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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT STUDY OF THE EMF OF THE FRUIT CELLS USING POTENTIOMETER
NAME: CLASS: XII SECTION: F ROLL NO: AISSCE 2024-25
MOTHER’S PUBLIC SCHOOL,
Unit-1, Bhubaneswar BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that of class XII-F, Roll No. of Mother’s
Public School, Unit-1, Bhubaneswar has successfully performed the project entitled “STUDY OF THE FRUIT CELLS USING POTENTIOMETER” in accordance with the conditions laid down by All India Senior Certificate Examination (AISSCE) under my guidance during the academic year 2024-25.
PRINCIPAL’S EXTERNAL EXAMINER’S TEACHER’S
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE SIGNATURE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to express my immense and sincere thanks to my subject teachers Mrs Jasodhara Senapati and Mr Panchanan Jena for their valuable and cooperative guidance without which my endeavours wouldn’t have been successful. I am also extremely thankful to our principal for supporting me in doing this project. I owe a sincere gratitude to my family members and friends for their support in completion of the project in every way possible. INDEX
SL.NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1. AIM OF THE 1 PROJECT 2. INTRODUCTION 2
3. REQUIREMENTS 3 4. THEORY 4 5. PROCEDURE 5-6 6. OBSERVATIONS 7-9 7. CALCULATIONS 10 8. RESULTS 11 9. PRECAUTIONS 12 9. SOURCES OF 13 ERROR 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY 14 AIM OF THE PROJECT To study the EMF of fruit cells using potentiometer. INTRODUCTION There is a great need of batteries in our daily use in electronic appliances and it is increasing day by day. Thus, the batteries need to powerful so that their potential can be increased. Fruits that we eat contain a lot of energy and have a good enough potential which can be used as batteries to run small appliances or at least for experimental purposes. REQUIREMENT
Potentiometer Battery eliminator Resistance box Jockey Ammeter Galvanometer Rheostat Key Connecting wire Mango juice Apple juice Copper vessel Porous pot Daniel cell Electrolytic vessel THEORY
E1/E2=L1/L2 where E1 and E2 are the emf of the two
given cell and L1 and L2 are the corresponding lengths of the potentiometer wire. PROCEDURE
The positive pole of the battery wire was
connected to the zero end of the potentiometer and negative pole through a one way key, an ammeter and a low resistance rheostat to the other end of the potentiometer. The positive poles of the cells E1 and E2 were connected to the terminals at zero end and negative poles to the terminals A and B of the two- way key. Common terminal ‘c’ of the two-way key was connected through a galvanometer (G) and a resistance box to a jockey. A 2000 ohm plug was taken out from the resistance box. The jockey was pressed at the zero end and the direction of deflection in the galvanometer was noted. The jockey was pressed at the other end of the potentiometer if the direction is opposite to the first case the connection ‘r’ is connected. The plug in the key ‘K’ as well as plug as in the two key was inserted. The jockey was slided over the potentiometer wires. The cell E1 was removed from the plug gap AC of the two key and two ways key and the cell E2 was inserted in gap BC. The length L2 for cell E2 was found out. The above observations were repeated alternately for each cell by increasing or adjusting the rheostat. The observation was noted. OBSERVATIONS
1. E.m.f. of battery element=
2. Range of milliammeter= 3. Least count of milliammeter= 4. Zero error= 5. Range of voltmeter= 6. Least count of voltmeter= 7. Steady current in ammeter= 8. E.m.f of Daniel cell(E2)= For lemon Current(in Balancing Balancing l1/l2 E1=E2l1/l2 mA) length l1 length l2 when E1 (fruit when E2 cell) is (Daniel cell) connected is connected For pomegranate Current(in Balancing length Balancing l1/l2 E1=E2l1/l2 mA) l1 when E1 (fruit length l2 cell) is connected when E2 (Daniel cell) is connected
For orange Current (in Balancing Balancing l1/l2 E1=E2l1/l2 mA) length l1 length l2 when E1 (fruit when E2 cell) is (Daniel cell) connected is connected For watermelon Current(in Balancing Balancing l1/l2 E1=E2/l1 mA) length l1 when length l2 E1 (fruit cell) is when E2 connected (Daniel cell) is connected CALCULATIONS
For lemon cell,
Mean l1 / l2 = E1/E2 =l1 / l2 =>E1=E2l1/l2= For pomegranate cell, Mean l1 / l2 = E1/E2=l1/l2 =>E1=E2l1/l2= For orange cell, Mean l1 / l2 = E1/E2=l1/l2 =>E1=E2l1/l2= For watermelon cell, Mean l1/l2= =>E1=E2l1/l2= RESULTS
Emf of lemon cell was
Emf of pomegranate cell was
Emf of orange cell was
Emf of watermelon cell was
PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be near, clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to be done. 3. The positive poles of the battery E and cells E1 and E 2 should l, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires. 4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire gently. 5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of observation. If necessary adjust the rheostat for this purpose. 6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the e.m.fs of the either of the two cells. 7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken out from resistance box before the jockey is moved along the wire. SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross section and material density throughout its length. 3. End resistance may not be zero. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wikipedia www.sciencedirect.com www.knowledgecycle.com https://archive.org/details/texts www.britannica.com
