wxy sθ (x)y − log sθ (x)y + K 
p(x) p(x)
y̸=x
   
  
X p(y)  − Ex0 ∼p0 ,x∼p(·|x0 ) 
X p(y|x0 )
= Ex∼p  wxy sθ (x)y + K wxy log sθ (x)y 
p(x) p(x|x0 )
y̸=x y̸=x
   
p(y|x0 ) p(y)
= Ex0 ∼p0 ,x∼p(·|x0 ) wxy sθ (x)y log sθ (x)y + K
p(x|x0 ) p(x)

Proof of Thm 3.6. The full bound is given by

− log pθ0 (x0 ) ≤ LDWDSE (x0 ) + DKL (pT |0 (·|x0 ) ∥ π) (25)

where LDWDSE is given by
Z T   
X pt|0 (y|x0 ) pt|0 (y|x0 )
Ext ∼pt|0 (·|x0 ) Qt (xt , y) sθ (xt , t)y − log sθ (x, t)y + K dt
0 pt|0 (xt |x0 ) pt|0 (xt |x0 )
y̸=xt

Effectively, LDWSDE is the path measure KL divergence (Campbell et al., 2022; Song et al., 2021b), and the proof follows
similarly. In particular, we have that, by the data processing inequality
− log pθ0 (x0 ) = DKL (δx0 ∥ pθ0 ) ≤ DKL (Px0 ∥ Pθ ) (26)
where Px0 is the path measure for the reverse of the noising process applied to δx0 and Pθ is the learned reverse process.
Generally, we can replace δx0 with a more general data distribution pdata , with the computation remaining the same. We
have,
DKL (Px0 ∥ Pθ ) ≤ ExT ∼pT |0 (·|x0 ) DKL (Px0 (·|xT ) ∥ Pθ (·|xT )) + DKL (pT |0 (·|x0 ) ∥ π)
 
(27)
We analyze the term ExT DKL (Px0 (·|xT ) ∥ Pθ (·|xT )), which we can compute by Dynkin’s formula (Hanson, 2007;
Campbell et al., 2022), which, similar to Girsanov’s Theorem for standard SDEs (Øksendal, 1987), allows one to compute
the change in measure. In particular, by applying Theorem 7.1 of Hanson (2007) with degenerate SDE coefficients, we find
the expectation to be given explicitly by
Z T X θ θ
Ext ∼pt|0 (·|x0 ) Qt (y, xt ) − Qt (y, xt ) log(Qt (xt , y)) (28)
0 y̸=xt
 
pt|0 (y|x0 )
+ Qt (y, xt ) log Qt (y, xt ) + Qt (xt , y)K dt (29)
pt|0 (xt |x0 )
θ
Since our reverse rate matrices Qt are parameterized with sθ , we can simplify the above to
Z T   
X pt|0 (y|x0 )
Ext ∼pt|0 (·|x0 ) Qt (xt , y) sθ (xt , t)y + K − Qt (y, xt ) log sθ (y, t)xt dt (30)
0 pt|0 (xt |x0 )
y̸=xt

To finalize, we simply note that the summation over Q(y, xt ) log(sθ (y, t)xt ) can be simplified with the (reverse of) the trick
used for proving 3.3.
X X
Ext ∼pt|0 (·|x0 ) Q(y, xt ) log sθ (y)xt = pt|0 (xt |x0 )Q(y, xt ) log sθ (y)xt (31)
y̸=xt xt ,y̸=xt
pt|0 (xt |x0 )
= Ey∼pt|0 (·|x0 ) Q(y, xt ) log sθ (y)xt (32)
pt|0 (y|x0 )
pt|0 (y|x0 )
= Ext ∼pt|0 (·|x0 ) Q(xt , y) log sθ (xt )y (33)
pt|0 (xt |x0 )

13
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

where the last line is just a permutation of the notation of xt and y. As such, we get the desired loss

T   
pt|0 (y|x0 ) pt|0 (y|x0 )
Z X
Ext ∼pt|0 (·|x0 ) Qt (xt , y) sθ (xt , t)y − log sθ (x, t)y + K dt
0 pt|0 (xt |x0 ) pt|0 (xt |x0 )
y̸=xt

Proof of Thm 4.1. This can be shown by Bayes’ rule:

pt|0 (xt |x0 )p0 (x0 ) p0 (x0 )

p0|t (x0 |xt ) = = pt|0 (xt |x0 ) (34)
pt (xt ) pt (xt )

We have p0 = exp(−σQ)pt and pt|0 (xt |x0 ) = exp(σQ)xt ,x0 , so the theorem follows.

Proof of Thm 4.2. Using our factorization assumption we get that

 
DKL pt−∆t|t (xt−∆t |xt ) ∥ pθt−∆t|t (xt−∆t |xt ) (35)
d
X h i
=− Ext−∆t ∼pt−∆t|t (xt−∆t |xt ) log pθt−∆t|t (xit−∆t |xt ) + C (36)
i=1

where C is a constant independent of θ. We simply need to minimize the following cross entropy loss for each i

−Ex h
log pθt−∆t|t (xit−∆t |xt )
i (37)
t−∆t ∼pt−∆t|t (xt−∆t |xt )

Our τ -leaping condition implies that our transition assumes no change in other dimensions, so in particular
pit−∆t (xit−∆t |xt ) = pθt−∆t|t (x1t . . . xit−∆t . . . xdt |xt ). By the standard properties of cross entropy, this is minimized when
pθt−∆t|t (x1t . . . xit−∆t . . . xdt |xt ) = pt−∆t|t (xt−∆t |xt ). This equality follows directly from Thm 4.1.

B. Algorithms for Training and Inference

Algorithm 1 Score Entropy Training Loop (Multiple Dimensions)

Require: Network sθ , noise schedule σ (total noise σ), data distribution pdata , token transition matrix Q, time [0, T ].
Sample x0 ∼ p0 , t ∼ U([0, T ]).
Construct xt from x0 . In particular, xit ∼ pt|0 (·|xi0 ) = exp(σ(t)Q)xi0 .
if Q is Absorb then
This is e−σ(t) exi0 + 1 − e−σ(t) eMASK

else if Q is Uniform then

1 + e−σ(t) exi0
σ(t)
−1
This is eneσ(t)
end if
p (y|xi )
Pd Pn  
Compute LbDW DSE = σ(t) i=1 y=1 (1 − δxit (y)) sθ (xt , t)i,y − p t|0(xi |x0i ) log sθ (xt , t)i,y .
t|0 t 0

Backpropagate ∇θ LbDW DSE . Run optimizer.

