 Deleting and Resume Print Jobs.

 Using Control Panel

 Working with Accessories.

Microsoft Office
 Microsoft Word
 Microsoft Excel
 Microsoft Power Point
Database
Internet and Email
 Introduction To Outlook Express
 Using Internet Explorer

Recommended Readings:
Computer for beginners by IT series

44
Second Professional B.Sc Hons. Medical Imaging Technology
Paper-I REGIONAL & IMAGING ANATOMY
Theory Hours: 140
Practical Hours: 160
Description
Content begins with a review of gross anatomy of the entire body. Detailed study of
gross anatomical structures will be conducted systematically for location, relationship
to other structures and function. Gross anatomical structures are located and identified
in axial (transverse), sagittal, coronal and orthogonal (oblique) planes. Illustrations and
anatomy images will be compared with MR and CT images in the same imaging planes
and at the same level when applicable. The characteristic appearance of each
anatomical structure as it appears on a CT, MR and ultrasound image, when applicable,
will be stressed. Students shall describe the structures of organs & their anatomical
positions/relations of the following Contents in theory paper/ Exam. Students shall be
able to Recognize and state anatomy from images i.e. X-ray, CT, MRI T1, images
during Practical/ Viva
Objectives
◆ Name the anatomical structures located within the head and neck.
◆ Describe the relationship of each anatomical structure in the head and neck to
surrounding structures.
◆ Describe the function of each anatomical structure in the head and neck.
◆ Locate each anatomical structure on CT, MR and ultrasound images in the transverse
axial, coronal, sagittal and orthogonal (oblique) cross-sectional imaging planes.
◆ Name the anatomical structures located within the thorax.
◆ Describe the relationship of each thoracic structure to surrounding structures.
◆ Describe the function of each anatomical structure located within the thorax.
◆ Locate each anatomical structure of the thorax on CT, MR and ultrasound images in
the transverse axial, coronal, sagittal and oblique imaging planes.
◆ List and describe the function of each anatomical structure located within the
abdomen and pelvis.
◆ Describe the relationship of each anatomical structure in the abdomen and pelvis to
surrounding structures.
◆ Locate each anatomical structure of the abdomen and pelvis on CT, MR, PET and
ultrasound images in the axial, coronal, sagittal and oblique planes.
◆ Name and describe the function of each anatomical structure located in the upper and
lower extremities.
◆ Locate each anatomical structure in the upper and lower extremities on CT and MR
images in the transverse axial, coronal, sagittal and oblique planes.

45
Contents: F. Lobes of the brain and midline
cerebral hemisphere structures
Section I. Head and Brain
1. Frontal
A. Surface anatomy of the brain
2. Parietal
1. Fissures (sulci)
3. Occipital
a. Longitudinal cerebral
4. Temporal
b. Lateral (Sylvian)
5. Insula (Island of Reil)
c. Central (of Rolando)
6. Cerebellum
2. Convolutions (gyri)
7. Corpus callosum (genu, rostrum,
a. Precentral
body and splenium)
b. Postcentral
8. Septum pellucidum
B. Sinuses
9. Sella turcica
1. Frontal
10. Pineal gland
2. Maxillary
11. Falx cerebri
3. Ethmoidal
12. Septum pellucidum
4. Sphenoidal
G. Cranial nerves
C. Facial bones
1. Olfactory
1. Mandible
2. Optic
2. Maxillae
3. Oculomotor
3. Zygomas
4. Trochlear
4. Nasal bones
5. Trigeminal
D. Facial muscles
6. Abducens
E. Cranial bones
7. Facial
1. Frontal
8. Vestibulocochlear
2. Ethmoid
9. Glossopharyngeal
a. Nasal conchae (turbinates)
10. Vagus
b. Nasal septum
11. Accessory
3. Parietal
12. Hypoglossal
4. Sphenoid
H. Brainstem and adjoining structures
a. Lesser wings
1. Diencephalon
1) Tuberculum sellae
a. Thalamus
2) Sella turcica
b. Hypothalamus
3) Dorsum sellae
c. Optic chiasm
4) Anterior and posterior clinoid
d. Optic tracts
process
e. Infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
5) Optic canals
f. Pituitary gland
b. Greater wings
g. Mammillary bodies
1) Foramen rotundum
h. Pineal gland
2) Foramen ovale
2. Midbrain
a) Foramen spinosum
3. Pons
5. Occipital
4. Medulla oblongata
a. Foramen magnum
a. Spinal cord
b. Internal and external occipital
I. Arteries (Circle of Willis)
protuberance
1. Vertebral
c. Jugular foramen
2. Basilar
6. Temporal
3. Internal carotid
a. Zygomatic process
4. Anterior and posterior
b. External auditory meatus (EAM)
communicating
c. Internal auditory canal
5. Anterior and posterior cerebral
d. Mastoid process
6. Middle cerebral
e. Petrous portion or ridge

