Learning Outcomes

 How numbers can be expressed in binary?

 Introduce a very compact way of representing binary
information.
 Hexadecimal number system
 Conversions between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal
numbers
 How negative numbers are represented?
 How characters are encoded and used by the computer?

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Number systems
 Decimal system /Positional number system
 Each digit in the number is associated with a power of
10, according to its position in the number

Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones/Units

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Number systems (1)
 Binary Number System
 The base is two and there are only two digits, 0 and 1.
 The binary string 11010 represents the number:

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Number systems (2)
 Hexadecimal Number System
 Numbers written in binary tend to be long and difficult
to express.
 16 bits are needed to represent the contents of a memory
word in an 8086
8086-based computer.
 Assembly language programs tend to use both binary,
decimal, and a third number system
 Hexadecimal
 Conversion between binary and hex is easy

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Number systems (3)
 A base sixteen system.
 Digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
 Each hex digit corresponds to a unique four
four--bit number.

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Conversion Between Number systems

 Converting Binary and Hex to Decimal

 Consider the hex number 8A2D
8A2D.. It can be written as

 Similarly, the binary number 11101 may be written as

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Conversion Between Number systems (1)
 An easier way is to use nested multiplication.

 Multiply the first hex digit by 16

16, and add the second
hex digit.
 Multiply that result by 16, and add the third hex digit
digit.
 Multiply the result by 16, add the next hex digit
digit, and so
on.

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Exercises
 Convert 11101 to decimal.

 Convert 2BD4h to decimal.

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Conversion Between Number systems (2)
 Converting Decimal to Binary and Hex
 Convert 11172 to hex

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16 11172
16 698 10 = A
16 43 11 = B
2
 The answer 2BA4h

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Conversion Between Number systems (3)

 Convert 95 to binary.
 Divide the number by 2
 Oder the remainders from MSB to LSB
 The answer is 95 = 1011111
1011111b.

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Conversion Between Number systems (4)

 Conversions Between Hex and Binary

 To convert a hex number to binary, we need only express
each hex digit in binary
binary.
 Convert 2B3C
2B3Ch to binary.

 Binary to hex, just reverse this process;

process that is, group the
binary digits in fours starting from the right
right.

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Addition and Subtraction
 Addition
 Consider the following decimal addition:

 An addition table for small hex numbers.

 To compute Bh + 9h, for example, just intersect the row
containing Bh and the column containing 9h, and read 14
14hh.

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Hexadecimal Addition Table

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Addition and Subtraction (2)
 Subtraction
 Let's begin with the decimal subtraction
Borrowing 1
left bit

 Hex subtraction may be done the same way as decimal

s11btraction.
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Addition and Subtraction (3)

 Start with Fh - 4h = Bh.

 Borrow 1 from the third column. and compute
16h-9h=?
 9h + Dh = 16h, so 16h - 9h = Dh.
 12h - A - 1 =11 h - Ah = 7h
 Ch - Bh = 1.
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Addition and Subtraction (4)
 Perform the subtraction on:
 5 F C 1 2h - 3 A B D 1 = ? (Answer is : 25041h)

 F001E-1FF3F=?
(Answer is : D00DF h)

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Unsigned Integers
 An unsigned integer is an integer that represents a
magnitude, so it is never negative.
magnitude
 addresses of memory locations, counters, and ASCII
character codes
 None of the bits are needed to represent the sign
 The largest unsigned integer that can be stored in a
byte is 11111111 = FFh = 255.
 The biggest unsigned integer a 16 bit word can hold is
1111111111111111 = FFFFh =65535.

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Signed Integers
 A signed integer can be positive or negative
negative.
 The most significant bit is reserved for the sign
sign:
 1 means negative and 0 means positive.
 Negative integers are stored in a computer in a special
way known as two's complement
complement.
 One's Complement
 an integer is obtained by complementing each bit; that
is, replace each 0 by a 1 and each 1 by a 0.

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Signed Integers (2)
 Find the one's complement of 5.
 Converting to 16 bits binary, 00000000
0000000000000101
00000101
 5 = 00000000
0000000000000101
00000101
 One's complement of 5 = 111l111111111010
 Find the one's complement of 18.
 Converting to 16 bits binary, 0000000000010010
 One's complement of 18 = 1111111111101101

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Signed Integers (3)
 Two's Complement
 To get the two's complement of an integer, just add 1 to
its one's complement
complement.
 Find the two's complement of 5.

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Signed Integers (4)
 Let’s have a look what happens when add 5 and two’s
complement of it.

Discard 1, as
computer circuit
contains 16 bits The two's complement of 5 must
only be a correct representation of -5.

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Signed Integers (5)
 Find the two's complement of the two's complement of
5.

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Signed Integers (6)
 Show how the decimal integer -97 would be
represented (a) in 8 bits
bits, and (b) in 16 bits
bits. Express the
answers in hex.
(a) 8 bits representation of -97
1. Convert 97 to binary, 110 0001
2. Adding 0 to the leftmost bit to make it 8 bits (0 110 0001)
3. Applying two’s complement on 8 bit binary number of 97

8-bits binary number: 01 10 0 001

One’s complement: 1001 1 1 1 0 shortcut 2s complement mile na check it

Two’s complement: + 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 = 9F (in Hex)
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Subtraction as Two's Complement Addition

 The advantage of two's complement representation of

negative integers in the computer is that subtraction
can be done by bit complementation and addition
 Example: Suppose , AX contains 5ABCh and BX
contains 21FCh. Find the difference of AX minus BX by
using complementatio
complementation and addition
addition.

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Character Representation
 Not all data processed by the computer are treated as
numbers
 the video monitor and printer are character oriented
 Characters must be coded in binary in order to be
processed by the computer.
 ASCII code
 This system uses seven bits to code each character, so
there are a total of 27= 128 ASCII codes.
 Only 95 ASCII codes, from 32 to 126 126, are considered to
be printable.

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Character Representation (2)
 The codes 0 to 31 and also 127 were used for
communication control purposes and do not produce
printable characters.
 the control characters are used to control the
operations of these devices.

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