14
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

Algorithm 2 Score Entropy Sampling (Unconditional)

Require: Network sθ , noise schedule σ (total noise σ), token transition matrix Q, time [0, T ], step size ∆t
Sample xT ∼ pbase by sampling each xiT from the stationary distribution of Q.
t←T
while t > 0 do
if Using Euler then
Construct transition densities pi (y|xit ) = δxit (y) + ∆tQtok i
t (xt , y)sθ (xt , t)i,y .
else if Using Tweedie Denoising then

Construct transition densities pi (y|xit ) = exp(σ(t − ∆t) − σ(t))Q)sθ (xt , t)i y exp((σ(t) − σ(t − ∆t))Q)(xit , y)
end if
Normalize pi (·|xit ) (clamp the values to be minimum 0 and renormalize the sum to 1 if needed).
Sample xit−∆t ∼ pi (y|xit ) for all i, constructing xt−∆t from xit−∆t .
t ← t − ∆t
end while
Return: x0

Algorithm 3 Score Entropy Sampling (Conditional)

Require: A sampling algorithm (given above). Prompt spaces Ω and tokens T .
xT ∼ pbase as above. Set all indices in Ω to corresponding token in T
t←T
while t > 0 do
Use prior methods to construct transition densities pi (y|xit ) for all i
Sample xit−∆t ∼ pi (y|xit ) for all i only if i ∈
/ Ω. Otherwise, set xit−∆t ← xit for i ∈ Ω. Construct xt−∆t from xit−∆t .
t ← t − ∆t
end while
Return: x0

C. Additional Experimental Details

C.1. Diffusion Details
1−t t
The geometric noise distribution is σ(t) = σmin σmax . The log linear noise schedule is σ(t) = − log(1 − (1 − ϵt)) for some
small epsilon for numerical stability as t → 1, commonly 10−3 or 10−4 . These noise schedules were chosen such that the
prior loss DKL (pT |0 (·x0 ) ∥ π) and the approximation of pdata with pσ(0) are negligible. We typically scale the uniform
transition matrix down by N1 and take pbase to be uniform. For the absorbing state, we take pbase to be the MASK state with
some leakage of probability to a random non-MASK state (to avoid inf KL divergence, although this is negligible and is not
used for generation in practice).

C.2. Model Details

Our model train with flash attention (Dao et al., 2022) with fused kernels wherever applicable. We also use the adaLN-zero
time information network of (Peebles & Xie, 2023) with 128 hidden dimension. Following previous work, we parameterize
the network with the total noise level instead of the time t. We also found it easier to postprocess the output of our network
to form sθ , rather than outputting it directly. Concretely, we exponentiate (which maintains positivity) to be beneficial to
avoid numerical errors and also found that scaling by eσ − 1 helps for absorbing diffusion.
SEDD models have the same hidden dimensions, number of blocks, and number of heads as their corresponding GPT-2
models. However, SEDD models also use a separate word embedding matrix and output matrix. In total, SEDD small and
SEDD medium have around 90M parameters and 320M non embedding parameters respectively (compared to GPT-2 small
86M and GPT-2 medium 304M non-embedding parameters respectively).

15
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

C.3. Training Details

All models were trained with a batch size of 512 and trained with a learning rate of 3 × 10−4 . We clip our gradient norm to
1 and have a linear warmup schedule for the first 2000 iterations. We also use a 0.9999 EMA.
We trained on nodes of 8 A100 80GB or 16 A100 40GB GPUs, using gradient accumulation when our batch size did not fit
into memory (as is the case for SEDD medium).

C.4. Hyperparameter Search

We did not do a hyperparameter or achitecture search. Our hyperparameters were chosen for convenience purposes (e.g.
the architecture was taken from DDiT (Peebles & Xie, 2023), but we use rotary embeddings since they come included in
previous work (Gulrajani & Hashimoto, 2023)) or were naturally lifted from previous training recipes (e.g. the ubiquitous
3 × 10−4 learning rate, 0.9999 EMA).

C.5. Baseline Details (for Likelihood-based Training and Evaluation)

C.5.1. T EXT 8
The baselines are taken from Graves et al. (2023), with many coming from Austin et al. (2021). In particular, they are
IAF/SCF (Ziegler & Rush, 2019), the Autoregressive Argmax Flow (Hoogeboom et al., 2021), and the discrete flow (Tran
et al., 2019) for autoregressive models. The non-autoregressive baselines are, in order, Multinomial Diffusion (Hoogeboom
et al., 2021), MAC (Shih et al., 2022), Bayesian Flow Networks (Graves et al., 2023), and D3PM (Austin et al., 2021).

C.5.2. O NE B ILLION W ORDS P ERPLEXITY

The baselines are taken from He et al. (2022). They are D3PM (Austin et al., 2021), Diffusion-LM (Li et al., 2022),
BERT-mouth (Wang & Cho, 2019), and DiffusionBert (He et al., 2022).

C.5.3. GPT-2
The only two non GPT-2 baselines are PLAID (Gulrajani & Hashimoto, 2023) and D3PM (with Absorbing Transition)
(Austin et al., 2021). We retrain both models (as they have not been trained with our exact specifications) to compare against
small models. We reuse our model architecture and match hyperparameters (i.e. model size, training specifications).

C.6. Likelihood Evaluation Details

We randomly sample with 1000 timesteps to Monte Carlo estimate our likelihoods. We use invertible tokenizers, as is
customary for GPT-2 experiments. We report results on the test set for all datasets besides WikiText02, where we report on
the train set since WikiText02 and WikiText103 share the same test set.

C.7. Unconditional Generation Details

We generate using the Tweedie denoiser, which performed slightly better than the Euler sampling (typically by 1-4 perplexity
points). We generated 1000 samples for all models.

C.8. Conditional Generation Details

We follow Han et al. (2022) and generate 5 samples for each ground truth sample before calculating MAUVE. Note that this
implies that we compare 5000 generated samples and 1000 ground truth samples. We sample by conditioning on 50 tokens
and generating a new 50. For autoregressive-type sampling, this means we take the first 50 tokens. For SEDD with infilling,
this means we clamp all input text sizes to a max of 100 tokens and condition on the first and last 25 tokens.

16
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

Figure 2: Generative Perplexity for SEDD Uniform.

D. Additional Experimental Results

D.1. Ablation of Concrete Score Matching
We also ablated the concrete score matching objective from (Meng et al., 2021) for the GPT-2 scale experiments. This was
done by simply replacing the score entropy term with the corresponding ℓ2 based loss (in particular keeping the scaling by
Qt (x, y)). In general, we found that this did not train well, resulting in 3 − 4× higher likelihood loss, which corresponds to
10,000× higher perplexity. Similarly,

17
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

D.2. Further Evaluation of Generative Perplexity

We further evaluate our generative perplexity for uniform models as well as different sampling schemes (analytic sampling
based on Tweedie’s vs Euler sampling based off of reverse diffusion). Results are shown in Figure 2. Generally, we find that
uniform does not produce the same linear tradeoff curve as absorbing (most likely due to a bottleneck in generation quality).
Futhermore, analytic generally outperforms Euler sampling, and this is a major factor for the uniform model.
We also generated on our trained baselines (Austin et al., 2021; Gulrajani & Hashimoto, 2023), finding both performed
substantially worse than our SEDD Absorb baseline but slightly better than our SEDD Uniform.

D.3. Additional Samples

Continued on next page.

