CS101 MCQs

1. What is the primary purpose of text representation in computing?

- A) To display images
- B) To process numeric values
- C) To encode characters for storage and processing
- D) To communicate with hardware

2. Which of the following is a standard format for representing characters?

- A) HTML
- B) ASCII
- C) JPG
- D) PNG

3. In binary representation, what does the code "01000001" represent?

- A) 1
- B) A
- C) B
- D) 65

4. How is data represented in computer memory?

- A) Decimal
- B) Hexadecimal
- C) Binary
- D) Octal

5. The ASCII code for the capital letter 'C' is:

- A) 67
- B) 99
- C) 65
- D) 68

6. How many characters can be represented by standard ASCII?

- A) 128
- B) 256
- C) 512
- D) 1024

7. What would the ASCII representation of the word "DOG" be?

- A) 68 79 71
- B) 68 77 71
- C) 68 79 90
- D) 65 66 67

8. What is a major limitation of ASCII?

- A) It can represent only text.
- B) It does not support special characters.
 - C) It has a limited character set (128 characters).
- D) It only works with uppercase letters.

9. One of the limitations of ASCII extensions, like ISO 8859-1, is:

- A) They are not widely used.
- B) They restrict the total character set to 256.
- C) They can only handle Latin scripts.
- D) They are incompatible with Unicode.

10. What is the primary advantage of Unicode over ASCII?

- A) Higher performance
- B) It can represent a larger variety of characters, including various languages.
- C) It uses fewer bytes.
- D) It is a proprietary format.

11. UTF-8 is a variable-width character encoding that can use:

- A) 1 to 4 bytes per character
- B) 1 to 8 bytes per character
- C) 2 to 6 bytes per character
- D) 1 to 12 bytes per character

12. In binary, which of the following represents the number 5?

- A) 100
- B) 101
- C) 110
- D) 111

13. Storing numeric values as Unicode can lead to:

- A) Increased storage space usage
- B) Loss of data precision
- C) Simpler operations
- D) None of the above

14. Which notation system is used in computers?

- A) Decimal
- B) Binary
- C) Hexadecimal
- D) All of the above

15. What is one variation of binary notation?

- A) BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal)
- B) ASCII
- C) Unicode
- D) Fractional Binary

16. How do computers represent images?

- A) As a series of audio signals
 - B) As a collection of pixels
- C) As mathematical equations
- D) As textual data

17. A pixel is:

- A) The smallest unit of a digital image
- B) A process of data compression
- C) A type of image encoding
- D) A color profile

18. What does a bitmap image contain?

- A) Only color data
- B) Pixel information along with color depth
- C) Only metadata
- D) Vector graphics data

19. How are shades represented in an image?

- A) By varying the pixel sizes
- B) By changing the pixel colors based on intensity
- C) By ignoring them
- D) By using only black and white pixels

20. How is a full-color image typically represented?

- A) Using a single 8-bit value
- B) Using RGB values for each pixel
- C) As binary text
- D) With ASCII codes

21. Brightness in video signals is commonly referred to as:

- A) Luminance
- B) Saturation
- C) Hue
- D) Chroma

22. What does image scaling refer to?

- A) Increasing the resolution of an image
- B) Altering the size of an image without changing its aspect ratio
- C) Changing the color depth of an image
- D) Compressing the image for storage

23. Which geometric structure is most commonly used for image scaling?
- A) Pixel
- B) Vector
- C) Bitmap
- D) Matrix

24. What is a defining feature of scalable fonts?

 - A) Fixed pixel size
- B) Resolution-independent scaling
- C) Only available in black and white
- D) Requires special software to use

25. Sound is typically represented in a computer as:

- A) Bits
- B) Waves
- C) Frequencies
- D) Samples

26. Amplitude in sound refers to:

- A) The tone of the sound
- B) The frequency of sound waves
- C) The loudness of the sound
- D) The duration of the sound

27. Sound can be encoded using which method?

- A) Sampling
- B) Binary coding
- C) ASCII conversion
- D) Both A and B

28. Sound data communication is typically done through:

- A) Serial ports
- B) Digital signals
- C) Analog signals
- D) All of the above

29. In digital audio, sample intervals refer to:

- A) The time between consecutive samples
- B) The length of the audio segment
- C) The frequency of the sound
- D) The number of audio channels

30. MIDI is primarily used to represent:

- A) Audio waveforms
- B) Musical notes and controls
- C) Text documents
- D) Video data

31. In binary notation, what does the decimal number 10 convert to?
- A) 1000
- B) 1010
- C) 1100
- D) 1110
32. The power method for binary numbers determines:
- A) The total number of bits
- B) The value of each bit position
- C) The decimal equivalent
- D) The hexadecimal equivalent

