E- COMMERCE WEBITE

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

Chhavi (2202309041)
gfhfgf

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

IN

School of Engineering & Technology

Sanskriti University

November 2024
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified for this project report. “E-COMMERCE WEBSITE” is the

bonafide work of “chhavi (2202309041), monika (2202309113)” who
carried out the project work under our supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr.Garima
Dr.Pankaj kumar Goswami
Goswami
HOD Supervisor

SOEIT SOEIT
Submitted for the project viva - voce examonation held on:

INTERNAL EXAMINATION EXTERNAL EXAMINATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of
Figures……………………………………………………………
…………….4
List of
Tables……………………………………………………………
………………5

CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………
…7
1.1. Introduction to
E-commerce………………………………………………………..7
1.2. How does E-commerce
work?……………………………………………………..8
1.3. Types of
E-commerce………………………………………………………………
…..9
1.4. Advantages & Disadvantages of
E-commerce………………………………10

CHAPTER 2. Majors, Background & Trends Of E-Commerce Website…17

2.1 Majors of E-commerce
websites…………………………………………………….19
2.2 Background of E-commerce
websites…………………………………………….21
2.3 Trends of E-commerce
websites…………………………………………………….22

CHAPTER 3. Analysis & Workflow Management of E-Commerce

Website.………………………………………..27
3.1 . Analysis of E-Commerce
websites……………………………………………….27
3.2. Workflow of E-Commerce
websites……………………………………………..28 3.2.1
Consumer/User
Workflow…………………………………………………30
3.2.2 Admin/ Management
Workflow…………………………………………31
CHAPTER 4. E-Commerce Website And Technology
Used…………………33

CHAPTER 4. E- Commerce Website Designing And Its

Working………….35

CHAPTER 5. Source Code & Snapshots Of Web

Pages……………………………

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION & FUTURE

WORK…………………………………………

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………
…………………………

APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………
…………………………
Abstract of E-Commerce Website

Electronic Commerce is process of doing business through computer

networks. A person sitting on his chair in front of a computer can access
all the facilities of the Internet to buy or sell the products.
Unlike traditional commerce that is carried out physically with effort of a
person to go & get products, ecommerce has made it easier for human
to reduce physical work and to save time. E-Commerce which was
started in early 1990’s has taken a great leap in the world of computers,
but the fact that has hindered the growth of e-commerce is security.
Security is the challenge facing e-commerce today & there is still a lot of
advancement made in the field of security.
An e-commerce website is a digital platform that enables businesses to
buy and sell goods and services over the internet. It allows customers to
browse product catalogs, select items, make secure payments, and track
orders, all from the convenience of their devices. Key features of an e
commerce website typically include a user-friendly interface, shopping
cart functionality, secure payment gateways, customer accounts,
andorder management systems. These websites are designed to offer
aseamless shopping experience, providing easy access to products
personalized recommendations, and various payment options. E-
commerce platforms also integrate backend tools for inventory
management, customer relationship management (CRM), and data
analytics, helping businesses optimize operations and improve customer
service.
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
E-commerce, or electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling of
goods and services over the internet. It involves the use of electronic
platforms, such as websites, mobile applications, and social media, to
conduct transactions between businesses and consumers or between
businesses. E-commerce has revolutionized the way businesses operate
and has created new opportunities for entrepreneurs and consumers
alike.
E-commerce (short for electronic commerce) refers to the buying and
selling of goods and services over the internet. It involves transactions
conducted online between businesses (B2B), businesses and consumers
(B2C), consumers and consumers (C2C), or even consumers and
businesses (C2B). E-commerce encompasses a wide range of activities
such as online retail, digital payments, online auctions, electronic
banking, and even services like cloud computing or subscription-based
models.
E-commerce platforms allow businesses to list their products or services,
while consumers can browse, make purchases, pay for items, and
arrange for delivery—all in a fully digital environment. This eliminates
the need for traditional brick-and-mortar stores, offering convenience
and global access to both businesses and customers.
In summary, e-commerce is the use of the internet and digital platforms
to facilitate transactions, ranging from simple purchases of products to
more complex business dealings and services.