46
J. Veins 11. Orbital fat
1. Venous sinuses 12. Ophthalmic artery
a. Superior sagittal sinus 13. Retinal vein
b. Vein of Galen O. Anatomical structures of brain
c. Straight sinus 1. Diploe
d. Confluence of sinuses (torcular 2. Subcutaneous soft tissue
herophili) 3. Superior sagittal sinus (anterior and
e. Transverse sinus posterior)
f. Sigmoid sinus 4. Central sulcus
2. Internal jugular 5. Interhemispheric fissure
K. Ventricular system 6. Falx cerebri
1. Lateral ventricles (anterior, body, 7. Centrum semiovale
posterior, inferior or temporal and 8. Corpus callosum (genu, rostrum,
trigone or body and splenium)
antrium) 9. Septum pellucidum
2. Interventricular foramen (of Monro) 10. Fornix
3. Third ventricle 11. Sylvian fissure
4. Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) 12. Insula
5. Fourth ventricle 13. Lentiform nucleus (putamen and
6. Foramen of Luschka globus pallidus)
7. Foramen of Magendie 14. Caudate nucleus (head)
8. Choroid plexus 15. Internal capsule (anterior, body and
L. Meninges posterior sections)
1. Dura mater 16. External capsule
a. Extensions of the dura mater 17. Claustrum
1) Falx cerebri 18. Hippocampus
2) Falx cerebelli 19. Cerebral peduncles
3) Tentorium cerebelli 20. Mammillary bodies
4) Diaphragma sellae 21. Tentorium cerebelli
2. Arachnoid 22. Petrous portion or ridge
3. Pia mater 23. Cerebellar tonsil
M. Basal ganglia 24. Internal auditory canal (IAC)
1. Caudate nucleus 25. Nasal septum
2. Putamen 26. External auditory canal (EAC)
3. Globus pallidus 27. Clivus
4. Claustrum 28. Mastoid air cells
5. Internal capsule P. Lines of angulation (imaging
6. External capsule baselines)
7. Extreme capsule 1. Supraorbitomeatal line
N. Orbit 2. Orbitomeatal line
1. Globe 3. Infraorbitomeatal line
2. Lens Q. Anatomical landmarks
3. Optic nerve 1. Glabella
4. Lacrimal gland 2. Nasion
5. Lateral rectus muscle 3. Acanthion
6. Medial rectus muscle 4. Mental point
7. Superior rectus muscle 5. External auditory meatus (EAM)
8. Inferior rectus muscle Section II. Neck
9. Superior oblique muscle A. Bones
10. Inferior oblique muscle 1. Cervical vertebrae

47
B. Organs 10. Esophagus
1. Pharynx 11. Trachea
2. Larynx 12. Thoracic duct
3. Esophagus 13. Lymph nodes
4. Trachea 14. Azygos vein
5. Salivary glands 15. Hemiazygos vein
6. Thyroid gland D. Breasts
7. Parathyroid glands E. Musculature
8. Lymph nodes Section IV. Abdomen
C. Vasculature and neurovasculature A. Diaphragm and openings
1. Carotid arteries 1. Aortic hiatus
2. Vertebral arteries 2. Caval hiatus
3. Jugular veins 3. Esophageal hiatus
4. Carotid sheath B. Surface landmarks and regions
D. Musculature 1. Quadrants
1. Anterior triangle a. Upper left
2. Posterior triangle b. Upper right
Section III. Chest and c. Lower left
Mediastinum d. Lower right
A. Bony thorax C. Addison's planes (regions)
1. Thoracic vertebrae 1. Left hypochrondric
2. Sternum 2. Epigastric
3. Ribs 3. Right hypochondric
4. Costal cartilages 4. Left lumbar
5. Scapulae 5. Umbilical
6. Clavicles 6. Right lumbar
B. Pulmonary 7. Left iliac
1. Apices (lung) 8. Hypogastric
2. Diaphragm 9. Right iliac
3. Angles D. Branches of the abdominal aorta
4. Hilum 1. Anterior visceral branches
5. Lobes (lungs) a. Celiac axis
6. Trachea 1) Left gastric
7. Carina 2) Splenic
8. Primary (mainstem) bronchi 3) Hepatic
9. Secondary bronchi 2. Superior mesenteric
C. Mediastinum a. Jejunal and ileal
1. Thymus gland b. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
2. Heart c. Middle colic
a. Arteries d. Right colic
b. Veins e. Ileocolic
c. Chamber 3. Inferior mesenteric
d. Valves a. Left colic
3. Pulmonary vessels b. Sigmoid
4. Coronary vessels c. Superior rectal
5. Ascending aorta 4. Lateral visceral branches
6. Aortic arch a. Suprarenal
7. Branches of the aortic arch b. Renal
8. Descending (thoracic) aorta c. Testicular or ovarian
9. Inferior vena cava 5. Parietal branches

