Volume 9, Issue 10, October – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24OCT874

Segment Routing: Modernizing Network Traffic

Management and Migration Strategies
Ali AlSalem; Hassan Algizani

Abstract:- This paper presents an overview of Segment II. OVERVIEW OF SEGMENT ROUTING
Routing (SR) as an innovative approach for traffic
management in modern networks. SR simplifies network Segment Routing (SR) represents a modern approach to
operations, provides better scalability, and supports routing that significantly diverges from traditional MPLS
seamless integration with SDN. The paper compares SR to techniques. At its core, SR is a form of source-based routing
traditional MPLS techniques (LDP, RSVP-TE), discusses where the source node defines the entire path that a packet
the advantages of SR, explores migration strategies, and should take through the network. This path is encoded within
highlights the benefits of using SR in SDN environments. the packet as a series of segments, each identified by a
Segment ID (SID). These segments can represent a variety of
I. INTRODUCTION routing instructions, such as forwarding the packet to a
specific node, directing it through a particular interface, or
In the evolving landscape of network engineering, applying a specific service along the route. By using these
traditional MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) techniques segments, SR enables the source to dictate the path without
such as LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) and RSVP-TE relying on hop-by-hop signaling protocols as shown in figure
(Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering) have 1.
long been integral to traffic engineering, providing the
necessary mechanisms to manage and optimize traffic flow The primary difference between SR and traditional
across complex networks. These methods, while effective, are MPLS techniques like LDP and RSVP-TE lies in how paths
being reevaluated in light of emerging technologies that are established and managed. While LDP and RSVP-TE rely
promise greater flexibility and efficiency. Among these, on complex protocols to distribute labels and reserve resources
Segment Routing (SR) has gained significant attention for its dynamically, SR eliminates the need for these protocols by
ability to simplify the control plane, enhance scalability, and embedding the path information directly into the packet. This
seamlessly integrate with modern Software-Defined shift not only reduces the control plane complexity but also
Networking (SDN) frameworks. This paper aims to delve into minimizes the protocol overhead required to manage network
the intricacies of SR technology, offering a detailed traffic.
comparison with traditional MPLS approaches and examining
the practical considerations for migrating to SR. Additionally, The benefits of Segment Routing are manifold. First, it
we will explore how SR can be integrated with SDN to meet simplifies network operations by reducing the dependency on
the demands of contemporary network environments. multiple signaling protocols, which streamlines the control
plane as shown in Table 1. Second, SR enhances scalability, as
it can accommodate large-scale networks without the need for
extensive protocol interactions. Third, it offers greater
flexibility by supporting Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP)
routing, which allows for efficient load balancing across
multiple paths. These advantages make SR a compelling
choice for modern networks, where the demand for agility,
efficiency, and ease of management continues to grow
[1][2][9].

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 Volume 9, Issue 10, October – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24OCT874

Fig 1: Segment Routing Node and Adjacency SIDs [9]

III. SEGMENT ROUTING DATA AND CONTROL establish label-switched paths, SR encodes the path
PLANE information directly into the packet headers using SIDs. These
SIDs are stacked in a specific order, guiding the packet
In Segment Routing (SR), the control plane is primarily through the network according to the pre-determined path.
managed through Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) such as Because SR utilizes the MPLS data plane, it does not require
IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) and OSPF additional data plane protocols, which simplifies network
(Open Shortest Path First), along with BGP (Border Gateway operations and reduces the potential for compatibility issues.
Protocol). These protocols are extended to support SR by
advertising Segment IDs (SIDs) that represent specific A critical element in SR’s architecture is the Segment
network segments or instructions. The SR-enabled IGPs Routing Global Block (SRGB), which is a reserved range of
distribute these SIDs throughout the network, allowing routers labels within the MPLS label space used exclusively for
to construct paths based on the segment information provided Segment Routing. The SRGB ensures that the SIDs are
by the source. BGP, particularly in inter-domain scenarios, can globally unique, meaning that the same SID corresponds to the
also propagate SIDs, enabling SR to operate across multiple same network function or segment across the entire network as
autonomous systems. This integration with existing IGPs and illustrated in Figure 2. This global consistency is vital for the
BGP allows SR to efficiently manage the network’s control proper functioning of SR, as it allows routers to interpret the
plane without introducing entirely new protocols [3][5]. segment instructions correctly, regardless of where the packet
originates. By standardizing SIDs within the SRGB, SR not
On the data plane, Segment Routing operates by only simplifies the management of routing paths but also
leveraging the existing MPLS infrastructure. Unlike traditional ensures interoperability across different network devices and
MPLS, which relies on protocols like LDP or RSVP-TE to domains.

