Synopsis

on

Response of Zinc and Foliar Spray of Boron on growth and yield of

Chickpea (Cicer kabulium L.)

Submitted by: Advisor:

Purnanand Embadwar Dr. BISWARUP MEHERA
PID No. 21MSAGRO257 Dean
M.Sc. Ag. (Agronomy) II Sem Naini Agricultural Institute
SHUATS , Prayagraj

Department of Agronomy,
Naini Agricultural Institute,
Faculty of Agriculture,
Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences,
Prayagraj - 211007 (UP) India.
 Student Advisory
Committee

SN No. Name Designation and Department

(1) (Chairman) Associate Professor

Dr. Eapen P Koshy (Department of Molecular and
Cellular Engineering)

(2) (Advisor) Assistant Professor

Dr. Umesha C. (Department of Agronomy)

(3) (Co-Advisor) Assistant Professor

Dr. Gaibriyal M Lal (Department of Genitics
And Plant Breeding)

(4) (Member) Associate Professor

Dr. Anita Kerketta (Department of Horticulture)

(5) (Member) Professor and Head

Dr. Joy Dawson (Department of Agronomy)
 INTRODUCTION

The chickpea or chick pea (Cicer arietinum) is an annual legume of the family Fabaceae,
subfamily Faboideae. Its different types are variously known as gram or Bengal gram, garbanzo
or garbanzo bean, or Egyptian pea. Chickpea seeds are high in protein. It is one of the earliest
cultivated legumes, and 9500-year-old remains have been found in the Middle East. Chickpea
is a cool-season legume crop grown worldwide as a food crop. The seed is the main edible part
of the plant. It is also called garbanzo gram or Bengal gram. It ranks third (FAO, 2008) among
the food legumes after beans and pea. In more than 50 countries Boron (B) is a micronutrient
critical to the growth and health of all crops. It is a component of plant cell walls and
reproductive structures. It is a mobile nutrient within the soil, meaning it is prone to movement
within the soil. Because it is required in small amounts, it is important to deliver B as evenly
as possible across the field. Traditional fertilizer blends containing B struggle to achieve
uniform nutrient distribution. Despite the need for this critical nutrient, B is the second most
widespread micronutrient deficiency problem worldwide after zinc. reported to grow chickpea;
22 cultivate more than 20,000 ha, and 19 cultivate 10,000 to 20,000 ha. Major chickpea-
producing countries are: India (65% of annual production), Pakistan (10%), Turkey (7%), Iran
(3%), Myanmar (2%), Mexico (1.5%) and Australia (1.5%) (FAO, 2008).Chickpea is a cheap
and important source of protein for those people who cannot afford animal protein or who are
largely vegetarian. Furthermore, chickpea is also a good source of minerals (calcium,
phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, and iron), unsaturated fatty acids, fiber, and β-carotene).
Chickpea also plays an important role in maintaining soil fertility by fixing nitrogen at rates of
up to 140 kg/ha/year (Flowers et al., 2010). Therefore, this crop requires relatively low inputs
of nitrogen as it derives 70% of its N through symbiotic N2 fixation and benefits other cereal
crops as well (Siddique et al., 2005). Chickpea contributes a significant amount of residual
nitrogen to the soil and adds organic matter thereby improving soil health and fertility.
Chickpea is one of the most cultivated legume crops and a rich source of protein in many
countries. It is also widely used as fodder and green manure. Both abiotic and biotic stresses
are great constraints to chickpea productivity. Abiotic stresses like salt, drought, and cold stress
affect this crop to a great extent. In this chapter, we discuss the nutritional status of chickpeas
and their responsestor abiotic and biotic stresses. We also examine how biotechnological tools
can be used to promote tolerance to these environmental stress factors affecting chickpea crop.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important grain legume that is grown and consumed all over the world.
Chickpea productivity is affected by micronutrient deficiencies in soil, particularly zinc (Zn). Chickpea is
mostly grown in rainfed areas and marginal soils with low available Zn. Zinc is a structural constituent and
regulatory cofactor of enzymes involved in various plant biochemical pathways. Zinc deficiency impairs
plant growth and development by reducing enzyme activity, disturbing ribosomal stabilization, and
decreasing the rate of protein synthesis. Moreover, Zn deficiency induces flower abortion and ovule
infertility leading to low seed set and substantial yield reductions. Nonetheless, chickpea inclusion in
cropping systems (e.g., rice–wheat), either in rotation or intercropped with cereals, improves Zn availability
in the soil through the release of phosphatases, carboxylates, and protons by roots and soil microbes. This
review discusses the role of Zn in chickpea biology, various factors affecting Zn availability, and Zn
dynamics in soil and chickpea-based cropping systems. The review also covers innovative breeding
strategies for developing Zn-efficient varieties, biofortification, and agronomic approaches for managing Zn
deficiency in chickpea. Strategies to improve grain yield and grain Zn concentration in chickpea using
different application methods—soil, foliar and seed treatments—that are simple, efficient and cost-effective
for farmers are also discussed. The screening of efficient genotypes for root Zn uptake and translocation to
the grain should be included in breeding programs to develop Zn-efficient chickpea genotypes.