33. To convert a decimal number to binary, you would use division by:
- A) 10
- B) 2
- C) 8
- D) 16

34. What is the result of binary addition of 1011 + 0011?

- A) 1100
- B) 1110
- C) 10000
- D) 10100

35. In binary, which of the following represents 0.5?

- A) 0.1
- B) 0.01
- C) 0.11
- D) 1.0

36. The radix point in binary is equivalent to which of the following in decimal?
- A) Period
- B) Comma
- C) Hyphen
- D) Slash

37. In binary, what is the radix point of the number 101.01?

- A) Between the first and second digit
- B) Between the second and third digit
- C) Between the third and fourth digit
- D) No radix point exists

38. Adding the binary fractions 0.110 + 0.011 gives:

- A) 0.1001
- B) 0.0101
- C) 1.0001
- D) 0.1011

39. In 2's complement notation, the value of -1 is represented as:

- A) All 0's
- B) All 1's
- C) 0111
- D) 1000
40. What is the maximum positive number in 4-bit 2's complement?
- A) 7
- B) 8
- C) 15
- D) 16

41. To convert a positive binary number to a negative number in 2's complement,

you:
- A) Invert the bits and add one
- B) Invert the bits and subtract one
- C) Shift left
- D) Add a leading zero

42. Adding two negative numbers in 2’s complement can lead to:
- A) An overflow
- B) A carried 1
- C) A loss of precision
- D) An underflow

43. What can overflow in binary addition indicate?

- A) Incorrect operation
- B) A carry bit that goes outside the number of bits
- C) Too small a number
- D) Wrong data type

44. Excess notation is:

- A) A method of representing negative numbers
- B) A technique for simplifying binary arithmetic
- C) A way to encode integers using a biased representation
- D) Only used in floating-point representation

45. In Excess-127 representation, the number 1010 is stored as:

- A) 111
- B) 139
- C) 10
- D) 127

46. Excess Four notation is primarily used in:

- A) ASCII encoding
- B) Binary-coded decimal (BCD) representation
- C) Unicode
- D) Audio encoding

47. Which is true of Excess Four notation compared to standard binary?

- A) It stores negative numbers more easily
- B) It adds complexity to operations
 - C) It can represent decimal values directly
- D) It is limited to decimal digits only

48. Floating point notation is used to represent:

- A) Large integers
- B) Decimal numbers
- C) Both large integers and fractional numbers
- D) Only negative numbers

49. How is the radix stored in floating point representation?

- A) As an exponent
- B) As a fixed number
- C) As a mantissa
- D) It is not stored

50. Floating-point representation stores fractions by:

- A) Using a denominator
- B) Expressing them in binary
- C) Using normalized values
- D) Simply ignoring them

51. Truncation errors occur in floating point notation when:

- A) The precision of number representation is insufficient
- B) Numbers are added incorrectly
- C) Values are too large
- D) Integers are converted to decimals

52. A primitive method to handle truncation errors is:

- A) Rounding
- B) Using bigger data types
- C) Increasing sample rates
- D) Ignoring the error

53. Intelligent processing in truncation error handling involves:

- A) Adaptive algorithms to improve accuracy
- B) Ignoring small errors
- C) Always rounding up
- D) Decreasing sample sizes

54. What is the purpose of data compression?

- A) To increase file size
- B) To reduce the amount of data required to represent information
- C) To slow down data transfer
- D) To maintain original data quality

55. Which of the following methods is commonly used to compress images?

- A) JPEG
 - B) WAV
- C) TXT
- D) MIDI

56. Lossy compression is often used for:

- A) Text files
- B) Audio files
- C) Executable files
- D) Image files

57. What is the primary function of the CPU?

- A) Store data
- B) Execute instructions and process data
- C) Provide network connectivity
- D) Display graphics

58. The stored program concept allows:

- A) Programs to be input through physical media
- B) Instructions and data to be stored in memory
- C) Hardware access control
- D) Direct communication with output devices

59. Which of the following is a CPU architecture philosophy?

- A) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
- B) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
- C) DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
- D) USB (Universal Serial Bus)

60. What category do the instructions for arithmetic operations belong to?
- A) Control instructions
- B) Data transfer instructions
- C) Arithmetic instructions
- D) Logic instructions

61. What is a common method for data transfer between CPU and memory?
- A) Direct Memory Access (DMA)
- B) Pipelining
- C) Interrupt handling
- D) Software toggling

62. The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) is responsible for:

- A) Generating addresses
- B) Performing calculations and logical operations
- C) Controlling input devices
- D) Managing memory reads

63. The control unit in a CPU is responsible for:

 - A) Fetching data
- B) Executing instructions
- C) Directing the operation of the processor
- D) Storing temporary data

64. During program execution, which step comes first?

- A) Fetching the program
- B) Decoding the instructions
- C) Executing the instructions
- D) Storing the output

65. In a program execution cycle, the action of loading an instruction from memory is
known as:
- A) Writing
- B) Fetching
- C) Storing
- D) Executing

66. Which of the following is a logic operator?

- A) AND
- B) ADD
- C) LOAD
- D) STORE

67. What operation does rotating bits to the left perform?

- A) Shifts all bits to the right
- B) Moves the leftmost bit to the rightmost position
- C) Randomizes the bits
- D) Statically moves bits into one place