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Volume 9, Issue 10, October – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24OCT874

Fig 2: SR Prefix or Node SID Signaling & Forwarding Using IGP [1]

IV. BENEFITS OF SEGMENT ROUTING complex protocols. By defining paths at the source and using
SIDs to direct traffic, SR allows for more precise control over
Segment Routing (SR) offers several advantages over traffic flows, ensuring optimal resource utilization and
traditional MPLS protocols like LDP and RSVP-TE, making it improved network performance. This method also supports
a powerful alternative for modern network architectures. One dynamic and flexible adjustments to network conditions,
of the key benefits of SR is the significant simplification of allowing for real-time traffic optimization.
network management and operations. Unlike traditional
MPLS, which requires complex protocols for label distribution SR’s support for modern networking standards further
and path setup, SR embeds routing instructions directly within distinguishes it from traditional MPLS. It is inherently
the packet using Segment IDs (SIDs). This approach designed to work with both IPv4 and IPv6, making it well-
eliminates the need for separate signaling protocols, suited for networks transitioning to or fully utilizing IPv6.
streamlining the control plane and reducing the overall Additionally, SR supports Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP)
operational complexity. Network administrators can manage routing, which enables load balancing across multiple paths
routing paths more efficiently, as SR allows for centralized with equal cost, further enhancing network efficiency.
path computation without relying on hop-by-hop signaling Furthermore, SR-based Traffic Engineering (SR-TE) policies
[2][4]. offer the ability to define specific paths for certain traffic
types, providing even greater control over how traffic is routed
Another notable advantage of SR is its enhanced traffic through the network. These features make SR a versatile and
engineering capabilities. In traditional MPLS, traffic forward-looking technology that addresses the limitations of
engineering relies on protocols like RSVP-TE to reserve traditional MPLS while offering a more scalable, flexible, and
resources and establish explicit paths, which can be efficient solution for traffic engineering and network
cumbersome and resource-intensive. SR, however, enables management.
advanced traffic engineering without the need for such

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Volume 9, Issue 10, October – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24OCT874

Table 1: Comparison of SR Operation and Capabilities Compared to LDP & RSVP-TE [1]

V. MIGRATION STRATEGIES TO SEGMENT To ensure smooth interworking between SR and

ROUTING traditional MPLS during migration, the Segment Routing
Mapping Server plays a crucial role. The Mapping Server
Migrating from traditional MPLS protocols like LDP and allows LDP and RSVP-TE routers to interoperate with SR-
RSVP-TE to Segment Routing (SR) requires careful planning enabled routers by mapping traditional MPLS labels to SIDs
and strategic approaches to ensure a seamless transition. as demonstrated in Figure 3. This capability ensures that
Several migration strategies have been developed to facilitate traffic can be routed across both SR and non-SR parts of the
this process, each with its advantages depending on the network without disruption, providing a bridge between the
network’s architecture and requirements. One common old and new technologies. The use of a Mapping Server is
approach is the Outside-In strategy, where SR is first particularly valuable in scenarios where a complete and
implemented at the network edge before gradually extending immediate transition to SR is not feasible, allowing for a
towards the core. This method allows for a phased gradual and less risky migration process.
introduction of SR, minimizing disruption and providing a
controlled environment for testing and optimization. Adopting a homogenous Segment Routing Global Block
Conversely, the Inside-Out strategy starts the SR deployment (SRGB) across the network during migration brings
at the network core and expands outward to the edges. This significant benefits. The SRGB defines the range of SIDs used
approach is suitable for networks where core devices can within the network, and by maintaining consistency across all
support SR immediately, allowing for a quicker central devices, it simplifies the migration process and reduces the
migration. Another strategy is the Ship in the Night approach, likelihood of configuration errors. A homogenous SRGB
where SR and traditional MPLS protocols operate ensures that SIDs are interpreted consistently across all
simultaneously but independently within the same network. routers, which is essential for maintaining end-to-end path
This dual-stack method enables a gradual transition, allowing integrity during the transition. Moreover, a uniform SRGB
operators to migrate specific segments or traffic types to SR facilitates easier troubleshooting and network management, as
while maintaining existing LDP/RSVP-TE services[6]. operators can rely on a standardized SID structure throughout
the network. This consistency ultimately enhances the stability
and reliability of the network as it evolves towards a fully SR-
based architecture.

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 Volume 9, Issue 10, October – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24OCT874

Fig 3: SR to LDP Interworking Scenario [2]

