Chapter-1

The Rise of Nationalism In Europe

1 marks Questions

1. Who was Frederic sorrieu?

(a) A Philosopher
(b) A Painter
(c) A Politician
(d) A Revolutionaries

Ans. (b) A Painter

2. Which of the following is true with reference to Romanticism?

a) Concept of government by consent
b) Freedom for the individual
c) Cultural movement
d) Freedom of markets

Ans. c)Cultural movement

3. What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives?

a) They opposed monarchial forms.
b) They were the supporters of democracy
c) They wanted to glorify folk art and vernacular language.
d) They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs.

Ans. d) They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs.

4. Who was count Cavour?

a) The chief Minister of Italy
b) Revolutionary of Germany
c) A catholic missionary
d) The chancellor of Germany

Ans. a) The chief Minister of Italy

5. Which of the following state lead the unification of Germany?

(a) Bavaria
(b) Prussia
(c) Rhineland
(d) Hanover

Ans. (b) Prussia

6. Who hosted the congress of Vienna in 1815

(a) Cavour
(b) King victor Emanuel
(c) Bismarck
(d) Duke Metternich

Ans. (d) Duke Metternich

7. What was this main objective of the treaty of Vienna of 1815?

(a) To undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic war.
(b) To plan the unification of Germany
(c) To restore the democracy in Europe.
(d) To overthrow the Bourbon dynasty

Ans. (a) To undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic war.

8. Which of the following treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation?

(a) Treaty of Versailles
(b) Treaty of Constantinople
(c) Treaty of Frankfurt
(d) Treaty of Vienna
Ans. b) Treaty of Constantinople

9. At which of the following places was the Frankfurt assembly convened ?

(a) At the palace of Prussia
(b) At the half of Mirrors in palace of Versailles.
(c) At the church of st peters
(d) At the church of St panli

Ans. (d) At the church of St panli

10. “The aim of the Zollverein is to bind the Germans economically in to a nation”. Who
wrote these words?

Ans. Friedrich List, Professor of Economics at the University of Tubingen in Germany.

11. Name the kings who had been restored to power after Vienna congress by the
conservatives?

Ans. Bourbon Kings

12. Name the secret societies founded by Giuseppe Mazzine?

Ans. Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne

13. Potatoes were not known to people in Asia and Europe till the discovery of which
great Island?

Ans. Ireland

14. What was the major objective of the Vienna Congress of 1815?

Ans. The objective of Vienna Congress was to undoing most of the changes that had come
about in the Europe during the Napoleonic War.
15. What was the concept of modern states?

Ans. Centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory.

16. When was the Customs union or Zollverein founded?

Ans. 1834

17. Against whom, the industrial workers, artisans and peasants revolted in 1848
Europe?

Ans. Monarchy

18. Who had hosted the meeting of representatives of European powers at Vienna in
1815?.

Ans. The Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich

19. Why and when Mazzini was sent to exile?

Ans. Mazzini was sent to exile for attempting a revolution in 1831.

20. Name the Irish catholic who revolted against the British domination.

Ans. Wolf Tone

21. Write any one statement regarding the doctrine of liberal nationalism?

Ans. It stood for freedom of Individual, for equality of all before law and it emphasized
government by consent.

22. Who was proclaimed the first king of Italy?

Ans. Victor Emmanuel II

23. Who said, “True German culture is to be discovered among common people.”

Ans. Johann Gottfried Herder

24. Who described the Italian revolutionary nationalist Mazzini as the most dangerous
enemy of our social order?

Ans. Duke Metternich

25. Who was Count Cavour?

Ans. The chief Minister of Italy

26. Who was the guiding force for the unification of England in 1707?

Ans. The English Parliament.

27. Name the area which was ruled by Habsburg Empire?

Ans. Austria-Hungary

28. When was the Frankfurt Parliament held?

Ans. In 1848

29. Who were the architects of the unification of Germany?

Ans. The Prussian Chancellor Bismarck and the Prussian King William-I

31. Explain the concept of a national state

Ans. Most of its citizens developed a common identity. They shared history. This
commonnesscame as a result of great struggle by the leaders and the common people.