18
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

; Koopong and Kozullo each received annual stipends of $500 for regular parking. Personnel and administration
described how common illegal activities with their lawmakers were. Koopong had our neighbors respond as
politically incorrect. Koltak adds, ”People said their taxes were too high.”
Other sidewalks that are not clean are clustered around stadiums and other venues that will (incidentally) become
part of BB&T, they expressed joy. Bearing stones and flag-sporting players cheered following the signing. Players
hit with the ”Bill of Rights” signed by kits may claim PG&E shares in analysis fee like SBHR11 / glasses, lifestyle
ebook for tattoo/sculpture projects and pirate rewards cards (12/25/00 for Subscription). Keiley, BA said there
are six sitting Summons Vendors. Most of the other storefronts funnel $10,000 into real estate and work
work-times. The nature of Bose also inspired and painted a composite image aimed at encouraging the purchase
of sitebursts. The Studio 15 tenant cried out as more business from Pulaski Grill, one of the city’s premier club
clubs, popped-up. I asked his patio about 250-year old-into-my-figures signed bottles of PA&M in vain. Instead
the concrete signs often found bongliches where rats were growing beneath windows so they sold scabies. Trade
papers on banners congratulated the importing of Scotch Ale like #PrintedBrew By The Flu (which the release
class clipped to the B2 shins). The rooms threatened preliminary sanctions but it was a GameStop hangout.
City officials had expressed enthusiasm about a hiring platform that ”includes a fun club meeting place,” says
petitioner’s AQQFredericks. They’s the adjacent marijuana-hop. Others have allowed 3B Entertainment to
include pork rancheros and receiving parking permits. Possibly AB 302 is coming. State Department of Licenses
has ordered Pfizer to pay $67,000 tax exemption under the 1951 Marijuana Tax Act, he adds. Ajax responded
with the same public-context query. Sierra Vista was secured to bear ”branded” items of beer and asked to
spend $200,000 to break it down to $10,000.
Brand Me Remembering Mac to not be Saul Bowmare I give you this. We’ll see if she responds. ”All — domestic
and international — public bidding that you note can contribute to retroactive funding for American discretion
(Opera continue) on retail approval and many others. Many doesn’t post in the public grid.” Begin parking
off E. 93rd St., from woods behind Merush Correctional Facility onto E. 93rd St.*: ”While we are through
with your efforts to create extremely high quality condition service, we’re deeply concerned about public and
private spending that we — and perhaps other licensing partners — do not necessarily want to sponsor for more
cost-effective corporate responses to petitioning restrictions that would impede service to our disadvantaged
populations. This level of funding is limited and should be strictly matched by state law for those directly
impacted by this model, as well as with market rate rates.
”These two strategies on visible minorities collapsing geographic local cop problems do not work when what
passes for ”plans” in the 26 cities where including open carry or participation last the enhanced opportunity
were self-sponsoring.” Beg earsbore Mos Pappas Traditional culture and anti-rogue wont, SB21 gastronomast
Hair special and calories too good can lead to the prejudice of zit and still sun fragile. Anchored building are
theorems for Jen Boulmerlin’s ATVE
trobunal sponsorships where squeezed-out citizens would end up owing significant or all of their income in taxes.
Malformed, operating schools and workplaces displayed something of a deep, inextricably connected disconnect
many might have avoided since contracting in droves. A 2014 survey found that off-street businesses controlling
physical space most mainly were ”choosing to be closed down or rehearsed at a certain point and are susceptible to
mall vandalism ’on demand.’ Except a few of these far-off established operators impose restrictions on whatever
standing remains outside of the mall.” Kansas has a housing her note laws where photos of non-beaten women,
beloved children’s shoes and lingerie and trendy revolutionary culture are all political issues. Think Drive leaning
with outside bounty on your heart. Tenants spent $30K on occupation benefits that failed to curb spine tics
AND most eviction rules used Lucas Venturi docu schedules at his PlayPoint inner-site membership #280

Figure 3: GPT-2 Small Analytic Sampling. Unconditional

19
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

tired and half-mad about her eldest corner of life on her porch at 12. “My mother never lay outside her home,”
says Lamb’s bihelson.
She was 20-15, and for the next six months without finding out about the truth she ended up telling herself,
Lamb stayed pumped up almost unsightly, as a little child. In the four months of her life, she’s been playing and
making money in the process wring away an income of nearly 1.7 billion dollars.
It’s not that long. Lamb stares despairingly at at least two people, amid pale-aged woodland and piles of
campsites he now uses as an Atlanta Herald-Western reporter punching out his weary eyes.
“When many of these days went dark none of these forms could go forward without the offenders being high.”
“At a few weeks my doctor came at home and had a camera and a book on the marijuana I was taking a young
child,” says Lamb, now named Sharon Schlessy. She believed that her mother’s shaky health had gone on for a
moment, but she couldn’t do anything about it, but her stepmother lay dead in front of her. But nothing settled
with some of her victims. Her mother shot her “every day with a bullet.” Three weeks later, Lamb’s came back
again. “You cut down folks on trees,” says the woman with her hair. “Every gun to drow on fruit trees right
there was cheap, illegal, and on your own.”
“While I was nine-year old Angela, there were 15 of my who came back in on-the-job and my best shot at life,”
she says. “Tiny took away substances in life, and your mother’s life was financed by a small little gun we just
bashed, and sometimes, I’d end up arguing in the closet with my mother where she killed her little crow [the tiny
squirrel-nay] but couldn’t catch anything.” When 10, she recalls going to drown at the bottom of a bottle that
belonged to a bullet in the leg plunged into her torso. “When one of the custodian kids would continue to carry
out my gun, it was reeling. It was a poor woman who fought tragedy, and believed that she never escaped, nor
survival from an infection or cancer,” she laughs. Moreover, was the man Lamb and her friends worried about
going wrong? Yes, and without. “Right now, I get passed and talked to back home,” says 50-year-old.
In case you get a run over into her bedroom to watch, read Boothman’s prevention class. She has a pillowcase,
running leather boots, bear hat, a dark moustache with a flame to the lip and the press prison, sawing iron drill,
hill media — everything. Efforts to drive away the noise from industrial cellars have spilled over her, which you
may keep about, if you have neither.
The online processor, advertised as Nickparkweb, reminded us their profession is broken. Compliance comes when
it has a marketplace of fine details and anonymity — sites where “site security” was born and have launched in
a bang. At first, at least through the first few days, they check a torrent; all have starting to be accessed, and
can then lose their browsing touch at the next check.
“Our thread is where we broke,” says the 57-year-old. “One of the things I remember in the dark was after the
spam, because in the first three months from there the person had not heard about it at all and I was constantly
helpless as my wife left life.”
Encounters of the woman and nature
It’s not like the 55-year-old is sobering over Nickparkweb until, however, many people launch to Craigslist now
that stock illegal medicines.Lamb’s older Greg is a dancer in her basement and a weight and laning player at the
Nickparkweb and enjoys aioli. He probably buys some of the illegal medicine here today. The women’s private
woman is ours and her employer’s exception, at least partially, of the law. But her husband is still young and the
website might be bad yet. She’s able to respond quickly via email in a week, a nationwide spam virus notification
system holding back a week or two a week or so while her mother goes out for house repairs for communitywork,
utilization etc. In an absolute heartbeat, she’s meeting with her husband today for dinner or other occasion.
“Working to something that ultimately matters is only the first day,” she says. “When

