PHILHIST

Module 1: Introduction to History HISTORICAL SOURCES

Past - having existed or taken place in a period  Primary Source - is an eyewitness account of
before the present; the time before the present and what occurred and therefore dates back to the
the things that have happened actual time when the event took place.
History - an interpretation or a process by which  Created at the time of the event
people interpret records left over from the past;  First-hand information and original data
existing in artifacts, written accounts, memory  Interviews, diaries, letters, autobiographies,
- Greek - historia: inquiry, investigation, research articles with original research, data, or new
of past events, writing of history, historical narrative, findings, government documents, and public
recorded knowledge of the past events, account, records, art, maps, photographs, films, and
description music, artifacts, buildings, furniture, clothing
- to search for the truth - history involves a closer  Photographs that may reflect social
examination of a matter in the search for true conditions of historical realities and
information (critical/analytical thinking and evidence) everyday life.
HISTORY  Old sketches and drawings that may
- a continuous, systematic narrative of past events indicate the conditions of life of societies in
relating to a particular people, country, period, the past.
person, etc., usually written as a chronological  Old maps that may reveal how space and
account; or chronicle geography were used to emphasize trade
- a chronological record of significant events (such as routes, structural build-up.
those affecting a nation or institution) often including  Cartoons for political expression or
an explanation of their causes propaganda
- the study of or a record of past events considered  Material evidence of the prehistoric past:
together, especially events of a particular period, archaeological and anthropological remains
country, or subject  Eyewitness Testimony - the unreliability of
KASAYSAYAN eyewitness identification evidence poses
- salaysay + saysay one of the most serious problems (i.e.
- a narrative (which can be written, visual, oral, or a criminal justice and civil litigation)
combination of all three) about past events that have  Reconstructive Memory - Information can be
meaning to a certain group of people in a given time deleted or added every time we remember
and place an event.
- pre-colonial period, spanish period, american  Secondary Source - is produced after the
period, japanese period, contemporary period event has occurred and therefore is not an
- Goal of a Historian: to reconstruct the total past of eyewitness account given by a person who was
mankind. present when the event occurred.
- Historical knowledge is limited by incompleteness  A summary or collection of existing data
of records. Most human affairs happen without  One step removed from the original sources
leaving vestiges of records. (bibliography)
- Historical method uses techniques and guidelines  Textbooks, review articles, biographies,
by which a historian uses primary sources and other historical films, music, and art, articles about
evidence to search and write history. people from the past
- Historical Analysis: Selection of Subject,
Collection of Sources, Examination of Genuineness,
Extraction from Sources
Module 2: Content and Contextual Analysis of  Born in 1500
Selected Primary Sources  Son of Queen Juana and grandson of King
The First Voyage Around the World Ferdinand I
Spices - porcelain, silk, incense, herbs, perfumes,  Arrived from Belgium in September 1517
fabrics, carpets, spices and other oriental products with no knowledge of the Castilian language
 The marriage of Queen Isabela of Castile and  Issued a Capitulacion (contract) to Magelan
King Ferdinand of Aragon (1469) coupled with and cosmographer Faleiro on 22 March
the victory of the Catholic monarchs over the 1518 authorizing the expedition to the east
Moors in the Battle of Granada (1492) resulted via westerly route
in the rise of Spain as a world power.  Antonio Pigafetta
th th
 Christian Kingdoms 14 -15 century: Kingdom  Born ca. 1491 in Vicenza, Italy: the family
of Navarra, Crown of Aragon, Crown of Castilla, moved later to Florence
Kindom of Portugal, Kingdom of Granada  Originaly, Plegafetta, then Pagafetta until,
The Search for Westward Route to the Indies finaly, Pigafetta
 The race for the “Spice Islands” (Maluku Islands,  Member of the Knights of Rhodes
Indonesia)  Applied to join the expedition and was listed
 Inter Cetera (1493) and the Treaty of Tordesillas under the title criados del capitan y
(1494) soresalientes
 The Portugese Conquest of Malacca (1511)  For some unexplained reason, he disliked
 Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) - Spain and Sebastian de Elcano
Portugal were the first countries to make a push  Wrote profusely about the people the
for exploration. The Treaty of Tordesilas divide expedition met and even drafted the
the world between Spain and Portugal to keep vocabulary of some native languages,
the peace; everything west of the line belonged including Rajah Humabon’s Cebuano
to Spain, while everything east of the line language
belonged to Portugal  The Fleet and its Crew
 Ferdinand Magellan  Trinidad - Ferdinand Magellan (leak, stayed
 Born ca. 1480 in Porto, Sabroso, Portugal behind for repairs)
 Served under the Portuguese flag in India  Santiago - Juan Serrano (wrecked, crew
(1505) and in the conquest of Malacca saved)
(1511), bought a slave and named him  Victoria - Luis de Mendoza or Mendoa
Enrique, probably from Sumatra  Concepcion - Gaspar Quesada (burned
 Walked with a limp due to injury while after leaving Cebu)
serving under the Portuguese flag in  San Antonio - Juan de Cartagena (deserted,
Morocco in 1513 sailed home)
 Initially presented his plan for a westward  The Magelan-Elcano expedition left the port
route to King Manoel I in 1516 but was of Sanlucar de Barrameda in Sevile on Aug.