68. The arithmetic operator for multiplication in many programming languages is:
- A) *
- B) x
- C) #
- D) %

69. The controller in a computer system primarily:

- A) Manages data graphics
- B) Directs the flow of data inside the system
- C) Increases memory capacity
- D) Powers the system

70. Direct Memory Access (DMA) is used to:

- A) Speed up the CPU
- B) Allow devices to communicate with memory without CPU intervention
- C) Increase storage capabilities
- D) Encrypt data
71. In data transmission, what is bandwidth?
- A) The distance data travels
- B) The amount of data that can be transmitted in a given time
- C) The quality of the connection
- D) The type of connections used

72. In parallel communication, how many bits are transmitted simultaneously?

- A) One
- B) Two
- C) Eight or more
- D) None

73. Serial communication involves transmitting data:

- A) All at once
- B) In a single stream, one bit at a time
- C) In two streams simultaneously
- D) As signals rather than bits

74. Pipelining in CPU architecture is used to:

- A) Increase instruction execution speed
- B) Improve data storage
- C) Minimize heat output
- D) Maximize memory usage

75. The first widely used operating system was:

- A) UNIX
- B) MS-DOS
- C) Windows
- D) IBM OS/360

76. What is the main purpose of an operating system?

- A) Manage hardware and software resources
- B) Store data
- C) Create applications
- D) Perform calculations

77. Which of the following is NOT a function of an operating system?

- A) Process management
- B) Network management
- C) Word processing
- D) Memory management

78. Operating systems can be classified as:

- A) Real-time and batch
- B) Online and offline
- C) Compiled and interpreted
 - D) All of the above

79. Which component of an operating system is responsible for managing resources?

- A) User Interface
- B) Kernel
- C) Shell
- D) Application programs

80. The graphical user interface (GUI) is part of which OS component?

- A) Kernel
- B) User Interface
- C) Shell
- D) Firmware

81. Which step comes first in the booting process?

- A) Load the operating system kernel
- B) Execute startup programs
- C) Run hardware diagnostics
- D) Initialize the file system

82. A process is defined as:

- A) A temporary file
- B) An instance of a running program
- C) A network request
- D) An input/output operation

83. To avoid resource conflicts, operating systems use:

- A) Scheduling algorithms
- B) Coordination
- C) Error correction
- D) All of the above

84. Semaphores are used in operating systems for:

- A) Memory allocation
- B) Process synchronization
- C) File handling
- D) User management

85. A deadlock occurs when:

- A) Two tasks complete simultaneously
- B) Processes prevent each other from accessing the necessary resources
- C) A process runs without a user interface
- D) An application crashes

86. External security attacks target:

- A) User accounts
- B) Network services
 - C) System files
- D) All of the above

87. Internal security threats usually come from:

- A) System bugs
- B) Malicious software intentionally introduced by insiders
- C) Hardware failures
- D) Unauthorized network access

88. Which of the following is a classification of networks?

- A) LAN (Local Area Network)
- B) WAN (Wide Area Network)
- C) PAN (Personal Area Network)
- D) All of the above

89. Which protocol is most commonly used for web traffic?

- A) FTP
- B) HTTP
- C) POP3
- D) SMTP

90. What does the term "internetworking" refer to?

- A) Connecting different networks together
- B) Creating a single Local Network
- C) Sending emails
- D) Both A and C

91. Which of the following is a method for process communication?

- A) Shared memory
- B) Message passing
- C) Sockets
- D) All of the above

92. In a distributed system:

- A) Resources are managed by a single computer
- B) Each process must be aware of each other’s state
- C) Computers work independently
- D) All of the above

93. The architecture of the Internet is based on:

- A) Client-server model
- B) Peer-to-peer model
- C) Both A and B
- D) Peer-to-peer only

94. Which address is used to identify a device on the Internet?

- A) Email address
 - B) IP address
- C) URL
- D) MAC address

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1. The main difference between ASCII and Unicode is:

- A) Encoding scheme
- B) Number of characters supported
- C) File sizes
- D) Use cases

2. What does the acronym UTF stand for?

- A) Universal Text Formatting
- B) Unicode Text Format
- C) Unicode Transformation Format
- D) Unified Text Function

3. In binary representation, what does “0110” represent in decimal?

- A) 4
- B) 6
- C) 8
- D) 10

4. Which of the following is a limitation of using UTF-8?

- A) Limited to 256 characters
- B) Variable length encoding may lead to complexity in parsing
- C) Cannot represent emojis
- D) Works only for Latin scripts

5. What is the main purpose of BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal)?

- A) To enhance image representation
- B) To compact text data
- C) To represent decimal numbers in binary form
- D) To convert between color formats