How does e-commerce works

The basics of e-commerce are similar to any physical store. Customers

visit your ecommerce store, look around, and then buy something if they
like. The main distinction is that they don’t have to own space, they can
look for all the products by staying home, and also do purchases from
home. Also your consumer base isn’t restricted to a single geographic
location or region. This becomes the added benefit of going online.
Now, Lets see how the overall Ecommerce Working process goes on:

1 User Entry on Ecommerce Websites

E-commerce websites function by having a customer’s web browser talk
to a server. Depending on the website’s compatibility, customers may
access it with the help of a computer or a smartphone. For a better
experience, they require to register their details using their E-mail ID,
which, by linking, they can use for many purposes in the future.

2 Look for specific product

Once you have registered or logged in via your email account, you can
search for the specific item in the search bar. Each ecommerce website
has a unique feature, you can search according to that. For example, if
you wish to buy a shirt or shoes, you simply need to write the category
name in the search box and press enter.

3 Finalize the product

Once you press enter, it’ll take you to a specific page where you can
browse shirts and shoes from thousands of results. You can even make it
easier with the help of features such as colours, style, size. Such features
help in narrowing down your search and give you the exact best results
you may be looking for.

4 Add the product in the cart

Did you find the item you were looking for? After selecting the item, you
can directly add it to your cart where your selected item is safely stored
for as long as you want.

5 Start the checkout process

After adding the product to the cart, click on checkout to tally your
product details along with payment options.

6 Add payment details

Payment processors play a vital role in facilitating transactions.The
payment gateway informs you if your transaction has been accepted or
denied. Fortunately, many ecommerce platforms provide built-in
payment gateways and processors, so you won’t have to bother about
this.
7 Order Fulfillment

There are three phases of the order fulfillment cycle.

•Order received / Order Accepted
The first step is to accept order. On your eCommerce website or
ecommerce platform, when you make a purchase, the seller receives and
confirms the order.

•Order processed
Once the confirmation is there, following that, the payment is processed,
the sale is recorded, and the order is completed. Payment gateways are
used to process payment transactions.
•Order Shipped
Here once the order is ready, it will be ready to get shipped in your
desired locations within the estimated days.

What types of e-commerce?

E-commerce, or electronic commerce, is the buying and selling of goods
and services online. There are many types of e-commerce work,
including different business models and platforms:

1 B2C(Business-to-Consumer)
B2C refers to transactions between businesses and individual consumers.
In this model, businesses sell products or services directly to end-users
(customers) via an online platform, like an e-commerce website or
mobile app.
2. B2B (Business-to-Business)
B2B involves transactions between businesses. In this model, companies
sell products, services, or solutions to other businesses rather than
individual consumers. Typically, these are bulk or wholesale transactions.
3. C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer)
C2C e-commerce refers to transactions between individual consumers.
In this model, individuals sell products or services to other individuals,
typically facilitated by online platforms that act as intermediaries.
4. C2B (Consumer-to-Business)
C2B is a model where individual consumers sell products, services, or
data to businesses. This is the reverse of the B2C model, where
businesses sell to consumers. In the C2B model, individuals offer
products or services that businesses use, often in the form of freelance
work, user-generated content, or even consumer insights.

Advantage & Disadvantage of E-Commerce :-

E-commerce has revolutionized the way businesses and consumers
interact, offering numerous benefits that extend across a wide range of
industries. Below are some of the key advantages of e-commerce for
businesses, consumers, and society as a whole: 1. Convenience and
Accessibility For Consumers:
24/7 Availability: E-commerce platforms are accessible at any time,
allowing consumers to shop whenever it suits them, without the
need to adhere to store hours.
Global Reach: Consumers can access products and services from
around the world, breaking down geographical limitations. This is
especially useful for accessing niche or international products.