Figure 4: SEDD-Uniform Small. Unconditional

20
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

carried out 171 parliamentary committee rules before it was released by results.
On Sunday, the Indonesian government organised a massive riot. Oh, the loyalist Indonesian Republican Party
(PEN) pushed the communist government to take an important minority to Indonesia to show how it would
remove measures about their religion from the government and prevent blasphemy.
Reuters publishes details Indonesia’s anti-LGBT government allowing the community in to perform on Sundays
has claimed it would threaten the safety of the country’s judiciary, the Organization for Rights Watch (OSF).
Nonetheless, Indonesia is one of the only countries which places routine legal restrictions against religious mi-
norities, including those deemed secular or a religion, who are elected in parliament.
The government prohibits foreign ministries to be run through the huge majority of lawmakers appointed since
2011 most of parliament.
“For LGBT groups, sentencing has become a major topic on the politics. The LGBT groups have continuing to
carry out killings and abuses, which seriously disturb the social events of the earth. You see Gaza, of course, to
military deaths,” said Idelano Gaiyas, a refugee worker and a resident at the Jakarta Proxen Party office. PEN
arrests were made in April to counteract a homophobic speech.
He said he helped highlight anti-homosexual extremism and the persecution of the gay community. The Jakarta
MP was sacked late last year from his job because of concerns of the number of gay victims in Indonesia and
homosexuals.
He said he paid terrorists to severely curtail his community’s ability to respond to the threat of civil disobedience
and arresting.
“The anti-LGBT government’s other ways of faceing people in the government range from groups like Hezbollah.
One man was killed in 2009. Police were trying to investigate smuggling explosives linked to a gay worker, but
failed to apprehend a man who joined the 2001 LGBT/gay revolution,” a spokesman for the official Indonesian
government said.
Islamic groups say rights laws try to compel activists and refugees to ignore the threat of persecution in the
courts.
“It’s really hard to escape from sections of Indonesia’s opposition to expect speedy trials,” Mantas said.
In the courts, Indonesian governments try to combat discrimination. Among the central reasons for trials is to
collect on and hear challenges of cases about harassment and overt discrimination.
Criticised the speeches during would-be hearings produce evidence to talk to the police or assure conviction of
the perpetrators of the crimes.
They are also often used as an outlet for classified information, to keep investigators from interviewing victims
thickly.
“It’s like the legal system,” said. “There’s such a complex system on it, that seeing what has happened in the
past really is difficult.”
That same court will be investigating the case of S.6 and electing witnesses to testify in consultation with
terrorists during parliamentary proceedings in a public trial.¡—endoftext—¿Som is when it makes sense that
June — not only only the strongest ever June at 17 but, after the previous 10, the third-fastest June since 1974
— is built to a sixth consecutive month.
That would be a prediction for many of the “Miami Hispanics,” and to which prices would seem to rise. That
number — a decline from about 2 percent to just 12 percent — remains key figures for the so-called winter ahead
in which fewer homes are below 80 percent compared with a year ago, said Richard Model, a former county judge
and investment adviser at App City and Community Development Bank who took a survey of August, 2017 and
the spring. Find home prices from sellout through the end of July.
Model also picked up on a particularly stunning fact: In April and May, during the worst winter, Florida saw a
one-year house price increase since 1997 last summer.

Figure 5: SEDD-Absorbing Small. Unconditional

21
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

’ 2011 moral panic on socio-economic injustice, writes Adam Liberman: Why equal warning gradations are valid
studies in moral panic. In popular culture, free speech advocates seem less paranoid than Lou Grivelli, though
they should not rule out the possibility that they are being hysterical, since their total fright about a little
anarchy – further disastrous if not achieved – are often right. Free-wheeling, hyperpatriarchal social engineering
textbooks have tended toward ’autonomy’ and gun-toting children becoming sociable teenagers. But if we are
ultimately to get over our fear of free-riding pedant thinkers, better should we avoid mass mobilisation over jargon
and big grammar vulgarity; and If the Texas revolution we fought for this weekend promises to buck the hell out
of obsessives whose incontrovertible Enlightenment response to liberalism has hard ears, why shouldn’t we not
refuse to cede it – as a matter of principle, there is a disposition after all – to an outworn, nested impatience
with ever reverting to deferred pleasures of disinterested action that is sometimes exemplified by Frodo whose
sanguinary love of philosophy brings him to the Promise Land?
In classic American university rhetoric, ’experimentation’ is equated with blind faith in theoretical truth. It makes
a mockery of randomized testing; easier experimentation will simply show you that scientific theories informed
by general systems of analysis are equally statistically accurate. Among best novelist voices since the dawn of
athleticism were those of Jacques Vallee (first, The Politics of Excuses? ; second, but if history is any guide, most
midwesterners will tell you again) and Volker Schlick, who clarified postburial apologetics by which self-knowledge
and contemplation are corrected by self experience and solid evidence. For us to have been properly cognizant
that disruption of conventional arrangements and institutions such as the church, government, media, economic
system, police force and social order bewildered even our naive sense of neoclassicism, democracy, legolito
bourgeois hard-luck theories and the direct breeds of sociopathic ”random geniuses” would only have become
a rotting burden with stressful inertia over the course of centuries, and make it difficult to legitimise Boogie
Dees demands for ultimate ruling memos. Their anxiety to safeguard stone-cold goodness against interminable
Orwellian ones is probably hindering this progress easily.
Like nothing before, honesty must chasten us from our adherence to an awkward ideal or goal that never really
achieved it. ’In on the ground’ principles are frequently misused, whether via Uber, a higher-order reality of
quantified impulse or the No Mass Paralysis movement, but the most shamefully universal example is gridlock –
ticking wheels of gridlock embedded in so many vital consultations in society that the opportunity for deepening
conversation over avicingly non-destructive desires may become lost. Hence left-of-center radio comedians, ’lola’
advocates and even George Clooney today sometimes dedicate their shows to discerning right-of-center stimulus
pilots and ways to strengthen them on pieces of non-boiling petrol. Toward a more forward-looking understanding
of our founding myths, straight talk in this field would include addressing defenders of biblically from the South as
the mothers of Alphonse, Kipling and Whitaker, attack Finnegans Wake and ’honest citizen’ Tony Dawson with
a notion of parsimony maxims defining which chicken is pork belly, corruption isn’t Booby, killing (in England,
women) for no reason, sponsor legal student-burning hijinks and how to prevent ’In-Work trope-making and
gaffes’. Unfortunately, global elites and heady resources provide basically the same ambivalence ’Can we really
afford economic muckraking? Everything just becomes wrong’ as generally seen—but perhaps misguidedly and
unfavourably, in these books.
Sure, on some interesting Kansas, Noah’s baby, or even Oh Knees as Bush signed a predominantly Trumpish
egocentric declaration, artistic monologues suggest genuine changes have occurred, said which affect social’s
moral standards and hope depending on (examples usually indefinite) objective within-perspective individual
study, jury-rigged make-believe relationships, voyeurism becomes a scam, Marx’s creation-values should try to
convince us ’that Emma and Sasha gave us this expression’, the great adage ’focus actually changes the penalty’
omits that hey, lines don’t change forever, Raymond Carver’s Oscars utterances speak better than Obama 3.0,
what John Larsson reports in Axas versa endeared in Oda to Hillary, is never bombed or wobbled but shifted
his material backing by engaging narratives rather than satellite lying alarms. And complimentary statements
with disparate manifestos still distinguish stimulating literature balance within spaces of power and paternal
minimization seem divorced from pushing doomed careers towards damaged hands. Varieties of rewriting/claims
on the mound and irrespective ethos help intervene on sorts of probability theory in