32. Explain the measures and practices creating sense of collective identity among the
peopleof France.

Ans. The ideas of the father land (la patrie le citioyen (la citizen) a new French flag
emphasized thenation of a united community. A new French flag, New hymns were
composed, A centralized administrative was set up, Internal customs duties were abolished.

33. Explain the decision of the congress of Vienna.

Ans. The bourbon dynasty was restored in France, A number of states were set up on
theboundaries of France Prussia was given important new territories, Austria got control) of
northernItaly, Russia was given part of Poland.

34. Why the 1830s was the year of great economic hardship in Europe?

Ans. Increase in population, unemployment migration, price rise, stiff competition in the
market,Bad condition of peasants.

35. Why did national tensions emerge in the Balkan?

Ans. Ethnic variation spread of nationalism Disintegration of Ottoman Empire, claim

ofindependence by using history to prove that they had once been independent. Area of
intenseconflict, Mutual jealousy matters were further complicated because the Balkans also
became thescene of big power rivalry.
 3 marks Questions

1. Describe the process by which Germany was unified.

Ans. By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarch in
Germany.Their after the task for unification of Germany was taken over by Prussia and its
chief ministerOtto von Bismarck who followed a policy of "blood and Iron" within a period of
seven years threewere fought with demark Austria and France. These states were defeated.
In January 1871 theprocess of unification of Germany was completed. The Prussian kind
William I was proclaimedGerman Emperor.

2. Describe the process of unification of Italy.

Ans. During 1830s. G. Mazzini decided to make a programme to unite Italy and formed a
societyyoung Italy After earlier failures king victory Emmanuel II took to unify the Italian
statusthrough war and he got the whole hearted support of minister Cavour made a tactful
alliancewith France and defeated Austrians forces in 1859. Now he was able to secure the
support ofGaribaldi. In 1860 Garibaldi led the famous expedition to south Italy and freed the
states fromBourbon rulers in 1861 before the completion of unification victor Emanuel II
was proclaimed theking of united Italy.

3. Can you make a distinction between the revolution of 1830s and the revolution of
1848 in France?

Ans.

The revolution of 1830 The revolution 1848

1. This revolution was led by Liberal

1. This revolution was started by the
 nationalists belonging to the educated unemployed poor peasants and workers.
middle calls elites of France.

2. By this revolution the kings of Bourbon 2. Through this revolution a republic was
dynasty restored to power by conservatives established on the bases of Universal Adult
were overthrown by the liberal nationalists. Franchise.

3. A constitutional monarchy with Louis

3. Constitutional monarchy was abolished so
Philippe as its head was established in
the king Louis Philippe had fed away.
France

4. Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi? What was his contribution in the freedom Movement
of Italy?

Ans. 1. Giuseppe Garibaldi: Giuseppe Garibaldi is the most celebrated Italian

freedomFighter. He came from a family engaged in Coastal trade and was a sailor in the
merchant navy.

2. Contribution: In 1833 he met Mazzini and joined the young Italy movement and
participated in a republican uprising in Piedmont in 1834. The uprising was suppressed.
Giuseppe Garibaldi had to flee to South America, where he lived in exile till 1848. In 1854, he
supported Victor Emmanuel-II in his efforts to unify the Italian States. Giuseppe Garibaldi led
the famous expedition of the thousand to South Italy. In 1867, Garibaldi led an army of
volunteers to Rome to fight the last obstacle to the unification of Italy.

5. How would you explain the fate of Ireland?

Ans. 1. Ireland was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants.

2. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over largely
Catholic country.

3. Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed.

4. After a failed revolt led by wolf Tone and his United Irishmen, Ireland was forcibly
incorporated in to United Kingdome in 1801
6. Why was the Napoleonic rule over other regions unpopular with some sections of
Europe?

Ans. Due to following reasons the Napoleonic rule over other regions was unpopular with
some sections of Europe:

1. The newly acquired territories had to face increased taxation and censorship.

2. The forced conscription into French army to conquer other parts of Europe was not
popular with the newly conquered people.

3. Administrative reforms did not go hand with political freedom. The newly annexed
regions found themselves under French rule.