48
a. Inferior phrenics 5. Sacrum
b. Lumbars 6. Coccyx
c. Middle sacral B. Pelvic vasculature
6. Terminal branches 1. Arterial
a. Common iliacs a. Common iliacs
E. Tributaries of the vena cava b. Internal iliacs
1. Anterior visceral c. External iliacs
a. Hepatic veins d. Ovarian/testicular
2. Lateral visceral 2. Venous
a. Right suprarenal a. External iliacs
b. Renal veins b. Internal iliacs
c. Right testicular or ovarian c. Common iliacs
3. Tributaries of origin d. Ovarian/testicular
a. Common iliacs C. Pelvic organs
b. Median sacral 1. Urinary bladder
F. Tributaries of the portal vein a. Ureter
1. Splenic b. Urethra
2. Inferior mesenteric 2. Small intestine
3. Superior mesenteric a. Terminal ilium and ileocecal valve
a. Left gastric 3. Colon
b. Right gastric a. Ascending
c. Cystic b. Descending
G. Abdominal organs and structures c. Sigmoid
1. Bony structures d. Rectum
a. Lumbar vertebrae e. Vermiform appendix
2. Abdominal cavity 4. Female reproductive organs
a. Peritoneum a. Vagina
b. Peritoneal space b. Cervix
c. Retroperitoneum c. Uterus
d. Retroperitoneal space d. Fallopian tubes
3. Liver e. Ovaries
a. Hepatic arteries 5. Male reproductive organs
b. Portal veinous system a. Testes/scrotum
4. Gallbladder and biliary system b. Prostate gland
5. Pancreas and pancreatic ducts c. Seminal vesicles
6. Spleen d. External to pelvis
7. Adrenal glands 1) Penis
8. Urinary system and tract Section VI. Musculoskeletal
a. Kidneys A. Upper extremities
b. Ureters 1. Shoulder
9. Stomach a. Bony anatomy
10. Small intestine 1) Clavicle
11. Colon 2) Scapula
12. Musculature 3) Humerus
Section V. Pelvis 4) Acromioclavicular joint
A. Bony structures b. Muscles and tendons
1. Proximal femur 1) Deltoid
2. Ilium 2) Supraspinatus
3. Ischium 3) Infraspinatus
4. Pubis 4) Teres minor

49
5) Subscapularis 2) Radius
6) Supraspinatus tendon 3) Ulnar
7) Biceps tendon d. Tendons
c. Labrum and ligaments 1) Palmar tendon group
1) Glenoid labrum 2) Dorsal tendon group
2) Glenohumeral ligaments 3) Triangular fibrocartilage complex
3) Coracoacromial ligament e. Neurovascular
4) Coracoclavicular ligaments 1) Ulnar artery
5) Bursa (subacromial and subdeltoid) 2) Ulnar nerve
d. Vascularity 3) Radial artery
2. Elbow 4) Median nerve
a. Bony anatomy B. Lower Extremities
1) Humerus 1. Hip
2) Radius a. Bony anatomy
3) Ulnar b. Labrum and ligaments
b. Muscles and tendons c. Muscle groups
1) Anterior group d. Neurovasculature
2) Posterior group 2. Knee
3) Lateral group a. Bony anatomy
4) Medial group b. Menisci and ligaments
c. Ligaments c. Muscles
1) Ulnar collateral d. Vasculature
2) Radial collateral 3. Foot and Ankle
3) Annular a. Bony anatomy
d. Neurovasculature b. Ligaments
1) Brachial artery c. Tendons d. Muscles
2) Radial artery
3) Ulnar artery
4) Basilic vein
5) Cephalic vein
6) Median cubital vein
7) Ulnar nerve  Keeping contents in view Course Supervisors are
suggested to teach the content of Thorax and upper
3. Hand and wrist Limb from Regional and Imaging Anatomy of
a. Bony anatomy second year contents during first professional year.
b. Phalanges However University examination of the said content
c. Metacarpals will be conducted at the end of 2nd year with the rest
of the course.
1) Carpal bones

Recommended Readings:
1:- Clinical Anatomy by Snell
2:- BD Churasia of human anatomy.
3:- Lasts Anatomy by R.M.H Mcminn
4:-Atlas of human anatomy by Natter.
5:- Imaging atlas by Mosby.