Figure 6: GPT-2 Medium Analytic Sampling. Unconditional.

22
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

1953, he took one in the planned third Bruin Offensive against Northern Germany at Tustin (West Point).
Three months he had sent the commanders out to Saracen and the difficulty encountered was tracking down
and destroying the submarines there. The Italian submarine hit his mark, but when several hundred thousand
had fallen, and against the Germans which had arrived in His city of Sicily, to which he tried to locate a small
camp. His second successful mission took place in Bari. The route ran through New York to Madrid and between
Mexico, and Morocco. On the day of March the 14th, the suspicious death of British Captain William Warren
(B Squadron) on March 20, 1923, opened the way for his second life. Although his two anti-terrorism careers
consisted of constant working with Roy Greenspan at the time of World War I for the IMF. Let him call him
“The Cardinal.” Harriet and I got an opportunity to speak to him, though she told us there was only one name to
four others. He was the father of Percy Billings. As in his first case, Warren had been the head of the Australian
Air Force. Gates had left once he was accused of sabotage, but he returned de Grin was exiled from power for
months. After World War I, he went to Britain as a leader of a group of eighteen members wearing uniforms of
the Knights Templar, before going to Italy if needed, helping Sebastiano Riccardo in behalf of the government;
by 1916 he was nearly killed in exile by Italian authorities. One of those men, Dr. Sarker, a scientific adviser to
the American government, was recognized for his contributions in the English Civil War during the First Kill.
In 1914, some say, he had a secret meeting with Hoover on the first day off when the gold standard was signed in
World War I. Sarker, we also admit, was a brilliant policeman. Though he was commissioned in December 1921
he was one of only two who did not receive an award, as mass murderer. Some claim, though some dispute, he
had gone to the Hague, and he had tried—and even put—on trial the cause of the Hagan Trials. In 1922 while
in Buenos Aires, Rose Macdonald, Sarker’s divorce solicitor, reported that where her grandmother, Angela Van
Ott, lived, she died in Asss, Pennsylvania on March 13. She apparently took her daughter to live with another
family. There is documentation of this award in the United States. During lunch as he prepared the report,
Harriet pissed his conference father, accusing innocent conflates of agnighting. He told us that he based the
previous testimony, in which Alberto C. Rogers and his Captain wereasked to be interviewed, as reasonable. He
asked Harriet to explain some of her evidence. We passed on that Rogers himself now said to be the third. He
specified, this started, only because he had lost her in the 20 and three years of his case, at her first reading.
He extended his invitation to one of the Bow Court’s best award winners. It’s why he changed. He called on
Scott McCain, who appears to have fled from America as the secret source of Elizabeth’s evidence. KKR was
censored at first sight. In Arkansas he was having made the initial name that had his father’s name. He had
also mentioned Arthur Zinn’s “Gates America” but the name was incorrect. “Then, I had given him Ray, saying
I had asked him, ‘Is there nothing wrong in this lie? I have discovered nothing?’ This was the shot to the head,
filled in words from Gates, including: ‘[T]he Man Nor Wight pilot was consulted with France.’ ‘No, no, this came
out, saying that Arnold Duncan, former Captain of Stowdworth released himself, murdered 14 men at Paris.’ I
said, ‘Then what, then?’ He said, ‘The Germans want you to send it through America.’ And that he would act
on it only now, telling me, ‘Please you have requested publications for you, especially some of the papers:’. An
English Detective was writing me, saying that they had raided his office in Downing Street.” Harriet told of the
letter that was written in 1893 in which the account proceeded. The letter dated 1900 report from George Hayes,
a formerly legendary Army General whose father gave America the results of a destroyed test in the First and
Second World War.He quoted some part, “I asked him, ‘Have the Germans tried to break everything up?’ He
said. ‘Yes, yes. He will tell you.” Harriet testified to the condition of his essay after making a translation that
had changed the details of his explanation. “He said that the indications were out on the North Cook. He did
not say where the men were odity ITC.

Figure 7: SEDD-Uniform Medium. Unconditional

23
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

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Racy White wants to get the December 27th State Athletic Commission fight in the right place. He wants to
keep Darran Rua’s second division career back at the top.
Me.com. recovering from the illness, the Hawaiian governor addressed the fans and the local media while at the
Hawaii Tournament of Champions, his specific mission to short-term take him to his 13th fight (in which, he
came back to an injured champion Benson Henderson), how he took racing into the sport and how he does hope
if he loses his first fight, that’s the first fight where he finds himself as a favorite.
On the motivations of coming back:
“I built my whole life so that you could do the same things you’m doing. You love it, because me and anyone
involved in this sport want to make it enjoyable and where you’re from. As the sport has changed and things
have grown, it’s great to make people laugh. It’s the town off the street. You enjoy it, because your favorites
are actually watching it.
“That being said, the way people are winning. That’s how I learned to watch, and to learn to walk the line as
everybody in the UFC [def. Jamie Fraser in the UFC]. I didn’t just lose somebody, I lost to the sport fan. It
wasn’t going to be totally awesome. I had a good story of mine. But he took the job to make me better. And
what he did for me is perfect. To build my career for him, to put me some basic to keep me motivated and to
build the environment I want as well. He’s passionate about people and knows how this fight is going to get
young men out, that’s how important it is. I’ll tell you that.”
On his 13th fight of 2017:
“It’s Thanksgiving. 13th. It’s only three days away.” He said.
“I think when you step, step on him, step on him you magically realize he’s actually a now,” said White, discussing
the last fight and not wanting it back in to the UFC which led to them stepping aside and concentrating on who
is simply maintaining the footy side and whom makes the most money in the environment.
“I’ll tell you who was in that fight. Conor McGregor was a lot more intense than I was expecting. He’s a hardman,
a hard worker and he’s a pleasure to work with. You had hear he was among the good parts, and it was good
drilling and doing everything that is important for this division to be successful. I think this cause is fortunate
to succeed on the good front.
“That said, I would have to say that now about what was a part of my upbringing and will always be in my
mind and it’s special that it would come through in any shape or form of my motto: That I treat people like my
family member and nobody else, would have a reach for the belt.”
On what happened on Saturday and his reliance on his craft:
On Rua’s current job of giving back when they first worked together:
“Exactly. I work with Danny because he’s going to be the best, whether that’s in the MMA world, whatever,
what ever Danny puts himself into like I think about it. So I think he’s ultimately going to be the best, at the
least be the journey to continue. And people dream about living their dream about living by his example. So
for me and for others, as well as others, I will be all about the execution of that mission. My career will become
the mission.”
On how much better he believes Rua will be:
“Obviously, as I said earlier, he’s the reason I did this. I’m an old man. I saw a kid just 13 years old, a Gringo
champ, who knew something for every kid who knew what you had to do who had worked out every Monday to
win. And he was great at it.
“I saw him play at the Kensington tournament last Brooklyn, 40 years ago I believe I Like, a few games now this
year. But it’s amazing how fast he’s come. I mean, I’m going to stay here a lot longer than he’s going to have
to be in shape to fight. So what can I do?”
Rua said he had a lot of pressure on his shoulders, too. He said going in from a place as small as he was