7. Identify Cavour, telling the part played by him in the unification of Italy.

Ans. 1. The real credit for the unification of Italy goes to Cavour, who became the Prime
Minister of Sardinia in 1852 A.D.

2. He then dedicated himself his body and soul together to achieve his goal independence
and the unification of Italy. For this purpose he took recourse to diplomatic man oeuvres or
shrewd diplomacy.

3. He took sides in many ways to attract other states like Lombardy, Modena, Parma and
Tuscany to throw off the Austrian Yoke and join Sardinia.

4. He had unified the whole of Italy under Sardinia.

8. Explain the three features of the class of landed aristocracy of Europe.

Ans. 1. During the mid-eighteenth century, a landed aristocracy was dominant class in
Europe both politically and socially.

2. The members of this landed aristocracy were united by a common ways of life that cut
across regional division.

3. They owned huge properties both in rural and urban areas.

4. Their families were tied together by matrimonial relations and they wielded much power
in their respective countries.

9. Outline the features of Vienna Treaty.

Ans. 1. This treaty took Place in 1815 at Vienna, Austria.

2. In this treaty the representatives of European Powers-Russia, Britain, Prussia andAustria

were met.

3. The meeting was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.

4. The objective of Vienna Congress was to undoing most of the changes that had come about
in the Europe during the Napoleonic War.

10. Identify king Victor Emmanuel, telling the part played by him in the unification of
Italy.

Ans. 1. He was the king of Sardinia who helped all revolutionaries whose main aim was to
achieve the unification of Independence of Italy.

2. It was Emmanuel who finally completed the task of unification, after Cavour had died, by
annexing the Papal territories of Venetia and Rome.

3. In this way, the united Italy came into existence in the year 1871A.D.

11. Who was Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which
they were portrayed?

Ans. 1. Marianne: In France nation was christened as Marianne, a popular Christian name
which underlined the idea of a people nation. Statues of Marianne with red cap, the tricolor
and the cockade, were erected at public squares to remind the public of the national symbol
of unity. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps as well.

2. Germania: In Germany Germania became the allegory of German nation. In visual

representations, she is shown wearing a crown of oak leave, as the German oak stands for
heroism.
12. Identify Napoleon, telling the part played by him in the France.

Ans. 1. He was a great French general, who won many battles for the revolutionary France
and raised his nation’s prestige.

2. In many parts of Europe like In the Dutch Republic in Switzerland, Italy and Germany, he
simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from the
serfdom and the manorial dues.

3.There was a time when he had become a terror for all the European monarchs. But in the
end, his limited resources collapsed in the face of fourth coalition of the European nations.

4. He was defeated in the battle of Waterloo in 1815 A.D. and was sent as a prisoner to spend
his last days at the small island of St. Helena where he died in the year 1821 A.D.

13. How did nationalism and the idea of nation states emerge? Explain.

Ans. 1. The nationalism and the idea of nation states emerged among the culturally diverse
and regional- social groups of European continent.

2. With the formation of European society, due to industrialization, the new middle class
emerged. It comprised labour, working class population, industrialization, businessmen,
professionals etc.

3. The educated and liberal population among the middle class thought to unite the culturally
compatible sections of European society. Hence they thought of nationalism and this led to
the emergence of the idea of nation states.

14. Which three issues were visualized by Frederic Sorrieu?

Ans. Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist prepared a series of four prints visualizing his
dreams of a world.

1. The first print of the series shows the people of Europe and America of the ages and social
classes marching in a long train. They are offering homage to the statue of liberty as they
pass by it.
2. His second vision named Utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct
nations, identify through their flags and national costume.

3. On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of
absolutist institutions. His work shows his dream on democratic and social republics.

15. Can you explain the factors responsible for economic hardships faced by European
people during 1830s?

Ans. 1. The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe.

2. During the first half of the Nineteenth Century there was an immense increase in
population all over the Europe. Due to which the supply of workers increased and the
demand was very less. Problem of unemployment was faced by Europeans.

3. Small producers and manufacturers of towns face a stiff competition from imports of
cheap machine made products.

4. In those regions of Europe where aristocracy still enjoyed powers, Peasants struggled
under the Burdon of Feudal dues and obligations.

