Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action

1 Arithmetic Operations

A. Four Basic Arithmetic Operations

Operation Expression Word Phrase Result

Addition 4+5 Add 5 to 4 (or 4 plus 5) The sum is 9.

Subtraction 9–7 Subtract 7 from 9 (or 9 minus 7) The difference is 2.
Multiplication 6×5 Multiply 6 by 5 (or 6 times 5) The product is 30.
Division 18 ÷ 6 Divide 18 by 6 The quotient is 3.

The following are some rules in performing mixed operation.

1. If an expression contains brackets, perform the operations inside the brackets first.
2. (a) If an expression invovles addition and subtraction only (or multiplication and
division only), perform the operation from left to right.
(b) Otherwise, perform multiplcation and division before addition and subtaction.

Example 1
Find the value of each of the following expressions.
(a) 16 + 24 − 32
(b) 9 × 2 + 24 ÷ 4

(a) 16 + 24 − 32  Perform the operations from left to right.

= 40 − 32
=8

(b) 9 × 2 + 24 ÷ 4  Perform the multiplication and the division first.

= 18 + 6
= 24

1 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020

Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action

Example 2
Write the following word phrases as arithmetic expressions, and calculate the answers.
(a) Multiply 6 by the sum of 2 and 3.
(b) Subtract 18 from 42, and then divide the difference by 4.

(a) 6 × (2 + 3)  Perform the operation inside the brackets first.

= 6×5
= 30

(b) (42 − 18) ÷ 4

= 24 ÷ 4
=6

Example 3
52 books are packed evenly into 6 plastic boxes. How many books are there in each plastic box?
How many books are left?

8  quotient
Short division
divisor  6 5 2  dividend
48 6 52
4  remainder 8…4

∵ 52 ÷ 6 = 8…4
∴ There are 8 books in each plastic box, and 4 books are left.

Note: The symbol ‘∵’ means ‘because’, while the symbol ‘∴’ means ‘therefore’.

The remainder must be less than the divisor.

2 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020

Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action

B. Multiples and Factors

Mathematical term Example
(i) 6, 12, 18, 24, ... are multiples of 6.
Multiple
(ii) 8, 16, 24, 32, ... are multiples of 8.
Common multiple 24, 48, 72, ... are common multiples of 6 and 8.
Least Common Multiple (L.C.M.) 24 is the L.C.M. of 6 and 8.
(i) 1, 2, 4 and 8 are the factors of 8.
Factor
(ii) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 are the factors of 12.
Common factor 1, 2 and 4 are the common factors of 8 and 12.
Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) 4 is the H.C.F. of 8 and 12.

Example 5
Write down the first four multiples of 12 and 16, and find the L.C.M. of the two numbers.

First four multiples of 12: 12, 24, 36 and 48

First four multiples of 16: 16, 32, 48 and 64
∴ L.C.M. of 12 and 16 = 48

Example 6
Write down the factors of 20, 45 and 50, and find the H.C.F. of the three numbers.

Factors of 20: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 and 20 20 = 1 × 20

= 2 × 10
Factors of 45: 1, 3, 5, 9, 15 and 45 =4×5
Factors of 50: 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50
∴ H.C.F. of 20, 45 and 50 = 5

Example 7
A box of candies can be evenly divided among either 6 or 8 kids. What is the minimum number of
candies in the box?

Multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24, …

Multiples of 8: 8, 16, 24, …
∴ L.C.M. of 6 and 8 = 24
∴ The minimum number of candies in the box is 24.

3 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020

Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action

Knowing More
Prime Factors
Consider the factors of 12. The factors are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12. Among these factors, 2 and 3 are prime numbers.
Therefore, 2 and 3 are called prime factors of 12.
Every composite number can be expressed as products of prime factors.
Short division is
For example, 90 can be expressed as product of prime factors as follow: useful to find all
the prime factors
90 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 of a number.

Index Notation
For simplicity, we can write the expression 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 as 34, read as ‘3 to the power 4’. This kind of
expression is called index notation.

Index notation
Expression
Expressed as Read as
the square of 3
3×3 32
or 3 to the power 2
the cube of 3
3×3×3 33
or 3 to the power 3
the 4th power of 3
3×3×3×3 34
or 3 to the power 4
the 5th power of 3
3×3×3×3×3 35
or 3 to the power 5

In 34, 3 is called the base and 4 is called the index or exponent.

index/exponent
4
3×3×3×3=3
base
Similarly, 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 can be written as 2 × 32 × 5 in index notation.