6. How many bytes are needed to represent a character in UTF-16?

- A) 1
- B) 2
- C) 3
- D) 4

7. What does the term "Endianness" refer to?

- A) The method of compression
- B) The order of bytes in binary representation
- C) The organization of data in memory
- D) The error handling in data transfer
8. Which is a type of binary tree used to store binary-coded decimal numbers?
- A) AVL Tree
- B) B-Tree
- C) Binary Search Tree
- D) Quadtree

9. In the context of image representation, what does DPI stand for?

- A) Dots Per Inch
- B) Digital Privacy Index
- C) Data Processing Instructions
- D) Dynamic Pixel Integration

10. In audio files, which of the following formats is commonly compressed using
lossy compression?
- A) WAV
- B) FLAC
- C) MP3
- D) AIFF

11. How are integers typically stored in floating-point notation?

- A) Using two's complement
- B) Using mantissa and exponent
- C) As binary-coded decimal
- D) As hexadecimal values

12. What does the acronym MIDI stand for in music technology?
- A) Musical Instrument Data Interface
- B) Music Internal Digital Interface
- C) Musical Input Device Interface
- D) Music Indirect Display Interface

13. In the context of sound, the term "sampling rate" refers to:
- A) The number of channels in an audio file
- B) The number of samples taken per second
- C) The size of the audio file
- D) The quality of sound output

14. In image processing, the term "alpha channel" refers to:

- A) Grayscale values
- B) Image resolution
- C) Transparency level
- D) Color depth

15. What is the maximum decimal value that can be represented in 4 bits?
- A) 8
- B) 15
 - C) 16
- D) 7

16. In digital communication, what does the acronym CRC stand for?
- A) Centralized Resource Control
- B) Cyclic Redundancy Check
- C) Common Return Channel
- D) Computerized Redundancy Checksum

17. What is the basic function of a codec?

- A) To compress and decompress audio or video data
- B) To enhance video resolution
- C) To transmit data over the internet
- D) To store files securely

18. Which of the following methods is NOT typically used for audio compression?
- A) PCM
- B) AAC
- C) WMA
- D) TIFF

19. What type of compression does PNG use?

- A) Lossy compression
- B) Lossless compression
- C) Adaptive compression
- D) Contextual compression

20. In programming languages, what does "malloc" stand for?

- A) Memory Allocation
- B) Manual Allocation
- C) Multiple Allocation
- D) Minimal Allocation

21. The representation of colors in digital imaging is commonly based on which

model?
- A) CYMK
- B) HSL
- C) RGB
- D) LAB

22. What does the acronym VRAM stand for in graphics hardware?
- A) Video Random Access Memory
- B) Variable Read Access Memory
- C) Virtual Readable Access Memory
- D) Video Read Access Memory

23. The primary purpose of a file system is to:

 - A) Encrypt data
- B) Format data
- C) Organize and manage files on a storage device
- D) Backup files

24. In computer graphics, what does the term "texture mapping" refer to?
- A) Adding detail to 2D images
- B) Applying a texture to 3D models
- C) Compressing image files
- D) Color correction in rendering

25. In networking, what does NAT stand for?

- A) Network Access Translation
- B) Network Address Translation
- C) Node Address Translation
- D) Network Application Translation

26. Which of the following describes lossy compression?

- A) All original data is retained
- B) Some original data is lost for reduced file size
- C) Data is encrypted
- D) Data is compressed without any modification

27. What does the acronym HTTP stand for?

- A) Hypertext Transfer Protocol
- B) High Transfer Text Protocol
- C) Hyperlink Transfer Protocol
- D) Hightext Transfer Protocol

28. In binary, what is the representation of the decimal number 13?

- A) 1100
- B) 1101
- C) 1001
- D) 1011

29. The term "lossless" in data compression means that:

- A) The original data is compressed efficiently
- B) The original data can be perfectly reconstructed
- C) Data is permanently deleted
- D) The file size is increased

30. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a raster image?

- A) Resolution-dependent
- B) Comprised of pixels
- C) Scalable without quality loss
- D) Commonly used for photographs
31. In the context of network security, what does DDoS stand for?
- A) Dynamic Distributed Online Service
- B) Distributed Denial of Service
- C) Digital Domain of Service
- D) Data Denial of Service

32. The term "color depth" in digital imaging refers to:

- A) The resolution of the image
- B) The number of bits used to represent the color of a single pixel
- C) The amount of colors visible in a color model
- D) The image brightness levels

33. In computer graphics, which technique is used for rendering shadows?

- A) Ray tracing
- B) Texture mapping
- C) Polygonal modeling
- D) Rasterization

34. What does the acronym API stand for?

- A) Application Program Interface
- B) Advanced Programming Interface
- C) Application Protocol Interface
- D) Application Performance Indicator

35. Which file format supports both lossy and lossless compression?
- A) JPEG
- B) PNG
- C) WEBP
- D) TIFF

36. A "query" in databases typically refers to:

- A) A command that retrieves data
- B) A backup process
- C) A security check
- D) An indexing algorithm