rejected 20, 1519 with around 270 men of different
 Arrived in Sevile, Spain on 20 Oct. 1517 and nationalities
soon presented to King Carlos I his plan to  Mutiny - “As (the mutineers) understood that
find a Westerly route to the Indies Gaspar de Quesada was a friend of Magellan's,
 Staunch and devout Catholic, married to Juan de Cartagena got in his boat at night, with
Doña Beatriz de Barbosa shortly before twenty men, and went to the ship of Gaspar de
departure to the Indies in 1519 Quesada . in order that all three might go at
 King Carlos V
 once to board Magellan and kill him ." (Puerto fight against the other chief. The captain-general
San Julian) decided to go thither with three boatloads. We
 Magellan acted decisively to protect the begged him repeatedly not to go, but he, like a
future of the expedition. "The Captain-major good shepherd, refused to abandon his flock. At
went to the said three ships which were already midnight, sixty men of us set out armed with
mentioned, and there the captain of one of them corselets and helmets, together with the
was killed, who was treasurer of the whole fleet Christian king, the prince, some of the chief
and named Luis de Mendoa; he was killed in his men, and twenty or thirty balanguais."
own ship by stabs with a dagger by the chief  A reproduction of the map drawn by Pigafetta of
constable of the fleet, who was sent to do this by the islands of Cebu and Mactan. The two islands
Fernando de Magelhaes." of Cebu and Mactan became the focal points of
 While sailing in the Pacific Ocean, forced to eat the unfolding drama of Spain’s earliest effort in
rats, putrid water, and ox hides. 19 died of the colonization of the islands but was thwarted
scurvy. Found land after 99 days, Guam, by the resistance of the chieftains of the villages
islanders stole one of their boats. in Mactan led by the old Lapulapu
 1521 was when the first contact between the  “We reached Mactan three hours before dawn.
Spanish forces and the inhabitants of Cebu The captain did not wish to fight then, but sent a
 CASI CASI (Blood Compact) - March 21, 1521 - message to the natives by the Moro to the effect
Rajah Colambu (Limasawa, Leyte) and that if they would obey the king of Spagnia,
Ferdinand Magellan; April 1521 - Rajah recognize the Christian king as their sovereign,
Humabon (Zzubu) and Ferdinand Magellan and pay us our tribute, he would be their friend;
 The first thing noticed by Pigafetta, who came but that if they wished otherwise, they should
with Magellan in 1521, on arriving at the first wait to see how our lances wounded. They
island of the Philippines, Samar, was the replied that if we had lances they had lances of
courtesy and kindness of the inhabitants and bamboo and stakes hardened with fire. [They
their commerce. asked us] not to proceed to attack them at once,
 Lapu-Lapu but to wait until morning, so that they might have
 Our image of Lapu-lapu as a gym-toned more men. They said that in order to induce us
warrior may need to change because he to go in search of them; for they had dug certain
was 70 years old at the time of the Battle of pitholes between the houses in order that we
Mactan and probably had the features of might fal into them.”
Humabon who was short and fat.  The Battle of Mactan
 A new portrait of Lapu Lapu was unveiled by  Magellan together with his 49 men VS. Lapu
the National Historical Commission of the lapu and 1500 men. (Pigafetta’s
Philippines (NHCP). The painting was made exaggerated estimate)
by artist Carlo Caacbay from Bulacan  According to Pigafetta, the battle cost the
 “On Friday, April 26, Zula, a chief of the island of European’s eight dead and a large but
Mactan, sent one of his sons to present two unspecified number of wounded. Four of
goats to the captain-general, and to say that he Humabon’s warrior killed, although when
would send him al that he had promised, but that and where these warriors killed are not
he had not been able to send it to him because known.
of the other chief Cilapulapu, who refused to  Pigaffeta’s account mentions that the ships’
obey the king of Spagnia. He requested the cannon killed fifteen of Lapu-lapu’s men but
captain to send him only one boatload of men on does not say how many casualties Lapu
the next night, so that they might help him and
 Lapu’s warriors sustained during the heat of  They proved the theory that one can go to
the battle itself. the east by sailing west
 Magellan was killed by natives and died as a  They brought to the attention of the
Portugese Europeans that on the other side of the
 However, after the Battle of Mactan, the Spanish American continent exists a large body of
survivors exacted a number of abuses against water which they named Pacific Ocean (Mar
the people of Cebu which prompted Rajah Pacifico)
Humabon to protect his people. On 1 May 1521,  Philippine Histography
he launched a surprise attack against the  Contains important details about the
Spanish forces under the guise of a feast and conditions of the Visayan Islands in the 16th
drove the remaining survivors out from Cebu. century
 The prominent leaders during that time
 Completing the Circumnavigation  Economic activities
 21 September 1521 – Juan Sebastian de  Social and Cultural practices
Elcano becomes Captain of the Victoria  Religious beliefs
 8 November 1521 – Arrival at Tidore in the  Beginning of Christianity in the
Moluccas (now Maluku, Indonesia); Philippines
purchase and loading of spices for the  The First Mass in the Philippines
return voyage begins shortly  The Conversion of Rajah Humabon and
 29 December 1521 – Departure of the his wife to Christian and swore
Victoria; the Trinidad stays for repairs at allegiance to the King of Spain
Tidore  The story of the image of the Sto. Niño
 On September 7, 1522, Elcano and 17
survivors out of 270 arrived in Spain aboard
the ship Victoria.
 Antonio Pigafetta returned to Italy to write a
formal account of the expedition. He presented
his draft to Pope Clement VII, Philippe de Villiers
L’Isle-Adam (grandmaster of the Knights of
Rhodes) and to Louis of Savoy (mother of King
Francis I of France), hoping that they would help
him finance its publication
 Maximilianus Transylvanus' De Moluccis
Insulis
 Secondary source
 Interviewees: Juan Sebastian Elcano,
Francisco Albo and Hernando de
Bustamante
RELVANCE/SIGNIFICANCE
 European Histography
 Magellan’s expedition proved that the earth
is not flat but an oblate sphere
 They confirmed that the Portuguese route is
not the only way to the Spice Islands