50
Paper-II RADIATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Theory Hours: 140
Practical Hours: 200

This course provides foundation knowledge about general and radiation physics,
physical principles of medical imaging, basic information about different imaging
modalities, radiation hazards. This course also gives students an understanding of the
effects of ionizing radiation on the human body. Typical radiation protection course is a
part of this subject.
On completion of this course a student will be able to:
1. Student will be able to discuss basic of physics ,atom, electricity&
magnetism and Solve numerical
2. Understand &describe X-ray production, radiation interactions with matter
3. Demonstrate the knowledge about radiographic film intensifying screens
,grids ,beam restricted devices,
4. Compare & contrast radiographic quality & technique.
5. Understand ALARA & calculate radiographic exposure
6. Discuss & apply radiation protection

Section I.
RADIOLOGIC PHYSICS

Atomic Nomenclature
Concepts of Radiation Radioactivity
Nature of our surroundings Types of Ionizing Radiation
Sources of Ionizing Radiation
Discovery of X-rays
Development of Modern Radiology Electromagnetic Radiation
Basic Radiation Protection Photons Everywhere
Definitions Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radiologically Important Photons
Fundamentals of Physics Energy and Matter
Review of Mathematics
Units of Measurement Electricity and Magnetism
Mechanics Electric to Electromagnetic Energy
Heat and Thermodynamics Electrostatics
Waves and Oscillation Electrodynamics
Magnetism
The Atom
Centuries of Discovery Electromagnetism
Combinations of Atoms Electromagnetic Effects
Magnitude of Matter Electromagnetic Induction
Atomic Structure Electric Generators and Motors

51
The Transformer Screen Characteristics
Rectification Screen-Film Combinations
Care of Screens

8. Beam-Restricting Devices
Section-II
Production of Scatter Radiation
RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING
Control of Scatter Radiation

1. The X-ray Machine 9. The Grid

Shapes and Sizes Control of Scatter Radiation
X-ray Tube Characteristics of Grid Construction
Operating Console Measuring Grid Performance
High-Voltage Section Types of Grids
X-ray Tube Rating Charts Use of Grids
Grid Selection
Types of filters; internal and external
2. X-ray Production
10. Radiographic Quality
Electron-Target Interaction
X-ray Emission Spectrum Film Factors
Factors Affecting the X-ray Emission Subject Factors
Spectrum Considerations for Improved
Radiographic Quality
3. X-ray Emission
1. Radiographic Exposure
X-ray Quantity
X-ray Quality Milliamps
Kilovolts Peaks
4. X-ray Interaction with Matter Exposure Time
Milliampere-Seconds
Five Basic Interactions
Distance
Differential Absorption
Imager Characteristics
Contrast Examinations
Exponential Attenuation 2. Radiographic Techniques
5. Radiographic Film Patient Factors
Image Quality Factors
Film Construction
Radiographic Technique Charts
Different types of films
Automatic Exposure Techniques
Film storage and handling
Formation of Latent Image 3. Introduction to Therapeutic
Handling and Storage of Films Radiology
Optical density: characteristic curve
Film speed; Film contrast latitude Therapeutic Radiology
Gamma Radiations and Other ionizing
6. Processing the Latent Image radiotherapy
Evolution of Film Processing Section-III
Processing Chemistry RADIATION PROTECTION
Automatic Processing 1. Fundamental Principles of
Alternative Processing Methods Radiobiology
From Molecules to Humans
7. Intensifying Screens Human Biology
Screen Construction Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau
Luminescence Physical Factors Affecting

52
Radiosensitivity 1:- Radiologic sciences for
Biologic Factors Affecting technologists by Stewart C. bushong .
Radiosensitivity 2:-The essential physics of Medical
Radiation Dose-Response Relationships imaging by Bushberg.
3:- Quality assurance work for
2. Molecular and Cellular radiographers and radiologic
Radiobiology Technologist by Peter J Lioyd.
Irradiation of Macromolecules 4:- Instruction Manual for Bushong bt
Radiolysis of Water TM. Series
Direct and Indirect Effect
Celol Survival Kinetics
LET, RBE, and OER
3. Early Effects of Radiation
Acute Radiation Lethality
Local Tissue Damage
Hematologic Effects
Cytogenetic Effects
4. Late Effects of Radiation
Local Tissue Effects
Life Span Shortening
Risk Estimates
Radiation-Induced Malignancy
Total Risk of Malignancy
Radiation and Pregnancy
5. Health Physics
Cardinal Principles of Radiation
Protection
Maximum Permissible Dose
X-rays and Pregnancy

6. Design of Radiologic Imaging

Facilities
Designing Team
Departmental Activity
Location of X-ray Department
Plan Layout
Construction Considerations
7. Designing for Radiation
Protection
Design of X-ray Apparatus
Design of Protective Barriers
Radiation Detection and Measurement
8. Radiation Protection
Procedures
Occupational Exposure
Patient Dose
Reduction of Occupational Exposure
Reduction of Unnecessary Patient Dose

Recommended Books:

53
Paper-III GENERAL RADIOLOGY

Theory Hours: 120

Practical Hours: 300

Description

Content provides the knowledge base necessary to perform standard Radiographic procedures.
Consideration is given to the evaluation of optimal diagnostic images.