37. In computer networking, what does LAN stand for?

- A) Local Area Network
- B) Long Area Network
- C) Low Area Network
- D) Layered Access Network

38. The term "latency" in data transmission refers to:

- A) The speed of the data transfer
- B) The delay before a transfer of data begins
- C) The amount of data being transferred
- D) The type of data protocol used
39. In digital files, what does the abbreviation GIF stand for?
- A) Graphic Interchange Format
- B) General Image Format
- C) Graphics Internet Format
- D) Global Image Format

40. Resolution in digital images is typically referred to in terms of:

- A) Color depth
- B) Pixel dimensions (width x height)
- C) File size
- D) Aspect ratio

41. What does the abbreviation SQL stand for in database management?
- A) Structured Query Language
- B) Standard Query Language
- C) Systematic Query Language
- D) Structured Quick Language

42. The main characteristic of a bitmapped image file is that it:

- A) Allows for scaling without loss of quality
- B) Is made up of pixels
- C) Can be easily converted to vector format
- D) Uses mathematical equations to represent images

43. What is the primary purpose of the Domain Name System (DNS)?
- A) To assign IP addresses to devices
- B) To translate domain names into IP addresses
- C) To secure web traffic
- D) To balance network loads

44. The format that uses a lossless method of compression while retaining
transparency is:
- A) JPEG
- B) PNG
- C) GIF
- D) TIFF

45. In programming, which of the following is a common data structure that uses
key-value pairs?
- A) Array
- B) Queue
- C) Hash Table
- D) Stack

46. In software development, what does "refactoring" refer to?

- A) Changing the code’s functionality without altering its behavior
 - B) Completely rewriting the software
- C) Merging multiple codebases
- D) Incorporating third-party libraries

47. What does the acronym VPN stand for?

- A) Virtual Private Network
- B) Virtual Protected Network
- C) Variable Private Network
- D) Visual Protected Network

48. The term used to describe the reduction of file size without losing any quality is
called:
- A) Compression
- B) Decompression
- C) Compilation
- D) Conversion

49. The concept of “Big O notation” is used in computer science to describe:

- A) The speed of data access
- B) The efficiency of an algorithm
- C) The size of a data set
- D) The network latency

50. Which of the following is a feature of PostScript?

- A) Integrates both text and graphics on the same page
- B) Only supports raster graphics
- C) Is a proprietary format developed by Microsoft
- D) Cannot be scaled

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1. In binary notation, what is the decimal equivalent of the binary number 1101?
- A) 11
- B) 13
- C) 14
- D) 15

2. What is the power of 2 representation used to express the binary number 10110?
- A) \(2^4 + 2^2\)
- B) \(2^5 + 2^3 + 2^1\)
- C) \(2^4 + 2^3 + 2^1\)
- D) \(2^5 + 2^2 + 2^0\)

3. To find the binary representation of the decimal number 25, which process is
used?
- A) Divide by 2 and keep track of the remainders.
- B) Multiply by 2 until you reach 0.
 - C) Subtract the largest powers of 2.
- D) Convert into hexadecimal first.

4. What is the result of adding two binary numbers: 1011 and 1101?
- A) 10000
- B) 10100
- C) 1110
- D) 11000

5. In binary, how is the fraction 0.625 represented?

- A) 0.101
- B) 0.1001
- C) 0.110
- D) 0.111

6. In the context of binary fractions, what does the radix point represent?
- A) The point where the number begins
- B) The division between whole numbers and fractional parts
- C) The average value of a binary number
- D) The standard form of binary notation

7. Given the binary number 110101.1, what is the value of the fractional part?
- A) 0.1
- B) 0.25
- C) 0.5
- D) 0.75

8. What is the binary addition of the fractions 0.011 and 0.101?

- A) 0.1000
- B) 0.1001
- C) 0.110
- D) 0.111

9. The 2’s complement notation is primarily used to:

- A) Simplify addition of binary numbers
- B) Represent negative numbers
- C) Convert decimal fractions
- D) Store character data

10. In 2’s complement notation, how is the number -5 represented in 8 bits?

- A) 11111010
- B) 11111001
- C) 00000101
- D) 11111000

11. When converting a positive binary number to a negative representation using 2’s
complement, the procedure includes:
 - A) Adding one to the binary number
- B) Inverting the bits and adding one
- C) Shifting to the left
- D) Doubling the binary number

12. What is the result of adding the 2’s complement binary numbers 0110 and 1100?
- A) 0100
- B) 0010
- C) 1110
- D) 1 (with overflow)

13. What is a common issue that occurs when adding two binary numbers?
- A) Information Loss
- B) Overflow
- C) Underflow
- D) Loss of precision

14. In Excess-Notation, what does the base represent?

- A) The minimum value represented
- B) The middle value
- C) The maximum value
- D) The offset for representation

15. Which of the following describes how numbers are represented in Excess-127
notation?
- A) Using the actual value plus 127
- B) Using powers of 10
- C) Direct binary conversion
- D) Using decimal digits