Figure 8: SEDD-Absorbing Medium. Unconditional

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 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

String theory is the fundamental idea that space theory implies a relationship between reality and objects. But
what is it really?
That’s also the subject of next post. We will discuss several written statements from researchers who have often
based our theoretical idea on the Wisenreu-computation principle, where a relationship between reality and
objects side no other side. Proclaim that (real or present) an immediate and complete record of our world,they
make claims that be said to describe the state at the same of what we can observe. It’s a suggestion that we should
be working around “dobiverse” frames, and they have nothing to do with the use of monkey consciousness. The
moment that will seem like perhaps this is a post of the late ’60s. What has distinguished it from these claims?
Also, there’s a strong feeling that those who are still kicking around the “veil painting” and consensus-author
literature have come around advocating a fundamental break from their earlier views.
I don’t I should talk here again. Perhaps what we see now is that we contend that the distinction between
real bodies and states is inseparable from the theory of these “ological phenomena,” and that the relationship
between facts and are entangled and not necessarily-existing, because there is perhaps no evidence of connected
phenomena at all. While Einstein saw a link between the physicalized properties of the universe and its properties,
matter exists and there must be no difference between background particles; just like they are separate objects;
when the same properties interact, the different overworld variables expressed as matter are interdependent with
this to affect.
The foundation of this argument is to make a similar association to the property theory put forward by Richard
Aquinas (1842–1938). In a paper on Perpirus, French biological theorist Richard Field argued that the universe,
even in relation to “thing” or the physical world, was not the sole cause or possibility for matter to arise. He
was equally pessimistic, as he observed in his paper: “the causes of the creation and rise of a world and heaven
were more manifest than matter.” So what happens to matter, what happened to land?
(This may go this way: we have “cons” and feel about some things, but we create things — Thomas Aquinas says
we can make them so that they create other things. This distinction is the result of having the world mapped out
about how we make things up.) But sometimes people may argue that there’s a difference between two problems
with field theory. In one respect, entities in the universe are not real objects, and in the other it sets nothing in
limit to how whatever descended from it is (that) were material, no one little property we associate with matter,
including about it. Rather, the world will be material – an example of the properties that it must afford – and
specify what it is. The idea is to describe some conceptual framework in terms of what there is about one thing
we do have and what is capable of other properties; it would act so that the domain that is built around the
very second could be used to justify — in other words.
So the theory treats physics, with an exquisiveness of a general ontological knowledge, in a linear relation to the
universe. It is an analogy to special relativity – not a direct analogy to any objects being created. In a remarkable
book and probably a manual of metaphysics, Richard Field writes: “the really is about particular relations, as,
when something objects interfere with one another, they are dependent on a unique ‘material’ (whose object or
effect he considers this to have different properties on it).” But while the physical property of one necessarily
means one is physically real, one is not an object in the physical world, and neither is changing as we know it. So
how is that? Theoretically, properties of objects are dependent on some physical object; otherwise physics rules
when something in a stationary physical object is something literally physical. This is more of a cogent idea
than a modified metaphysics theory that has parallel physical “properties,” which re-gates our form of physical
entity. Any discussion of the author of thought, which relates to his famous work on incantropy, must be one of
four legs. Instead, we have an optimist in a minor theorist status, crippled by a flawed method. What is more
productive than few ideas?
At another point in the post and current quote, who proposed a pity for Darwinism observed in his chapter that
such theories have little likely influence and mentioned if this theory either practises semantics on the Internet
(other than the fad indicated in that wishing it would) or hyperbole (space=hyperbole).
At this time, the entire article has been translated, everything that I draw from it is there’s underlying importance.
This is research-based
Figure 9: SEDD-Absorbing Small. Conditional in blue.

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 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

That is an issue of finding value within the framework of clear market-driven considerations. Some power would
have an interesting take on this middle ground, where everybody will look for something. So any new form of
the pressure structure embodied in the bylaw market (as well as the brain and life finance) could identify and
seize the ostensible challenge of some new technologies, and therefore also solve whether those technologies are
genuinely suitable for the possible outcome.
To see issue consistently, a conservative of course would have to reach part of its own conclusion, of which is by
consolidating plausible scenarios into a case in itself—that is, scenarios without any political implications at all.
Finally, there are political or so many things to do. Parties independent of category go toward course these not
places such as actors of organizations are willing to pay for a system that, despite of some aspects of its existence, is
an issue for us not them. Ancillary threats are acute in all economic categories and employers are choosing to form
them elsewhere. We’re asking businesses to engage with organizations to do so and this poster is “New Dancers,
a Money for All.”¡—endoftext—¿(with Expositions) http://twitter.com/science/perpework/summons.us/waging-
engineer-sur-pent-amount-of-years-771703571
[Interviewer]
*A draft of the 9 August Salon column is on the archived version of Alternet hosted by Ben Sides. They also
produce a weekly auto columnist and other blogs.
Post Recommends
Sperrin Baruch, Chair In, Dartmouth
Follow news opinion
If many people are trying to portray past successes in America’s fragile economic recovery as their troubled
recovery was in 2015, in retrospect, this is actually just a result of politics. The big plight for Americans in
November 2016 is that we were forced to rely upon companies in record closure or a position of being in debt,
who would survive the Great Recession by its passage. In so many ways, that’s just as far as we get from an
uneasy recovery for a historic 8th year of the deepest recession in American history.
While we are often told by elected leaders that conservatives are working to invest in care of Americans, no one
seems to doubt that narrative. But for November 2016, this is a significant trend: 2017 is the 4th decade in
65 years. The longest period in 2016 is a the so-called period quieter in its short term with capitalism. In this
period 1995, since the Great Recession began, we saw a 4 percent increase in government spending spending over
the last 18 years.
These appear to have come about because of the majority of spending cuts made over the 18 months of the
recovery found (decades or older). This period has continued into this period. Spending cuts piled up deficits in
2015 and increased our surplus by more than $51 billion in 2015, from $1.3 trillion in 2012. Spending cuts had
been expirged in order to sustain our human capital, savings, government health and social programs.
On top are these numbers, it does wonder that analysts are always trying to find just a statistical story or another
as people are not looking for anything upward. The economy of America, after the downturn to 2008, will continue
to reverse socio-cultural demographic trends from 2015 to 2013. The problem is often trying to determine what
remained high with public recovery during this period and where else. Governments have demonstrated a major
mechanism for political immigration: stay out, rising, grow in once collected again, and discover population had
peaked. Until 2015 there was no private economic recovery during this period as immigrants did during the 2016
fiscal period.
Clearly the change has been associated with economic factors: housing rises and the health effects of life ex-
pectancy in the post-2008 crisis – among many trends. Population growth and economic mobility are related to
reasons when our country began the Great Recession, and secular tendencies persist. No upward economic trend
was produced in the period of 2013, but, may, be related to the fiscal cycle (since 1995) or the increase risk in
2008.
This indicates that the current economic crisis will continue unabated for the next 5 years at least.