VI. INTEGRATION OF SEGMENT ROUTING WITH controller can implement policies that prioritize specific types
SDN of traffic, as shown in Figure 4, reroute flows in case of
congestion or failures, and dynamically adjust paths to
Integrating Segment Routing (SR) with Software- optimize network performance. This hybrid approach ensures
Defined Networking (SDN) unlocks new levels of flexibility that the network remains resilient and adaptive, balancing the
and control within modern network infrastructures. strengths of both distributed and centralized paradigms.
Centralized controllers, such as Cisco’s Segment Routing Path
Computation Element (SR-PCE), play a pivotal role in this Segment Routing’s integration with SDN is particularly
integration by managing the computation and optimization of valuable in several key use cases. In Cloud WAN (Wide Area
network paths. SR-PCE leverages the centralized nature of Networks), SR enables dynamic, policy-driven routing that
SDN to analyze the network’s global state and compute can optimize data flow across global cloud infrastructures,
optimal paths based on real-time data, including bandwidth ensuring efficient and reliable interconnection between data
requirements, latency, and policy constraints. These computed centers. For Content Delivery Networks (CDNs), SR allows
paths are then pushed to the network devices, which forward for precise traffic engineering that enhances content
traffic according to the instructions encoded in the Segment distribution efficiency and reduces latency by directing traffic
IDs (SIDs). This centralized control allows for dynamic and along optimal paths. In Telco NFV (Network Functions
intelligent path adjustments, enabling networks to respond Virtualization) Cloud environments, SR simplifies the
swiftly to changing traffic patterns and application orchestration of virtualized network functions by providing
demands[7][5][10]. flexible and programmable path control, essential for ensuring
service quality and performance. Finally, in Metro networks,
A hybrid model combining distributed SR with SR with SDN integration supports high-capacity, low-latency
centralized SDN controllers offers significant advantages for services by enabling granular traffic engineering and efficient
traffic management. In this model, the distributed SR utilization of network resources, making it ideal for densely
mechanism ensures that the network can continue to operate populated urban areas where demand for bandwidth is high.
efficiently even if the SDN controller is temporarily These use cases demonstrate how SR, when combined with
unavailable. This provides the robustness and scalability of a SDN, can transform traditional networks into agile, scalable,
distributed system while benefiting from the SDN controller’s and highly efficient infrastructures.
ability to optimize traffic flows on a global scale. The SDN

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Volume 9, Issue 10, October – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24OCT874

Fig 4: An Optimization Routing Algorithm Based on Segment Routing in Software-Defined Networks[10]

VII. SEGMENT ROUTING USE CASES

In Telco NFV Cloud environments, SR provides the
Segment Routing (SR) offers transformative solutions scalability and flexibility needed to support the dynamic
across various networking scenarios, making it a versatile tool nature of telco services. As telecommunications companies
for addressing the demands of modern infrastructures [8][11]. move towards virtualizing network functions, SR simplifies
the orchestration and management of these virtualized
In Cloud WAN environments, SR excels in enabling elements by allowing for programmable, policy-driven
software-driven traffic engineering and dynamic path routing. This capability ensures that telco services can be
computation. Cloud networks often span vast geographical delivered with high reliability and performance, regardless of
areas and must efficiently handle fluctuating traffic loads changing network conditions or service demands. The
between data centers. SR, integrated with SDN controllers, flexibility of SR also supports the rapid deployment of new
allows for real-time path adjustments based on network services, helping telcos remain competitive in a fast-evolving
conditions and application requirements. This capability market.
ensures optimal use of network resources, improves service
reliability, and enhances overall performance, making it easier Metro Transport networks as shown in figure 5, which
for cloud providers to meet the high expectations of their often feature ring topologies, benefit from SR’s ability to solve
customers. protection and redundancy challenges. In ring networks,
ensuring efficient redundancy and protection against failures is
For Content Distribution Networks (CDNs), SR enhances crucial for maintaining service continuity. SR’s support for
the efficiency of content delivery by enabling precise path Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) routing and its ability to
selection and intelligent egress point determination. CDNs rely implement flexible traffic engineering policies allow for
on distributing content from multiple locations to minimize efficient use of network resources while providing robust
latency and ensure fast access for end-users. SR’s ability to protection against link failures. SR can dynamically reroute
direct traffic through the most efficient paths based on real- traffic around failed links or nodes, ensuring that services
time metrics allows CDNs to optimize bandwidth usage and remain uninterrupted as depicted in Figure 5. This makes SR
improve delivery times. This results in a smoother user an ideal solution for metropolitan networks, where
experience, especially during peak traffic periods, and better maintaining high availability and performance is critical for
overall network performance.

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Volume 9, Issue 10, October – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24OCT874

supporting dense urban populations and their growing Each of these use cases highlights SR’s ability to adapt to
connectivity needs [11]. diverse network requirements, offering enhanced control,
flexibility, and efficiency in managing traffic across complex,
modern infrastructures.

Fig 5: Metro Network Architecture [11]

VIII. CONCLUSION Future research could focus on optimizing SR for diverse

networking environments, exploring areas such as improved
Segment Routing (SR) presents several advantages over interworking with legacy protocols, enhanced security
traditional MPLS methods such as LDP and RSVP-TE, mechanisms for SR-based networks, and further development
making it an attractive solution for modern network of hybrid models combining SR and SDN. Additionally, as
infrastructures. Unlike these traditional techniques, SR networks continue to scale and grow more complex, the
simplifies the control plane by embedding routing instructions exploration of AI and machine learning techniques for
directly into the packet, eliminating the need for complex dynamic and automated SR path computation could unlock
signaling protocols. This streamlined approach reduces new possibilities for network optimization and management.
operational complexity, enhances scalability, and improves Overall, Segment Routing stands poised to redefine traffic
traffic engineering capabilities through source-based routing. engineering and network management for the next generation
Furthermore, SR's compatibility with IPv6 and support for of network architectures.
Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) routing ensure efficient load
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ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24OCT874

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