16. Excess Four notation allows for how many unique representations?
- A) 4
- B) 8
- C) 16
- D) 10

17. What is the main advantage of using Floating Point Notation?

- A) Simple representation of integers
- B) Increased range for very large and small numbers
- C) Efficient storage in memory
- D) Fast computational speed

18. When storing fractions in floating-point representation, the precision is limited

by:
- A) Number of bits allocated to the exponent
- B) Representation of the fraction in the mantissa
- C) The arithmetic operations performed
 - D) The number of total bits used

19. Truncation errors in floating-point representation occur when:

- A) The number exceeds the maximum value
- B) Bits are truncated after multiplication
- C) The precision limit is exceeded
- D) Integer values are converted to floating-point

20. A primitive method to handle truncation errors might involve:

- A) Rounding to the nearest value
- B) Ignoring excess digits
- C) Using integer arithmetic exclusively
- D) Scaling the calculation

21. Data compression techniques generally aim to:

- A) Reduce the amount of data that needs to be transmitted or stored
- B) Increase redundancy for security
- C) Ensure data integrity
- D) Facilitate faster processing

22. Which of the following describes the primary method of compressing images?
- A) Changing color depth
- B) Using lossy compression techniques like JPEG
- C) Simply reducing resolution
- D) Adjusting brightness levels

23. When compressing audio, which format is commonly used for lossy
compression?
- A) BMP
- B) MP3
- C) PNG
- D) WAV

24. In data manipulation, a CPU primarily performs which of the following tasks?
- A) Manage storage devices
- B) Execute instructions and process data
- C) Handle user input and output
- D) Transfer data over a network

25. The stored-program concept pioneered by John von Neumann refers to:
- A) Storing programs on external drives
- B) The ability to store program instructions in memory
- C) The use of punch cards for program execution
- D) The separation of software and hardware

26. Which of the following is NOT a philosophy of CPU architecture?

- A) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
 - B) CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
- C) DMA (Direct Memory Access)
- D) VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word)

27. Machine instruction categories typically do NOT include:

- A) Data Transfer Instructions
- B) Control Instructions
- C) Communication Instructions
- D) Arithmetic Instructions

28. In the data transfer group, devices communicate primarily using:

- A) Serial communication
- B) Pipelined processing
- C) Encrypted transfer methods
- D) Packet switching

29. The arithmetic/logic group of CPU handles:

- A) Basic data connections
- B) Logical and arithmetic operations
- C) Power management functions
- D) Input/output control

30. The role of the controller in a computer system is to:

- A) Generate data output
- B) Oversee the operations of the CPU
- C) Manage memory usage
- D) Control device communication

31. A common issue with direct memory access (DMA) is:

- A) Increased CPU load
- B) Memory fragmentation
- C) Slower data transfers
- D) Handshaking conflicts

32. Which of the following describes parallel communication?

- A) Single-bit transfer
- B) Multiple bits sent simultaneously
- C) Sequential device connections
- D) Unidirectional data flow

33. An advantage of serial communication over parallel communication is:

- A) Higher speed
- B) Simpler wiring
- C) Lower cost
- D) Better reliability at long distances

34. Pipelining in a CPU architecture improves:

 - A) The storage capacity
- B) The efficiency of instruction processing
- C) The power consumption
- D) The type of instructions executed

35. The history of operating systems began with:

- A) The development of the GUI
- B) Command-line interfaces
- C) Batch processing systems
- D) Real-time operating systems

36. The main function of an operating system is:

- A) To design hardware
- B) To manage system resources and facilitate user interaction
- C) To provide user applications
- D) To operate independently of applications

37. What is a characteristic of monolithic operating systems?

- A) Modular structure
- B) Simplistic kernel
- C) Unified code base for core services
- D) Layered architecture

38. Which task is part of the booting process?

- A) Hashing user passwords
- B) Running security checks
- C) Loading the operating system kernel
- D) Initializing network settings

39. In operating systems, examples of software classification include:

- A) System software and application software
- B) Open-source and proprietary software
- C) Public and private software
- D) Overhead software and core software

40. What is the role of semaphores in an operating system?

- A) Allocate memory
- B) Synchronize processes to prevent race conditions
- C) Execute instructions
- D) Manage user input

41. The concept of deadlock occurs when:

- A) Multiple processes compete for the same resource and cannot proceed
- B) the system is overloaded
- C) Data transfer rates are too low
- D) The CPU overheats and shuts down
42. The term "security attacks from outside" refers to:
- A) Internal data breaches
- B) External threats such as hackers and malware
- C) Software bugs
- D) Hardware failures

43. In networking, what does the term “protocol” most effectively define?
- A) A physical connection method
- B) A set of rules governing data communication
- C) The layout of network devices
- D) The bandwidth of a connection

44. A LAN (Local Area Network) is typically characterized by:

- A) A network covering a large geographic area
- B) High-speed connections
- C) Connections over long distances
- D) Connections primarily through satellite links