No Need to Visit Physical Stores: Online shopping eliminates the

need to physically visit stores, saving time and effort. Consumers can
browse, compare, and purchase from the comfort of their own
homes or on the go (via mobile devices).

For Businesses:

Global Customer Base: E-commerce enables businesses to reach

customers worldwide, expanding their market reach beyond local or
regional boundaries.
No Geographical Constraints: Businesses can operate in multiple
locations without setting up physical stores in each region.
2. Cost Efficiency
For Businesses:
Lower Operational Costs: Running an online store is often cheaper
than maintaining a physical store. Businesses can save on rent,
utilities, and other overhead costs associated with brick-and-mortar
operations.
Reduced Staffing Needs: E-commerce stores may require fewer
employees for sales, as much of the shopping experience is automated
online (e.g., browsing, checkout, order fulfillment). Scalability: Online
stores can be scaled up or down with fewer costs, allowing businesses to
adapt to demand more flexibly. For Consumers:

Competitive Pricing: Due to lower operational costs, businesses can

often offer better pricing on products and services, and consumers
can easily compare prices across different platforms to find the best
deals.
No Travel Costs: Shopping online eliminates the need for
transportation costs (fuel, parking fees, public transportation) that
would otherwise be incurred when visiting a physical store.

3. Wide Product Selection and Variety

For Consumers:

Endless Choices: E-commerce allows consumers to access a vast

variety of products across categories (e.g., clothing, electronics,
books, groceries), often with options that might not be available in
local stores.
Product Comparison: Online shoppers can easily compare different
products based on features, prices, and customer reviews before
making a purchase decision.
Customization and Personalization: Many e-commerce platforms
offer tailored recommendations based on previous shopping
behavior, helping consumers discover products they may not have
found otherwise.
For Businesses:
Broader Product Range: Online businesses can offer a larger
inventory without the limitations of physical space, enabling them to
stock a wider range of products.
Flexibility in Pricing: E-commerce businesses can adjust prices
quickly, run promotions, and introduce discounts more easily than
traditional stores.
Improved Customer Experience
For Consumers:
Detailed Product Information: E-commerce websites often provide
detailed product descriptions, images, and customer reviews,
allowing consumers to make well-informed purchase decisions.
 Convenience of Payment Options: Consumers can choose from a
variety of payment methods, including credit cards, debit cards,
digital wallets (e.g., PayPal, Apple Pay), or even cash on delivery
(COD), depending on their preferences.
Personalized Shopping: Many online stores offer a personalized
experience by recommending products based on past purchases,
browsing history, or customer preferences.
For Businesses:
Customer Insights: E-commerce platforms often track customer
behavior and interactions, providing businesses with valuable data
that can be used for targeted marketing,
inventory management, and improving the customer experience.
Faster Checkout Process: Many online stores offer one-click
purchasing, saving time for repeat customers and improving the
overall shopping experience.

5. Increased Reach and Market Expansion

For Businesses:
Global Market Access: E-commerce allows businesses to market and
sell their products to a global audience, reaching customers who
might not have access to their physical stores. This can significantly
boost sales and brand recognition.
Niche Market Access: Small businesses and independent creators can
easily target specific niche markets online without the significant
investment that would be required to set up physical stores. 24/7
Availability: Online stores never close, which means businesses can
make sales 24 hours a day, regardless of time zones. For Consumers:

Access to Global Products: Consumers can purchase products from

international sellers that may not be available locally, enabling access to
unique or specialized items.
Increased Variety and Choices: With e-commerce, shoppers can find
brands or sellers they may not have known about in their local area.
Disadvantage:-
1. Lack of Physical Interaction
For Consumers:

No Hands-On Experience: One of the biggest disadvantages of e-

commerce is the inability to physically examine products before
purchasing. Consumers can't touch, feel, or try on items, especially
important for products like clothing, electronics, or furniture.
Uncertainty About Product Quality: Without being able to see
products in person, consumers may have doubts about the quality,
size, or color of items. Even with detailed images, reviews, and
descriptions, it's difficult to fully assess the product before
purchasing.
For Businesses:

Customer Trust Issues: The lack of direct interaction with customers

can create trust issues. Businesses must rely on detailed product
descriptions, images, and customer reviews to convince buyers,
which may not always be enough to reassure skeptical shoppers.