Figure 10: SEDD-Absorbing Small. Conditional in blue.

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 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

“That’s a feeling I could give out or leave with a lot of positives out of last season,” North Carolina said. “Last
season, this felt like the right place later on. It’s a pretty solid start the whole way to the NCAA Tournament
tournament. I know games will start coming out and I have confidence to go. I know games end up not something
out of every game, because of the facilities and some of the players. I have one team that already has not even
has their facilities come up. And maybe OK, but only can have the desire to see them into their new stadium this
summer. I haven’t seen any confirmation that maybe we’re going to make a move so I can’t give any comment.
Nah, I can’t.”
North Carolina, however, maintains interest in every other aspect of his game than for any other level. He has
pointed out how much pain and injury at Duke as it is the average player’s experience but insists that it is more
simply about his attitude.
“I ever had all of this negative ones during my injury career and that’ve changed since, and it was a little ‘no’ in
the first couple of February, but there was something positive. As you can tell, that that kept me out for a lot
of months,” he said. “I just kept going from there. I was all over myself all week, I wasn’t even in the process of
resting, so I just wanted to play games. I just wasn’t so nervous. I just wanted the whole season to recover and
see what I can do.”
North Carolina will be sure to run off through the first year of he sees what he can get back in line for a
tournament appearance.¡—endoftext—¿I didn’t post this discussion last year because I think a lot of climbers
have goals for them to be. Speaking of pretty goals, you guess what is in there? Maybe not you. After all, you
are. Those athletes are genuinely honest verbally; you. (As a judticist, Attay essentially questioned a set of
trike’s body forces: post-jumping, dyadicity and dimorphism).
This combination of ego and motivation also isn’t beneficial for therapists to athletes to prioritize externalizing
their gains in terms of their level of physical placed (research has shown that jumping jacks and abs are insufficient
for a healthy profile). Instead, Attay gives consideration to just those reported “basics.”
How dangerous does that make an athlete, or just maybe a person
you know you are low capacity
After you attack a mild brain injury supporting an injury, or failure on that last one trade-off, you no longer
begin to act in a giggling situation. Without effort, cortisol drains your courage, and you realize you submit
to anxiety. It becomes less awkward for someone to log their fitness for you and then lead them back to being
active again. It adds a lot to stress.
I have a current personal record of levitating at least 50 repetitions per week in front of a sport I believe and
that may only be somebody else is in the works; the type of young female pokesman as well.
I also care to test for each athlete in order of their chances of winning, and I am all about trusting the strength.
If you are a pro, consider winning. (Of course, you don’t have a record, but I know that picture indicates that
you have to climb to climb to win.)
“It tends to be an absolute audition,” Attay said, noting that conversation was extreme on one day for one person
who he meant to write a report his way up a test-on-and-a-half.
“You want it to come down as close as you can,” Infi told Bennett. “But do it twice a day. You’ll work hard to
apply it, but it will only take up.”
Mcm will make sure you are watched
We are seeing now that you need to undergo some critical months of testing that ultimately leads to the end of
your health, and that is where you end your chances of doing well. What more often or may not happen is your
idea to limit themselves on that risk by weekly assessment those specifically a few weeks.
I know that to make sure you’ve shown a good level of respect for those administering those tests before:
DI ALWAYS – make sure you are in good shape. As part of this, I will also check to see if you have documented
all of your fitness programs or discussions taken during. These put things in context on notes (that’s number
one) or checklist (mental notes) consists of forgetting old things

Figure 11: SEDD-Absorbing Small. Conditional in blue.

27
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

Some popular hiking places include ileceania, Turkey, Greece, and many other foreign countries, such as South
American South America, parts of India, East Asia, Russia, North America, China and potential African coun-
tries.
– END –
Where are you? It’s a easy travel area, so if a hike keeps on going, recommend making sure that you stay aware
of your location, and consider this online website ’general maps and reviews.’ Currently offering all and best
maps for a guide hike on the internet, but you should take care of packing your preferred number of bags and
make your trail snacks the ”Yes” sort of thing as you’re tucked at the back for a long run.
In Poland’s remote areas, there’s always an okay place to share a bowl of beans with loved ones.
– END –
Having a big house on Olsa.ke, and a long and beautiful mountain, it’s very easy to travel to Poland and access
your own hiking trails. One of the favorite huts in Poland is Melzazne Kurstrech. To explore the south-western
coast and hike the eastern arteries and waterways of Poland. This list is apparently on the company’s tourist
website.
”We serve all over European industry, the clients are walking, biking, camping, and traveling in the communities -
by animal and tuba are riding down Melzazne Kurstrech over hills and aftergones with boats - a ride differentiated
by three stylized styles - Loop, Luminous Path, and Wind-Up flat sectioned running as a place where day can
shine.”
Franklin said it ”doesn’t matter how far I want to go,” he picked up the trails in July, which he dropped to a
background later this week.
The Polish authorities, including the Ministry of Polish Tourism, have been working to boost the tourism industry.
In the following video from the Polish Ministry publishing a chart on the list of Polish hiking destinations. After
counting ”Polish locales,” this brings in ”Slavsans region,” ”Arsenian West and Hacian Republic”, along with
”West Calibres and mountains” on it.¡—endoftext—¿The Coalition of Nurse Aid Delaware is no stranger to
the modern world with their training programs. Last summer they posted only about the accredited Delaware
program and now I’m thrilled to announce their official website on this post. They are 100% free samples to
sign up online for the licensing license program. Participants get the program completely free, as long as they
are new:
1) The program requires you to find a facility for the training lessons. This application can help jump forward
if you find it.
2) You’ve got a Delaware license envelope, write your first check. What should you choose on HOA? Become
HOA 2017 Now!
Planned Parenthood is a nonprofit organization. It is known for extreme prostitution activity, and sex trafficking,
as well as cows, cows, and cows and cows.
S. Del. Code Section 302 – Purient Business
If you don’t name yourself “prietary,” your business is a thief, or possibly fraud. So, after signing up you for the
learning counselor, you may have become concerned that they might do to you things you are not required to do
as a mature person or entity under Delaware law, such as mischief, theft, wire fraud,gery, or any form of fraud.
Since these companies don’t usually have proper permits, they will be found to have just accepted the money in
a tax or refund back to the business. Furthermore, in my opinion:
S. Del.C. 304:
60. This Statement, contains:
You and your other licensed business (and that is, no debt related business) carrying out charitable and ethical
businesses.
1) You must — by all accounts — have one bank account only.
2) If you any legal object or service that you deem to be charitable, it is carried out first of all. They must pay
you first, and it is the employee who pays you – however, that doesn’t mean they can claim money as trust just
because they thought you needed it.
1. Introduction
When signing up for such classes on that actual website, you need to be kept in school and be familiar with how
they are qualified and with different requirements. When you have such consultation, it is a lot more important
to keep them informed and that they need your advice.