45. What is the primary function of the Internet Protocol (IP)?

- A) To ensure secure communication
- B) To route and address packets of data
- C) To provide a user interface
- D) To verify user credentials

46. In distributed systems, the synchronization of processes is crucial for:

- A) Increasing processing speed
- B) Preventing data inconsistency and conflict
- C) Reducing administration overhead
- D) Maximizing network performance

47. What is a typical advantage of a distributed network?

- A) Increased vulnerability to attacks
- B) Lower cost of management
- C) Enhanced performance from resource pooling
- D) Reduced redundancy

48. Which of the following is an example of a protocol used for process

communication in networking?
- A) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
- B) DNS (Domain Name System)
- C) HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
- D) All of the above

49. When combining networks, the main consideration should be:

- A) The speed of the broadband connection
- B) Compatibility between different network protocols
- C) The number of users in each network
 - D) The type of hardware used

50. In network classification, a WAN (Wide Area Network) typically connects:

- A) Devices within a single building
- B) Devices across multiple locations, often globally
- C) Devices in a local vicinity
- D) Devices using only Wi-Fi connections

---------------------------------------------------------------

1. In binary notation, what is the 8-bit representation of the decimal number 63?
- A) 00111111
- B) 00110111
- C) 01111111
- D) 01100111

2. What does the term "Bit" refer to in digital systems?

- A) A byte
- B) The smallest unit of data, represented as 0 or 1
- C) A file size measurement
- D) A character encoding system

3. What might be the result of adding the binary numbers 1110 and 0001?
- A) 1111
- B) 10000
- C) 1110
- D) 0001

4. The binary number system is base:

- A) 8
- B) 10
- C) 2
- D) 16

5. To convert the decimal number 5 into binary, which sequence of operations would
you perform?
- A) Subtract 3 and convert
- B) Divide by 2 and record the remainders
- C) Multiply by 2 constantly
- D) Add numbers until reaching 5

6. In the context of binary representation, what does the term "overflow" refer to?
- A) An error in data transmission
- B) When the result of an arithmetic operation exceeds the range representable by
the number of bits
- C) Data being lost due to network issues
- D) Maximum memory usage in a CPU
7. Excess-127 notation is used primarily in which context?
- A) Image encoding
- B) Floating-point representation
- C) Integer programming
- D) Network protocols

8. What is the primary purpose of 2's complement representation?

- A) To reduce memory usage
- B) To represent negative numbers
- C) To simplify binary addition
- D) To improve data transmission speeds

9. What is the pattern for converting a number from 2's complement back to its
original decimal form?
- A) Add 1 to the least significant bit
- B) Invert the bits and add 1
- C) Subtract the max representable value
- D) Multiply the significant digits by their place values

10. How is the number -13 represented in an 8-bit 2's complement?

- A) 11110011
- B) 11101101
- C) 10001101
- D) 11110010

11. Given a binary overflow occurs after adding two 8-bit 2's complement numbers,
what is the logical conclusion?
- A) The result still can be interpreted correctly
- B) The result wraps around and can be misinterpreted
- C) An error occurs without a resultant value
- D) The addition operation cannot be performed

12. In radix point representation, what does the position of the digit determine?
- A) The numerical value of the digit
- B) The overall number of non-unique values
- C) The corresponding byte size
- D) The encryption process

13. What is the binary representation of the decimal number 0.75?

- A) 0.11
- B) 0.101
- C) 0.111
- D) 0.110

14. If given the binary fraction 0.1011, how would you represent this fraction in
decimal?
 - A) 0.6875
- B) 0.625
- C) 0.875
- D) 0.75

15. When considering 2's complement, the number of bits used significantly impacts
the:
- A) Data transfer speed
- B) Maximum and minimum values representable
- C) Computer power consumption
- D) Amount of memory available

16. The binary number 1011.01 contains how many digits to the right of the binary
point?
- A) 1
- B) 2
- C) 3
- D) 4

17. Excess Notation uses a fixed bias to encode positive and negative numbers. What
is the bias used for Excess-2 notation?
- A) 1
- B) 2
- C) 3
- D) 127

18. In floating-point representation, the "mantissa" represents:

- A) The scale of the number
- B) The significant digits of the number
- C) The decimal value only
- D) The exponent alone

19. Floating-point numbers are commonly expressed in which of the following

formats?
- A) IEEE 754
- B) ASCII
- C) ANSI
- D) UNICODE

20. When a floating-point operation exceeds its range and results in an undefined
number, this is commonly referred to as:
- A) Underflow
- B) Overflow
- C) Rounding error
- D) Truncation error
21. What is one of the practical challenges with floating-point arithmetic in
programming?
- A) They consume excess memory
- B) They cannot represent integer data
- C) Rounding errors may occur due to finite precision
- D) They are not supported in most programming languages

22. Which of the following is NOT a typical method for handling truncation errors in
floating point arithmetic?
- A) Using a lower precision format
- B) Rounding the result to the nearest representable number
- C) Arbitrary-precision arithmetic libraries
- D) Normalization of results