(OBJECTIVES)

◆ Describe standard positioning terms.

◆ Demonstrate proper use of positioning aids.
◆ Discuss general procedural considerations for radiographic exams.
◆ Identify methods and barriers of communication and describe how each may be used or
overcome effectively during patient education.
◆ Explain radiographic procedures to patients/family members.
◆ Modify directions to patients with various communication problems.
◆ Develop an awareness of cultural factors that necessitate adapting standard exam
protocols.
◆ Adapt general procedural considerations to specific clinical settings.
◆ Identify the structures demonstrated on routine radiographic images.
◆ Simulate radiographic procedures on a person or phantom in a laboratory setting.
◆ Evaluate images for positioning, centering, appropriate anatomy and overall image quality.
◆ Discuss equipment and supplies necessary to complete basic radiographic procedures.
◆ Explain the routine and special positions/projections for all radiographic procedures.
◆ Apply general radiation safety and protection practices associated with radiography

Contents

Section I. Standard Terminology for B. Positioning terminology

Positioning and Projection 1. Recumbent
2. Supine
A. Standard terms 3. Prone
1. Radiographic position 4. Trendelenburg
2. Radiographic projection 5. Decubitus
3. Radiographic view 6. Erect/upright

54
7. Anterior position 2. Lead strips
8. Posterior position 3. Lead shields or shadow shields
9. Oblique position 4. Lead markers
C. General planes 5. Image receptor holders
1. Sagittal or midsagittal Section II. General Considerations
2. Coronal or midcoronal A. Evaluation of radiographic requests
3. Transverse 1. Patient identification
4. Longitudinal 2. Verification of procedure(s) requested
D. Skull lines 3. Review of clinical history
1. Glabellomeatal line 4. Clinical history and patient assessment
2. Interpupillary line a. Role of the radiographer
3. Orbitomeatal line b. Questioning skills
4. Infraorbitomeatal line c. Chief complaint
5. Acanthiomeatal line d. Allergy history
6. Mentomeatal line e. Localization
E. Skull landmarks f. Chronology
1. Auricular point g. Severity
2. Gonion (angle) h. Onset
3. Mental point i. Aggravating or alleviating factors
4. Acanthion j. Associated manifestations
5. Nasion k. Special considerations
6. Glabella 5. Exam sequencing
7. Inner canthus B. Room preparation
8. Outer canthus 1. Cleanliness, organization and
9. Infraorbital margin appearance
10. Occlusal plane 2. Necessary supplies and accessory
11. External auditory meatus equipment available
12. Mastoid tip Section III. Patient Considerations
A. Establishment of rapport with patient
F. Terminology of movement and direction 1. Patient education
1. Cephalad/caudad a. Communication
2. Inferior/superior b. Common radiation safety issues and
3. Proximal/distal concerns
4. Plantar/palmar 2. Cultural awareness
5. Pronate/supinate 3. Determination of pregnancy
6. Flexion/extension B. Patient preparation
7. Abduction/adduction 1. Verification of appropriate dietary
8. Inversion/eversion preparation
9. Medial/lateral 2. Verification of appropriate
G. Positioning aids medication preparation
1. Sponges 3. Appropriate disrobing and gowning
2. Sandbags 4. Removal of items that may cause
3. Immobilization devices artifacts
H. Accessory equipment C. Patient assistance
1. Calipers D. Patient monitoring