Figure 12: SEDD-Absorbing Medium. Conditional in blue.

28
 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

about! I was a nice ’little girl child’. No it wasn’t even right now. I had hard backbones. I was light around the
skin. A type of me, although I’m more girly. I was in the eyes of both men and women. Gender roles! All those
things were a glimpse of where we have a long ways to go. I wasn’t in my best. I’m often accused of not caring
for myself. Without a doubt, I wasn’t in my best at sports. I was lousy at high school as well. The only benefit
is that I had being used at every age. It was something I wasn’t in my head as much. And it’s not just me, it’s
about me. I saved and care of my family.
I can officially stand up and thank my dad for my appreciation as well, if I wanted to say that much (I feel more
every time I think about it). He’s really great at it. He put everything between me and my two siblings. He
started to feel differently over the years, thanks to when I realized what I wanted to help my sister with cancer.
As a biological mother, it seemed like there were several downsides. Plus, it’s great, to be happy and be so big,
it’s wonderful. But at the same time love yourself too, and strive to live life to your fullest. I mean, what are
these times? Anywhere I walk, someone asks that question. I want to accept that. Like, ”What does this want
me to be?”
So I should do this. I should give up. I’m not being stressed out, but constantly stressed out. For the past 10
years, I’ve actually pumped out more energy than anything else. It’s also like it gives me back onto a real quest
with my life, it’s to be one step ahead of the rest. Same as we get thrown into a fire. The moment you lose your
focus, you can reach that goal faster. Knowing my decisions can motivate me, while also having a goal template
and letting it help me function can help me do it.
So, I aim for 100,000 steps over the next year or so.
Take pills for weight-exusation medicine, but more cardio, more quality exercise, more caffeine to boost your
mood and workout stimulants is good. If you are not more fit or healthy, this is a liporex. Whether you, not
only is it incredibly low in fiber but those two things freak you out very thin. Slim you out, how I’m kidding
you, I lost when I put you 10 days a day on a wax.
I want you to eat more vegetables, but if you are concerned about health, why the hell don’t you be eating
micrograms? They don’t mean you’re fit but make you happy! You are quite terrified of being both nice and
thin. I can’t decide if there’s more here there, but you get my point. The focus on illness and fitness keeps me
happy because I sleep and sleep better in times off hot. It’s not that complicated anyway. But I suppose not,
and I don’t think I have to change that!
You know the other healthier things? I was born with incredibly long hair and I just have to admit it sometimes.
I care a lot for my hair, I care a lot for them, and other ones, too. I love my skin honestly in Great Sleep, and
better than I every-day do. What I keep in mind is lavender. What I shampoo are when in my life. This is
carefully, gentle, soft, and regular shampoo; I always run the shampoo a day. I shampoo all the times a week.
It’s natural. At least, my hair is hair and it shows. Even so, I shampoo myself all the way up, since it’s a pretty
direct representation of the world around me. But I still have to shampoo everything.
I carefully enjoy my ears. You know what I will clean them. With the reasons for doing so (to help clean the
ears prosperively but avoid earaches). Something natural in life. With constant wash but normal care. This
helps to maintain the hair base and repeat clean allows you to put your ear on. bathe three or four a day and
seven times a day.
As for shower, I’m not sure. I’ve always said it was way easier for me to clean. (Although we always make
ourselves down) So. I. Did it and I won’t do it again. I’m very clean and clean my own shower.
Pare tu Suede?
I absolutely love the feeling of good, good felt and good foot. It’s so hard to clean in there. But god forbid I do
shampoo in there...and that is why I always shampoo twice a day and shower three times a day.

Figure 13: SEDD-Absorbing Medium. Conditional in blue.

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 Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution

Reasons in Alzheimer’s disease

We wrote about these 20 factors and the health benefits of alzetti’s disease. For example, a 2013 report in the
Journal of Neurotascism, says that the condition is “brain”, thereby altering mood and access to limb change.
And an updated Case reports that “preliminary reports suggest that a new cure to alzheimer’s disease and
malaria may have been discovered”. People’s Week in Music re-published these findings. The 2014 report in the
International Journal of Cardiovascular Disease now showed people with dementia had increased risk of death.
Overall, it is quite obvious that disease can lead a person to have fatal problems. Alzheimer’s disease has been
very well studied. The disease is also not new, and it shows that there are many conditions and risk factors
affecting the condition. It is rare that 15 people are born with Alzheimer’s disease and few might know who it
was. But one study, following lots of older people with the inner symptoms of Alzheimer’s, was finding many
risk factors.
The protection is evident in a healthy brain, healthy diet, an active lifestyle and less risk for the diseases at home
and on the risk for the active lifestyle at work as well as education and other organised lifestyles. The study
showed people with dementia were allowed to increase consumption of the amount coffee they drank before they
had dementia.
Health-related changes
Alzheimer’s disease is by far the main cause of dementia in the US. It is also the main cause of cancer worldwide
and second main cause of schizophrenia in the world after TB. That is linked to high levels of inflammatory
symptoms similar to those found in Alzheimer’s. The same reason young people are more likely to get cancer
from tuberculosis and other infections in their lives.
We point to epidemiological studies that follow up thousands of patients plus thousands of studies as evidence
that stress is related to the healthy brain and the stressors. And then diabetes occurs most often. What might
be the cause? This is why you look at these studies because they can be crucial for a better understanding of
the likely pathogenesis.
The robust disease in alzheimer’s is closely linked to inflammation. Blood cells are highly susceptible to toxic
metals and other things in the blood so they survive the damage of those poisons as well. The proteins from the
dead vases in the blood remove their spiny pockets to protect it from damage and doing this do who leave the
ulcer to the body. When damaged, the great Alzheimer’s disease is devastatingly severe. The brain reacts with
strong reactions to the usually weaker proteins causing the inflammatory secretion, suddenly showing a variety
of characteristics, including causing archactive rythms in the specific regions that impair the ability to adapt to
changes. A study of 60 cases of Alzheimer’s disease in the entire

Figure 14: SEDD-Absorbing Medium. Conditional in blue.

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