16. “Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he
had incorporated revolutionary principles.” Justify the statement with suitable
arguments.

Ans. Following were the reforms brought by Napoleon in the administrative system:

1. The civil Code of 1804, usually known as the Napoleonic Code, did away with all privilege
based on birth.

2. It established equality before law and secured the right to property.

3. Napoleon simplified administrative division, abolished the feudal system and freed
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

4. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.

5. Transportation and communication system was improved.

17. Name the female allegory that represents France. Describe her main
characteristics.

Ans. 1. Those of liberty and republic.

2. These were the red cap, the tricolor, the cocade.

3. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares.

4. Her images were marked on coins and stamps of 1850s.

18. What were the impacts of Treaty of Vienna on European people?

Ans. Representatives of the European power, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria signed
treaty of Vienna in 1815. Following are its impact on European people:

1. Deposed Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. Future expansion of French was
prevented.

2. Prussia was given important new territories on its Western frontier, while Austria was
given control of the Northern Italy.

3. In the east Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.

4. The treaty slowed down the growth of nationalism. There was an effort to restore
Monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and to create a new conservative order
in Europe.

19. How Europe was closely allied to the ideology of Liberalism?

Ans. The efforts of the complaint against the seller. In Europe the educated, liberal middle
class spearheaded the nationalist movement. They stood for the freedom of individual and
equality of all before the low. Following were the political, social and economic ideas
supported by the liberals.
1. Political ideas-The ideology of liberalism supported the ideas of national unity and
abolition of aristocratic privileges. It also advocated for a constitutional and representative
government through parliament. It did not stand for the idea of universal suffrage.

2. Social ideas- They supported freedom for the individual and idea of equality of all before
the law.

3. Economic ideas- There was freedom of market and abolition of state imposed restrictions
on the movement of goods and capital. Zollverein abolished tariff barriers and reduced the
number of currencies. Introduction of a system of weights and measures also strengthen the
ideology of liberalism.

20. Justify the statement with suitable example that, “nationalism, aligned with
imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914.”

Ans. 1. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, nationalism no longer retained its
idealistic liberal democratic sentiment of the first half of the century but became a narrow
creed with limited ends.

2. Nationalism aligned with imperialism led Europe to disaster in 1914. But, many countries
in the world which were colonised were in a very bad shape.

3. During the period an intense rivalry among the European powers emerged over trade and
colonies as well as naval and military might. This led to a series of wars in the region and
final the First World War.

21. Who was Bismarck? How did he unify Germany as a nation state?

Ans. Bismarck was the Prime Minister of the Prussian king Kaiser William-I. He was the
architect of German Unification.

1. He made Prussia to take over the leadership of the movement of national unification. He
followed the policy of Blood and Iron.

2. The land owners in Prussia were in support of the movement. He materialized this
nationalist sentiment.
3. He sought the help of the Prussian army and made many secret alliances to fight wars.

4. Finally he defeated Austria, Denmark and France and German Unification was declared
with King William-I as the head of the state.

22. Who was the main architect of the nation-state in England? Describe their
contribution.

Ans. British parliament was the main architect of the nation state in England because it
seized power from monarchy in 1707.

1. The parliament through the Act of Union 1707 formed the United Kingdom of Great
Britain.

2. This act enables England to impose its influence on Scotland.

3. Ireland was deeply divided between Catholic and Protestants. The English helped
Protestants to establish their dominance over largely Catholic Country.

4. After a failed revolt led by wolf Tone and his united Irishmen, Ireland was forcibly
incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801.

5. A new British nation was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture.

23. Give a brief description of the revolt led by the Silesian Weavers in 1845?

Ans. 1. In 1845 the Silesian weavers revolted against contractor who supplied them raw
material for finishing textile but drastically reduced their payments.

2. Dissatisfied and resented weavers emerged from their homes on 4th June and marched in
pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.

3. The contractor fled with his families to a neighboring village which ultimately refused
shelter to such a person.

24. Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815.
Ans. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 European government were driven by a spirit of
conservatism. Conservatives believed that:

1. Established traditional institution of state and society like monarchy, church, social
hierarchy, property and family should be preserved.