55
E. Patient dismissal 5) Tibia/fibula
Section IV. Positioning Considerations 6) Knee
for Routine Radiographic Procedures 7) Patella
A. Patient instructions 8) Femur
B. Image analysis d. Pelvic girdle
1. Patient positioning 1) Pelvis
2. Part placement 2) Hip
3. Image receptor selection and e. Vertebral column
placement 1) Cervical
4. Beam-part-receptor alignment 2) Thoracic
5. Beam restriction and shielding 3) Lumbar
C. Special considerations 4) Sacrum
1. Atypical conditions 5) Coccyx
2. Trauma Radiography 6) Sacroiliac articulations
3. Pediatric Imaging. 7) Scoliosis survey
4. Geriatric Radiography f. Bony thorax
5. Mobile Radiography. 1) Ribs
6. Surgical Radiography 2) Sternum
7. Tomography. 3) Sternoclavicular articulations
8. Introduction to Computed Radiography g. Cranium
& Digital Radiography 1) Skull
D.Special needs patients 2) Facial bones
1. Trauma 3) Nasal bone
2. Obesity 4) Orbits/optic foramina
3. Cultural awareness 5) Zygomatic arches
4. Claustrophobia 6) Mandible
E. Positioning for the following studies: 7) Temporomandibular articulations
1. Skeletal system 8) Paranasal sinuses
a. Upper extremity h. Special studies
1) Fingers 1) Bone survey
2) Hand 2) Long bone measurement
3) Wrist 3) Bone age
4) Forearm 4) Foreign body
5) Elbow 2. Respiratory system
6) Humerus a. Upper airway
b. Shoulder b. Chest
1) Shoulder joint 3. Abdominal viscera
2) Scapula a. Abdomen and GI
3) Clavicle b. Urological studies
4) Acromioclavicular articulations
c. Lower extremity
1) Toes
2) Foot
Section V. DARK ROOM
3) Ankle
4) Calcaneus

56
Need for good darkroom procedures and Automatic processing:
necessity for proper darkroom construction. Differences between manual and automatic
Darkroom construction and equipment – processing.
Theory of the photographic process, Safe Types and care of processing apparatus, film
light artifacts and their causes.
photographic process fundamentals; Sensitometry, Densitometry and Optical
Construction of film; handling. Density.
Density Ratio,
Constituents of Darkroom
Chemistry; Developer,
Fixer

Recommended Readings:
1:- Radiographic Positioning by Eisenberg.
2:- Merrill atlas of radiography positioning and radiologic procedure vol 1, 2, 3 by Philip W
Ballinger.
3:- Clarke positioning in radiography by Clarke.
4:- Reference book of atlas of diagnostic imaging by Professor Dr. Mohammad Tariq.

57
Paper-IV MEDICINE
Theory Hours: 100

Description
Content focuses on the characteristics and manifestations of Medical Conditions to the structure
or function of the body.
Objectives
1. Define terminology used in the study of Medicine.
2. Describe the general principles and mechanisms of disease.
3. Describe the common etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests.
4. Briefly Describes management of common diseases and disorders of body systems.
6. Describes Indications of Imaging Procedures in selective Medical conditions.

Course Contents:

1. DISEASES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:

a. Investigation of the cardiovascular disease.
b. Heart failure.
c. Hypertension.
d. Myocardial ischaemia.
e. Valvular heart diseases
i. Mitral valve disease.
ii. Aortic valve disease.
iii. Tricuspid valve disease.
f. Congenital heart diseases
i. Persistent ductus arteriosis
ii. Coarctation of the aorta.
iii. Arterial septal defect.
iv. Ventricular septal defect.
v. Tetralogy of fallot.
g. Cardiac tumours.

2. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

a. Investigation of the respiratory disease.

58
 b. Pneumonia.
c. Tuberculosis.
d. Primary & Secondary tumors of the lungs.
e. Tumors of the mediastinum.
f. Diseases of the pleura.
g. Deformities of the chest wall.
3. DISEASES OF THE KIDNEY AND URINARY SYSTEM.
a. Investigation of the renal disease.
b. Acute and chronic renal failure
c. Cystic kidney disease.
d. Obstruction of the urinary tract.
e. Urinary tract calculi and nephrocalcinosis.
f. Tumours of the renal pelvis, kidney, ureter and bladder
g. Prostatic disease.
4. ENDOCRINE DISEASES.
a. Imaging Investigation of the endocrine disease.
b. Goiter.
c. Diabetic mellitus
5. DISEASES OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT.
a. Investigation of gastrointestinal disease.
b. Dysphagia.
c. Tumours of the oesophagus.
d. Perforation of the oesophagus.
e. Peptic ulcer disease.
f. Inflammatory of bowel loops.
g. Tumours of the stomach and small intestine.
h. Tumours of the pancreas.
6. DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILIARY SYSTEM.
a. Investigation of the hepatobiliary disease.
b. Hepatomeagaly
c. Splenomegaly

59
 d. Space occupying lesions / tumours of the liver.
e. Gall stones and cholecystitis
f. Obstructive jaundice.
g. Tumours of the gallbladder and the bile duct.
7. DISEASES OF THE JOINTS AND BONES.
a. Investigations of bone and joints diseases.
b. Low back pain.
c. Neck pain.
d. Joint pains
e. Osteoarthritis and related disorders.
f. Rheumatoid arthritis and Juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
g. Osteoporosis.
h. Osteogenesis imperfecta.
i. Osteomalacia and rickets.
8 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
a. Investigation of neurological disease.
b. Disturbances of the visual system.
c. Cerebrovascular disease.
d. Disorders of the spine and spinal cord.
e. Intracranial neoplasm.
f. Hydrocephalus.
9 INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Recommended Readings:
1:-Practice of Medicine by Davidson.
2:- Practice of Medicine by Inam Danish.