4 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020

Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action

Key Terms / Phrases

Pronunciation

addition 加法 difference 差 factor 因數

subtraction 減法 product 積 common factor 公因數
multiplication 乘法 quotient 商 highest common factor 最大公因數
division 除法 dividend 被除數 prime number 質數
plus 加 divisor 除數 composite number 合成數
minus 減 remainder 餘數 prime factor 質因數
times 乘 multiple 倍數 index notation 指數記數法
divide 除 common multiple 公倍數 base 底
sum 和 least common multiple 最小公倍數 index / exponent 指數

Useful Sentences
What is the product of 5 and 3? 5 和 3 的積是多少？
Divide 6 by 3, and then subtract 1 from the quotient. 把 6 除以 3，然後把所得的商減去 1。
Is 1485 divisible by 3? 1485 可被 3 整除嗎？
My brother’s age is twice my age. 哥哥的年齡是我的兩倍。
The sum of two consecutive numbers is 29. 兩個連續數的和是 29。
The square of 8 is 64. 8 的平方是 64。
Evaluate the following expressions. 計算下列各數式。

Exercise 1
Write the following word phrases as arithmetic expressions, and calculate the answers. (1 – 9)

1. Add seventy to twelve.

2. Subtract one hundred and six from two thousand.

3. 97 minus 48 plus 23.

4. 30 times 5 minus 38.

5. Multiply the sum of 12 and 4 by 8.

6. Divide the sum of 35 and 17 by 13.

7. Subtract 14 from 30 and then add 20 to the result.

5 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020

Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action

8. Add the product of 16 and 4 to the quotient of 28 divided by 4.

9. The difference between 50 and the quotient of 45 divided by 9.

Evaluate the following expressions. (10 – 17)

10. 67 + 22 – 79 _________ 11. 25 × 14 ÷ 5 _________

12. 5 + 144 × 23 _________ 13. 342 – 26 × 7 _________

14. 15 × 33 – 636 ÷ 2 _________ 15. (42 – 18) ÷ 2 × 3 _________

16. (38 + 46) – (24 + 19) _________ 17. (128 + 64 ÷ 8) ÷ 4 _________

Determine whether the following are true or false. (18 – 21)

True False
18. The divisor in the expression 54 ÷ 9 is 54.

19. The product of two even numbers is an odd number.

20. 50 is a multiple of 50.

21. 33 is a factor of 132.

22. Find the L.C.M. of the following sets of numbers.

(a) 7, 8 (b) 18, 24
(c) 30, 50 (d) 15, 20, 40

23. Find the H.C.F. of the following sets of numbers.

(a) 24, 30 (b) 20, 36
(c) 27, 54 (d) 12, 18, 60

Solve the following problems. (24 – 27)

24. Find the sum of two consecutive numbers if the smaller one is 43.

25. A dozen pack of noodles costs $36. Tony buys 5 packs of them. How
much should he pay?

26. Soya milk costs $8 per litre. If Peter has $100 and wants to buy 17 litres
soya milk, how much more money does he need?

27. 3 bags of rice weigh 15 kg in total. 2 bottles of cooking oil weigh 6 kg in

total. How much heavier is a bag of rice than a bottles of cooking oil?

determine 判斷 even number 偶數 odd number 奇數 consecutive numbers 連續數 dozen 一打 litre 公升

6 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020

Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action

Solve the following problems. Show your working steps clearly. (28 – 31)
28. Candies cost $84 per 6 kg. Apple juice costs $8 per pack. Find the cost for 4 kg candies and 12 packs
of apple juice.

29. 1 orange costs $4 and 1 watermelon costs $48. Martha pays $200 for 6 oranges and 2 watermelons.
How much change should she get?

30. 80 toy cars and 64 teddy bears are shared evenly among some children.
Each child gets the same numbers of toy cars and teddy bears as the
others. What is the maximum number of children?

31. In a ferry pier, ferries set off for islands A, B and C every 25, 45 and
75 minutes respectively. At 10:00 a.m., ferries set off from the pier for
all the three islands. When will they set off again at the same time if the
ferry services end at 11:00 p.m. every day? List all the possible cases.

change 找回的零錢 maximum 最大的 set off 出發 list 列出 possible 可能的

7 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020