2. Most conservatives believed that they should not return to the society of pre-revolutionary
days.

3. They believed that modernization could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like
monarchy. It could make the state power more effective and strong.

25. Explain any three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the
18th and 19th century.

Ans. 1. They used music to keep their unity and identity. Karol Kurpiniski kept up the
national struggle by staging his polish operas and music.

2. The Polish people used dances like polonaise and mazurka making them into nationalist
symbols.

3. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. In
1831, there was a Polish armed rebellion against Russian rule but the rebellion was crushed.

26. What were the main symbols of independent nations?

Ans. The main symbols of an independent nation are:

1. The national Flag

2. The national Anthem

3. The national language

4. The national Seal

Every country is identified through these symbols which are distinct from others.
27. How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments
during 18th century?

Ans. A Romanticism refers to a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular

form of national sentiments.

B Romanticism artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science
and focused on emotions, institutions and mystical feeling.

C Their efforts was to create a sense of shared collective heritage, a common culture of past,
as the basis of nation.

D Some German Romantics believed that through folk songs, the true sprit of the nation can
be popularized. German culture was to be discovered among common people.

28. How did the growth of industrialization change the social and political equation of
Europe?

Ans. Industrialization in its wake brought considerable change in socio-political sphere.

Western and central parts of Europe witnessed rapid growth of industrialization leading to
the growth of towns and cities and a strong commercial class whose existence was based on
production for the market.

1. This industrialization also resulted in the emergence of working class population and a
new middle class comprising industrialist, businessmen and professionals.

2. It was among these educated, liberal, middle classes that the ideas of national unity and
abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity. All these changes had great impact on
the society and political life of the people.
 5 marks Questions

1. How did the Journalist Wilhelm Wolff describe the revolt led by the Silesia weavers
against contractors in 1845?

Ans. In 1845, weavers of Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw
materials. They gave them order for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.

1. The workers were living in extreme poverty and misery.

2. The desperate need for has been taken advantage of by the contractors to reduce the
prices of the goods they order.

3. On 4 June at 2 P.M. a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in
pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.

4. They were treated with scorn and threats alternately.

5. A group of weavers entered in to a house of a contractor. They smashed the window

panes, furniture and porcelain. They entered the storehouse and tore to shreds the supplies
of cloth.

6. The contractor fled away with his family to a neighboring village and came back after 24
hours with army.

2. “The use of Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against
Russian dominance”. Justify the statement.

Ans. Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian
occupation, the polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was
imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was
ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use
language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish was used for church gatherings and all
religious instructions. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or
sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in
Russian. So we say that the use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against
Russian dominance.

3. How would you categories the factors which promoted the building up of the
dominance of English ethnic in British Isles?

Ans. Economic Prosperity: The Industrial revolution helped in the economic prosperity of
the English nation. It succeeded in extending its influence over the other nations of the
island with the help of trade and wealth.

1. English Parliament: The English parliament which had seized power from the monarchy
in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict was the instrument through which a nation state
with England at its centre came to be forged.

2. The Act of Union 1707: According to this act the United Kingdom of Great Britain was
formed and Scotland merged in to England. British parliament became stronger.

3. Majority of English members in the British Parliament: Due to the Act of 1707 United
Kingdom was formed and the parliament dominated by the English members. This was a
major factor to uplift the identity of British.

4. Setback to Scotland’s distinctive culture and identity: catholic clans that inhabited the
Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their
independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic Language

4. What ideas justify that the first half of nineteenth century were the years of Hunger,
hardship and Revolts?

Ans. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship.

1. The first half of nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over the
Europe.
2. In most countries of the Europe there were more job seekers than employment.

3.Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums. Small
producers in town were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine
made goods from England, where industrialization

4. This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or
small workshops and was only partly mechanized.

5. In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled
under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

6. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread anger in towns and
country.

7. In 1848 due to food shortage and unemployment the population of Paris started a
revolution.

5. Which conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the
new commercial classes during the 19th century Europe?

Ans. Following were the obstacles viewed by the new commercial classes, to the economic
exchange and growth during the 19th century Europe

1. There was enormous increase in population all over Europe.

2. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums and could
not afford to fulfill the basic needs.