60
Practical Component: Basic Patient Care
The course enables the students to learn the basic practice skills required as a member of health
care system.
Topics
 Obtaining & recording of the vital signs: temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure.
 Handling the patient, emergency care & handling of seriously ill or injured patients
 Basic life support (BLS).
 Patient transfer and body Mechanics
 Principles of hypodermic, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous injections
 Proper procedure for administration of enemas
 Artificial respiration and bedside radiography
 Handling patient with communicable disease
 The health care team; role of technologist in the health care team
 Emergencies in a Radiology department and how to handle them
 Catheterization purpose, equipment and method.
o Discussion of aseptic techniques; asepsis, antisepsis, sterilization, disinfection and
handling of sterile articles.
 Terminology and Basic concepts
o Asepsis
 Medical
 Surgical
 Sterile technique
 Pathogens
 Fomites, vehicle
 Vectors
 Nosocomial infections
 Cycle of infection
 Pathogen
 Source or reservoir of infection
 Susceptible host
 Method of transmission

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 i. Airborne / suspended
ii. Common vehicle
iii. Vector-borne
9 Standard precautions (Handling patients with communicable disease)
i. Hand washing
ii. Gloves
iii. Masks
Recommended Readings:
Patient Care in Radiography Mosbay
Patient Care for imaging technologists T.M Series notes

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Paper-V CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Theory Hours=120
Description
Content provides basic concepts of pharmacology, venipuncture and administration of diagnostic
contrast agents and intravenous medications. The appropriate delivery of patient care during
these procedures is emphasized.

Considerations
Though regulations regarding the administration of contrast media and intravenous medications
vary between countries and institutions, the position of the Imaging Technologists is that
venipuncture falls within the radiologic technology profession’s general scope of practice and
practice standards. Therefore, it is included in the didactic and clinical curriculum included with
demonstrated competencies in all appropriate disciplines regardless of the country or institution
where the curriculum is taught. In states or institutions where students are permitted to perform
intravenous injections, the program has specific ethical and legal responsibilities to the patient
and the student. The student shall be assured that:
 Adequate supervision will be provided.
 Evaluation and demonstration of competency occur before venipuncture is performed
unsupervised.
Objectives
 Distinguish among the chemical, generic and trade names for drugs in general.
 Describe pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles of drugs.
 Explain the uses and impact of drug categories on the patient.
 Define the categories of contrast agents and give specific examples for each category.
 Explain the pharmacology of contrast agents.
 Describe methods and techniques for administering various types of contrast agents.
 Identify and describe the routes of drug administration.
 Demonstrate appropriate venipuncture technique.
 Differentiate between the two major sites of intravenous drug administration.
 Identify, describe and document complications associated with venipuncture and appropriate
actions to resolve these complications.
 Discuss the various elements of initiating and discontinuing intravenous access.
 Differentiate and document dose calculations for adult and pediatric patients.
 Prepare and perform injection of contrast agents/intravenous medications using aseptic
technique.

Contents:
The Evolution of Medical Drugs  The Food and Drug Administration
 U.S. Pharmacopeia (FDA)
 Drug Origins and Sources  British Pharmacopeia