Boron (B) is a micronutrient critical to the growth and health of all crops. It is a component of
plant cell walls and reproductive structures. It is a mobile nutrient within the soil, meaning it
is prone to movement within the soil. Because it is required in small amounts, it is important
to deliver B as evenly as possible across the field. Traditional fertilizer blends containing B
struggle to achieve uniform nutrient distribution. Despite the need for this critical nutrient, B
is the second most widespread micronutrient deficiency problem worldwide after zinc. Boron
plays a key role in a diverse range of plant functions including cell wall formation and stability,
maintenance of structural and functional integrity of biological membranes, movement of sugar
or energy into growing parts of plants, and pollination and seed set. Adequate B is also required
for effective nitrogen fixation and nodulation in legume crops.
OBJECTIVES

1. To study the effect of zinc and foliar spray of boron on growth and yield of chickpea.

2. To workout the economics of different treatment combinations.

 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Tiwari and Yadava (1990) reported that foliar application of boron (Ippm) at 45 days old
plants of curator recorded the highest number of pods (65.00), length of pods (8.69cm). The
number of seeds per pod (12.00), 1000 seed weight (16.23). Thus, resulted in a higher seed
yield (29.70 kg ha) and the percent iincreasewas 39% over control. Noor et al.(1997) reported
that the application of borax as foliar spray @2.5 kg per ha after 30 days after sowing
significantly increased the pod yield and seed yield per ha.

Mahajan ef al.(1994) Two sprayings of Borax @ 0.5 ppm at 30 days after germination and at
the time of flowering recorded a significantly higher yield of dry pods (247.8 kg ha) and protein
content (530 kg ha) in groundnut.

Prasad et al. (1997) reported that foliar application of [email protected] kg ha" during full vegetative
growth (25-30 days after transplanting) recorded the highest yield of 143.06 q ha in tomato.

Singh et al. (1998) reported that foliar spray of boron @0.1 percent in mungbean increased the
plant height (29.3 cm), a number of branches (6.3) and the number of leaves (12.6) as against
control (27.7 cm, 5.31 and 12.2), respectively Foliar spray of ZnSO individually increased the
dry matter production in groundnut (Christopher et al., 1997).

Sinha et al. (1999) concluded that foliar application of boron (0.33 mg lit ).`resulted in
significantly higher dry matter yield per plant (18.96 g) and pod weight (7.23g) per plant over
0.011, 0.033, 0.165, 1.65 and 3.3 mg litre boron in pea.

Ali and Mishra (2001) reported that the foliar spraying of 0.2% borax at 50 and 60 DAS
recorded maximum plant height (54.3 oms). branches plant 5.2) and pods plant (44.4) in
chickpea crop due to their favorable effect on plant metabolism and nitrogen fixation over the
control (water spray) under sandy loam soils of Kanpur. Seed yield of 1590 kg ha in chickpea
crop due to their favorable effect on plant metabolism and nitrogen fixation over the control
(404 Ke ai) water spray under sandy loam soils of Kanpur.
Masoodali and Mishra (2001) observed that application of borax (0.2%) to chickpea crop
recorded highest 100 seed weight (20.7 g) over control (20.5 g). Maximum

Mishra (2001) noticed that foliar application of boron @1 kg ha had a positive effect on
number of pods per plant (50.66), seed weight per plant (8.68 g). seed yield (12.39 qha ) over
control (28.83, 4.11 g and 8.99 q ha respectively) in chickpea.