23. Data compression primarily aims to:

- A) Increase file size for security
- B) Reduce file sizes for storage and transmission efficiency
- C) Enhance the quality of data
- D) Transform data formats

24. Lossy compression methods typically lead to:

- A) Exact replicas of original files
- B) Data that can never be restored to its original form
- C) No loss of quality
- D) Equal sizes regardless of compression steps

25. Which file format is commonly associated with image compression?

- A) PNG
- B) JPEG
- C) WAV
- D) ZIP

26. Which of the following describes a characteristic of the CPU's arithmetic/logic

unit (ALU)?
- A) Executes control instructions
- B) Handles data storage
- C) Performs arithmetic and logical operations
- D) Manages input/output ports

27. The process of retrieving and executing instructions from memory is known as:
- A) Fetch-decode-execute cycle
- B) Data transfer cycle
- C) Memory allocation cycle
- D) Instruction set cycle

28. What technology enables Direct Memory Access (DMA)?

- A) Multithreading
 - B) Interrupt-driven I/O
- C) Continuous processing
- D) Side-car architecture

29. In the control group of a CPU, the primary function is to:

- A) Keep track of the main memory
- B) Execute arithmetic operations
- C) Manage execution timing and sequencing
- D) Facilitate data input/output

30. What occurs during pipelining in CPU processing?

- A) Programs are executed in parallel
- B) Multiple instructions are overlapped in execution
- C) Memory is allocated and deallocated
- D) Data is fetched from external devices

31. In the field of operating systems, what is NOT a common role?

- A) Process management
- B) Managing hardware resources
- C) Generating user applications
- D) Providing user memory access

32. Which operating system component is responsible for managing processes and
memory?
- A) Shell
- B) Kernel
- C) User Interface
- D) Application Software

33. The booting process of an operating system primarily consists of:

- A) Installing device drivers
- B) Loading the kernel and initializing hardware
- C) Executing user applications
- D) Backing up system files

34. In semaphore usage, the purpose of a semaphore is to:

- A) Allocate hardware resources
- B) Protect shared resources and prevent deadlock
- C) Execute concurrent processes
- D) Store data in a structured way

35. A deadlock is best described as:

- A) System resources are fully utilized
- B) A situation where processes wait indefinitely for resources held by each other
- C) A temporary pause in processing
- D) A point where the CPU is idle
36. The main purpose of an operating system kernel is:
- A) Manage fixed commands for hardware
- B) Provide user application interfaces
- C) Oversee core processing and resource management
- D) Facilitate network communications

37. A characteristic of monolithic operating systems is that they:

- A) Have modular components
- B) Are easier to maintain
- C) Include all services in a singular structure
- D) Are designed for specific hardware

38. An example of protocol in networking is:

- A) HTML
- B) TCP/IP
- C) SQL
- D) JPEG

39. When classifying networks, a WAN primarily connects:

- A) Devices within a city
- B) Devices across large geographical distances
- C) Devices using wireless technologies
- D) Devices locally

40. In networking, what does “throughput” refer to?

- A) Maximum data transfer speed
- B) Actual data transfer rate achieved
- C) Bandwidth capacity
- D) Network delay

41. What does the acronym DNS stand for in networking?

- A) Domain Name System
- B) Data Networking Service
- C) Digital Name Server
- D) Domain Naming Service

42. What is the primary method used for connecting computers in a LAN?
- A) Optical fiber
- B) Copper cables
- C) Wireless connections
- D) Satellite connections

43. The main advantage of using a client-server architecture is:

- A) Peer resources are used equally
- B) Centralized control and management
- C) Decrease in local processing power required
- D) Simplicity in resource management
44. Methods of process communication in networking can include:
- A) Shared memory and message passing
- B) Batch processing and direct memory access
- C) Scheduling and indexing
- D) Paging and printing

45. Distributed systems are characterized by:

- A) Centralized control
- B) Resource sharing across different nodes
- C) Single user access
- D) Limited scalability

46. What is the main purpose of an API?

- A) To streamline user experiences
- B) To allow different software applications to communicate
- C) To manage device configurations
- D) To protect network from intrusions

47. In terms of data manipulation, the CPU architecture influences:

- A) Memory speed only
- B) Processing speed and efficiency of instructions
- C) The amount of data transferred
- D) Encryption methods

48. Serial communication is characterized by:

- A) Sending multiple bits at once
- B) Sending data one bit at a time
- C) Requires less complex circuitry
- D) Higher data transfer speeds

49. In parallel communication, which of the following is true?

- A) Data is transmitted in a single channel
- B) Multiple bits are sent simultaneously
- C) It is slower than serial communication
- D) Only one bit can be processed at any time

50. In a simple CPU architecture, which component is responsible for fetching and
decoding instructions?
- A) Memory unit
- B) Control unit
- C) Cache
- D) Input/Output unit