3. Unemployment increased. In most countries, there were more job seekers than
employment.

4. Cheap machine made goods from England were giving stiff competition to small producers
of European Towns.

5. The price of food inflated many folds due to bad harvest. It led to a widespread pauperism
in European towns.
6. How would you justify that the Act of union was a major setback to the Scottish
Identity?

Ans. 1. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation
of the ‘united Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant in effect that England was able to impose its
influence on Scotland.

2. The British Parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.

3. The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political
institutions were systematically suppressed.

4. Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever
they attempted to assert their independence.

5. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic Language or wear their
national dress, and large number were forcibly driven out their homelands.

7. Mention the obstacles in the way of the Italian Unification.

Ans. 1. Division of Italy into so many states: The division of Italy into many states and their
mutual quarrels rendered Italy quite weak.

2. Foreign Rules: Foreign countries like France and Austria established their control over a
large part of Italy. Napoleon the French emperor had conquered the whole of Italy. Thus the
foreign rule was a big hurdle in the way of the Italian Unification.

3. Congress Of Vienna: After the downfall of Napoleon the congress of Vienna once again
divided Italy into small states and thus played a great havoc with the task of Italian
unification.

4. The Pope of Rome: The pope of Rome was keeping Rome and its adjoining territories under
his dominance as such he was also proving a great hurdle in the way of the Italian
unification.

5. Reactionary rulers: Reactionary rulers in most of the Italian states were also proving a
great hurdle in the way of Italian Unification.
8. Explain the different factors which led to the rise of nationalism in Europe.

Ans. Following are the factors which led to the rise of Nationalism in Europe:

1. Decline of Feudalism: Feudal lords were a great tumbling bloc in the way of the rise of the
nationalism feelings among the people. But their mutual warfare and crusades weakened
them.

2. Weakness of Papacy and the Roman Empire: The renaissance and reformation movements
led to awakening among the people and weakened the aythrority of the pope and the Holy
Roman Empire. Consequently, national churches and national states were established in
many countries.

3. Foreign Rule: in certain countries foreign rule also played an important part in the growth
of nationalism.

4. Reaction against Injustice: Sometimes reaction against the arbitrary rule of unjust
monarchs also gave birth to the feeling of nationalism.

5. Contribution of Great writers: The writings of great poets, politicians and philosophers like
Machiavelli, J.S. Mill, Fitch, Mazzini, Garibaldi etc. went a long way in rousing political
consciousness and national sprit among the people.

9. Describe the dissimilarities between the process of unification of Italy and Germany.

Ans.

Unification of German Unification of Italy

1. In Italian unification, Garibaldi had won

1. The German Unification was not
the support of local peasants to drive out the
supported by armed volunteers.
Spanish rulers.

2. No secret societies were formed so as to

2. In Italy Mazzini formed Young Italy.
achieve the goal of unification of Germany.

3. German in its unification had to fight 3. In Italian unification Cavour had a tactful
against France and Austria. diplomatic alliance with France and Austria.
 4. Bismarck follows the policy of Blood and 4. Cavour used his excellent diplomatic
Iron for German Unification. skills in Italian unification.

5. The process of unification completed with

5. In 1861, Vector Emmanuel-II was
Prussian Victory in 1871, when Kaiser
proclaimed the king of united Italy.
William-I was declared the head of the state.

10. How did the Balkan issue become one of the major factors responsible for the First
world War?

A. Balkans was a region of geographical and ethical variations comprising modern day
Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slovenia,
Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were known as slaves.

B. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of
the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkan together with the disintegration of the
Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.

C. As the different Slavic nationalism struggled to define their identity and independence, the
Balkan area became as area of intense conflict.

D. The Balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the
expense of other. Balkans also became as area of big power rivalry.

E. Each European power such as Russia, Germany, England, Austria-Hungry was keen on
countering the hold of other powers over Balkans and this led to a series of wars eventually
the First World War.
 CBSE Important Questions

MCQ

Q.1 Who was Frederic sorrieu?

a) A Philosopher (b) A Painter (c) A Politician (d) A Revolutionaries

Ans.(b) A Painter

Q.2 Which of the following is true with reference to Romanticism?

a) Concept of government by consent b)Freedom for the individual c)Cultural

movement

d)Freedom ofmarkets

Ans.c)Cultural movement

Q.3 What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives?

a) They opposed monarchial forms.

b) They were the supporters of democracy

c) They wanted to glorify folk art and vernacular language.

d) They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs.