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Section I. Drug Nomenclature 4. Oils: Myelograms, sinouses
A. Chemical name 5. Tablets: cholecystograms
B. Generic name 6.
C. Trade name B. Beam attenuation characteristics
Section II. Methods of Drug Classification 1. Radiolucent (negative)
A. Chemical group 2. Radiopaque (positive)
B. Mechanism/site of action 3. Impact of atomic number
C. Primary effect C. Pharmacologic profile of contrast agents
Section III. General Pharmacologic 1. Chemical composition
Principles 2. Absorption characteristics
A. Pharmacokinetics 8. Patient reactions
B. Pharmacodynamics D. Dosage
Section IV. Six Rights of Drug Safety E. Preparation
A. The right medication Section VII. Routes of Drug
B. The right dose Administration
C. The right patient A. Systemic
D. The right time 1. Oral
E. The right location 2. Rectal
F. The right documentation 3. Tube/catheter
Section V. Drug Categories of Relevance 4. Inhalation
to Radiography (Uses and Impacts on B. Parenteral
Patient) 1. Intravenous
A. Analgesics 2. Intra-arterial
B. Anesthetic agents 3. Intrathecal
C. Antiallergic and antihistamine drugs Section VIII. Venipuncture
D. Antianxiety drugs A. Methods
E. Antiarrhythmic drugs 1. Continuous infusion
F. Antibacterial drugs 2. Intermittent infusion
G. Anticoagulant and coagulant drugs 3. Direct injection
H. Antidepressants a. Hand injection
I. Antiemetic drugs b. Mechanical pressure injector
J. Antihypertensive drugs B. Sites of administration
K. Anti-inflammatory drugs 1. Peripheral
L. Antiseptic and disinfectant agents 2. Central
M. Bronchodilators C. Complications
N. Cathartic and antidiarrheal drugs 1. Infiltration
O. Diuretics 2. Extravasation
P. Sedative and hypotonic drugs 3. Phlebitis
Q. Vasodilators and vasoconstrictors 4. Air embolism
Section VI. Contrast Agents 5. Drug incompatibility
A. Types of compound 6. Low fluid level in container
1. Metallic salts D. Venipuncture procedures
2. Organic iodides 1. Equipment
a. Ionic contrast agents 2. Patient identification, assessment and
b. Nonionic contrast agents instructions
3. Gaseous 3. Informed consent

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4. Dosage, dose calculations and dose- Recommended Readings:
response 1. Katzung and Trevors Pharmacology
a. Adults
b. Pediatric patients Examination & Board review.
5. Patient preparation 2. Lippincott illustrated Reviews of
6. Application of standard precautions
7. Procedure Pharmacology.
a. Injection through an existing line 3. Chapman’s Guide to Radiologic
b. Venipuncture
8. Site observation Procedures

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Paper VI BIOSTATISTICS
Theory Hours: 70
Practical Hours: 50

Objectives:

1. To introduce the need for learning Statistics in Health Sciences and their application
in practice of Medicine/ Allied Health Sciences.
2. To introduce such basic concepts of statistical formulae and techniques based on
statistical methodology and practice the statistical procedures by using the real health
situation with the help of lectures, seminars practical and demonstration.
3. To introduce students such basic concepts of statistical procedures and drawing
inferences from them.
4. To enable the students to review the published research papers particularly from
statistical stand points.

Course Contents:

1. Introduction of Statistics
Background and definition of Statistics, descriptive and inferential statistics,
Statistical data, source of data, collection of health related data, Management of
data by tabulation, classification, graph, charts, Histogram, Pie chart, Scatter
diagram and Line chart.
2. Sampling and Sampling techniques
Concept of population and sample, reasons to use sampling, Random number and
their application, sampling techniques; Random (simple random sampling,
systematic, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling) and Non-random
sampling (judgment sampling/purposive sampling, convenience, quota and
snowball sampling), Determination of sample size, Error, Bias, sources of error
and bias.
3. Measures of Location and Dispersion
Measure of central tendency and its types, arithmetic mean, median, mode and
Geometric mean, absolute and relative dispersion, Range, mean deviation, quartile
deviation, standard deviation, variance, significance of standard deviation,
coefficient of variation, Symmetry, skewness and its measure.
4. Probability and Probability distribution
Introduction of probability and its uses in medical and health sciences, Venn
diagram, concept of random experiment, definition of probability and its
measurement, laws of probability, Bayes theorem and its application, Survival
Analysis, Random variable, mathematical expectation, Binomial distribution ,
Poisson distribution, Normal distribution and its application, Normal curve and its
properties.
5. Statistical Inference
Introduction of inference, its types, Estimation and Testing of Hypothesis,
Sampling distribution of mean, standard error of mean, Point estimation,
confidence interval of population mean, null and alternative hypothesis, type I & II

66
 error, test of significance based on Z, t, F, χ2 distributions, test of mean for small
and large sample, test for independent and paired observations, inference regarding
correlation and regression coefficient, ANOVA (Analysis of variance)
6. Regression and Correlation Analysis
Introduction to relationship, scatter diagram, regression analysis, simple linear
regression line, least square method for fitting regression line, simple concept of
multiple regression, correlation analysis, simple linear correlation and correlation
coefficient , coefficient of determination, interpretation of correlation coefficient,
Association , measure of association, contingency table, goodness of fit,
Measurement of Risk in diagnostic process, odd ratio/hazard ratio.

Recommended Readings:
Dawson B, Robbert G: Basic & Clinical Biostatistics. McGraw-Hill International Edition, 2001
A: Premier of Bio-Statistics. McGraw-Hill International edition, 2000
Ibrahim M. Biostatistics & Research Methods. IQRA RESEARCH CENTRE International Edition, 2007

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