Pradeep and Elamathi (2007) studied the effect of DAP (2%), NAA (40 ppm), boron (0.2%)
and molybdenum (0.05%) as a foliar spray on K-851 green gram (Vignaradiata L.) and it was
recorded maximum B: C ratio of 1.97 with a significant increase in growth and yield of crop.

Shil (2007) studied the effect of boron and molybdenum on the yield of chickpea with four
levels of boron (0. 1, 2 and 2.5 ke ha) and molybdenum (0. 1., 1.5 and 2 kg ha ) along with a
blanket does of N2p Pas Kss Szo Zn, kg ha" and cow dung 5 t ha, reported that the combined
application of both boron and molybdenum were Superior to their single application.

Sahu and Singh (2009) reported that the application of 10 kg ha* borax along with RDF
significantly increased boron content in grain and straw (15.00 and 20.00 ppm over the control
(12.00 and 18.00 ppm) respectively

Kumar and Sidhu (2013) stated that the sulphur and boron uptake in straw and grains
increased significantly with increasing levels of sulphur and boron up to 13.4 mg kg and 0.44
mg kg and decreased non-significantly thereafter. At both the growth stages, a synergistic
interactive effect of combined application of sulphur and boron

Hari ram (2014) reported that highest grain yield, protein, oil content, groSS and net returns
of soybean were recorded with 40 kg S ha , the boron level of 1.5 kg ha recorded the highest
grain yield, gross and net returns, being statistically at par with 1.0kg B ha
MATERIALS AND METHODS

FACTOR 1: Zinc

1. Zinc 3 kg /ha
2. Zinc 5 kg /ha
3. Zinc 7 kg /ha

FACTOR 2: Foliar spray of Boron

1. Boron - 0.25 %
2. Boron - 0.5 %
3. Boron- 0.75 %

Note : RDF N:P:K ( 20:60:20 kg/ha)

TREATMENT COMBINATION

1 - Zinc 3 kg + Boron 0.25%

2 - Zinc 3 kg + Boron 0.5 %

3- Zinc 3 kg + Boron 0.75 %

4 - Zinc 5 kg + Boron 0.25 %

5- Zinc 5 kg + Boron 0.5 %

6 - Zinc 5 kg + Boron 0.75 %

7 - Zinc 7 kg + Boron 0.25 %

8 - Zinc 7 kg + Boron 0.5 %

9 - Zinc 7 kg + Boron 0.75 %

10 - Control Plot
 DETAILS OF LAYOUT

Design : Randomized Block Design (RBD)

Total number of treatments: : 10

Total number of replications: : 3

Total number of plots : 30

Plot size : 3m×3m (9m2)

Width of main irrigation channel: : 1.0 m

Width of sub-irrigation channel : : 0.5 m

Width of bund : 0.3 m

Total length of experimental field : : 34.6 m

Total width of experimental field : : 11.8 m

Gross experimental area : 408.28 m2

Net experimental area : 270m2

Season : Rabi

Spacing : 45 × 15cm

Variety :
 PRE AND POST-HARVEST OBSERVATIONS TO BE RECORDED

Pre-harvest observations (at 20DAS, 40DAS, 60DAS, 80DAS and at harvest)

1. Plant height (cm)

2. Plant dry weight (g/plant)

a) Crop Growth Rate (CGR) (g/m2/day)

b) Relative Growth Rate (RGR) (g/g/day)
3. Number of Nodule/plant

Post-harvest observations:
1. Number of Pod/Plant
2. Length of Seed/Pod
3. Test weight (g)
4. Seed yield (kg/ha)
5. Stover yield (kg/ha)
6. Harvest Index (%)

Economics:
1. Cost of cultivation (INR/ha)
2. Gross return (INR/ha)
3. Net return (INR/ha)
4. Benefit cost ratio (B:C)
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