Ans.d) They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs.

Q.4 Who was count Cavour?

a) The chief Minister of Italy

b) Revolutionary of Germany

c) A catholic missionary
d) The chancellor of Germany

Ans.a) The chief Minister of Italy

Q.5 Which of the following state lead the unification of Germany?

(a) Bavaria (b) Prussia (c) Rhineland (d) Hanover

Ans.(b) Prussia

Q.6 Who hosted the congress of Vienna in 1815

(a) Cavour (b) King victor Emanuel (C) Bismarck (d) Duke Metternich

Ans.(d) Duke Metternich

Q.7 What was this main objective of the treaty of Vienna of 1815?

(a) To undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic war.

(b) To plan the unification of Germany

(c) To restore the democracy in Europe.

(d) To overthrow the Bourbon dynasty

Ans.(a) To undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic war.

Q.8 Which of the following treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation?

(a) Treaty of Versailles (b) Treaty of Constantinople (c) Treaty of Frankfurt (d) Treaty of
Vienna

Ans.(b) Treaty of Constantinople

Q.9 At which of the following places was the Frankfurt assembly convened ?

(a) At the palace of Prussia (b) At the half of Mirrors in palace of Versailles. (c) At the
church of st peters (d) At the church of St panli

Ans.(d) At the church of St panli

Short Answers Questions

Q.1 Explain the concept of a national state.

Ans. Most of its citizens developed a common identity. They shared history. This
commonness came as a result of great struggle by the leaders and the common people.

Q.2 Explain the measures and practices creating sense of collective identity among the
people of France.

Ans. The ideas of the father land (la patrie le citioyen (la citizen) a new French flag
emphasized the nation of a united community. A new French flag, New hymns were
composed, A centralized administrative was set up, Internal customs duties were abolished.

Q.3 Explain the decision of the congress of Vienna.

Ans. The bourbon dynasty was restored in France, A number of states were set up on the
boundaries of France Prussia was given important new territories, Austria got control) of
northern Italy, Russia was given part of Poland.

Q.4 Why the 1830s was the year of great economic hardship in Europe?

Ans Increase in population, unemployment migration, price rise, stiff competition in the
market, Bad condition of peasants.

Q.5 Why did national tensions emerge in the Balkan?

Ans. Ethnic variation spread of nationalism Disintegration of Ottoman Empire, claim of

independence by using history to prove that they had once been independent. Area of
intense conflict, Mutual jealousy matters were further complicated because the Balkans also
became the scene of big power rivalry.

Long Answer questions

Q.1 Describe the process by which Germany was unified.

Ans- By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarch in
Germany.Their after the task for unification of Germany was taken over by Prussia and its
chief minister Otto von Bismarck who followed a policy of "blood and Iron" within a period
of seven years three were fought with demark Austria and France. These states were
defeated. In January 1871 the process of unification of Germany was completed. The
Prussian kind William I was proclaimed German Emperor.

Q.2 Describe the process of unification of Italy

Ans. 2 during 1830s. G. Mazzini decided to make a programme to unite Italy and formed a
society young Italy After earlier failures king victory Emmanuel II took to unify the Italian
status through war and he got the whole hearted support of minister Cavour made a tactful
alliancem with France and defeated Austrians forces in 1859. Now he was able to secure the
support of Garibaldi. In 1860 Garibaldi led the famous expedition to south Italy and freed the
states from Bourbon rulers in 1861 before the completion of unification victor Emanuel II
was proclaimed the king of united Italy.

Extra Questions

Q.1 Describe the political condition of Europe in mid 18th century.

Q.2 Explain any three characteristics of the term Liberalism

Q.3 Explain the role of Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini in freedom struggle of
Italy.

Q.4 Describe the result of the revolutions of the liberals in 1848 in Europe.

Q.5. Why was Giuseppe Mazzini described as the most dangerous enemy of our social
orders?

Q.6 what was Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which
they were portrayed?