1. Security and Privacy Concerns

For Consumers:

Risk of Fraud: E-commerce transactions require the exchange of

sensitive financial data, such as credit card details or personal

information. This opens up the risk of fraud, hacking, and data breaches.
Identity Theft: Online shoppers are at risk of identity theft if their
personal information is exposed through unsecured websites or
malicious attacks (e.g., phishing scams).
Privacy Issues: Some e-commerce sites collect large amounts of
personal data about customers. This data can be used for targeted
advertising, which some consumers may find intrusive. If not handled
properly, there is also the risk of data being misused or sold.

For Businesses:

Security Breaches: E-commerce businesses are at constant risk of

cyberattacks, including hacking, data breaches, and other forms of
digital theft. Securing payment systems and customer data is a
significant cost and ongoing challenge.
 Cost of Compliance: Businesses must invest in cybersecurity
measures and comply with data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR in
Europe, CCPA in California), which can be both costly and time-
consuming.

3. Shipping and Delivery Issues

For Consumers:

Shipping Delays: Delivery times may vary, and there can be delays in
shipping due to weather, holidays, or logistical issues, making it
difficult to predict when a product will arrive.
Delivery Costs: Shipping fees can sometimes be high, especially for
international orders or heavy items. In some cases, free shipping may
be offered, but it’s often factored into the product price or limited to
specific regions.
Risk of Damaged Goods: There's always a risk that products may be
damaged during shipping, which can lead to frustration for
consumers. Although many businesses offer return policies, dealing
with damaged goods can be inconvenient and time-consuming.

For Businesses:

Logistical Challenges: Managing and optimizing logistics for timely

deliveries can be complex. Businesses need to coordinate with third-
party logistics providers (such as shipping companies), and any errors or
delays in delivery can affect customer satisfaction.
Returns Management: Handling returns and exchanges can be
complicated, particularly for businesses that sell internationally.
Managing reverse logistics (the process of returning goods) adds extra
costs and complexity.
Fig 1.1
CHAPTER-2
Majors, Background and Trends Of E-Commerce Websites

. Majors Of E-Commerce Websites

The key majors of an E-Commerce website can be grouped into essential
categories to ensure a seamless shopping experience for users and
efficient business operations . Here’s an overview:

1 User Experience (UX) and design

. Responsive Design: Optimized for mobile, tablet, and desktop.

. Intuitive Navigation: Easy-to-us menus, filters, and search functionality.
. Product Pages: High-quality images, detailed descriptions, and reviews.
. Smooth Checkout Process: Minimal steps with guest checkout options.
. Personalization: Recommendations based on user behaviour or
preferences.

2. Product Management

.Catalog Management: Organized categorization of products.

.Inventory Management: Real-time stock updates and alerts.
.Variants and Attributes: Support for different sizes,colors,etc.
. Dynamic Pricing: Discounts , seasonal sales, and special offers.

3. Product Gateways

.Multiple Payment Options: Credit/debit cards, wallets, UPI, BNPL(Buy

Now, Pay Later), etc.
. Secure Transactions: SSL encryption and PCI compilance.
.Currency Support: Multicurrency for global reach.

4. Product Search Functionality

● Search Bar: A key feature for users to quickly find products.

● Auto-Suggestions: Offering product suggestions as users type.
 ● Advanced Search Filters: Enabling users to refine their search with
specific criteria (e.g., price range, brand, or ratings).
5 . Responsive Design

Mobile Optimization: Ensuring the website is mobile-friendly and

responsive, given the increasing use of smartphones for shopping.
Cross-Device Compatibility: The site should be fully functional on
desktops, tablets, and mobile devices.

6. Customer Support Features

Live Chat: Real-time assistance for customers with questions or

issues.
Help Center/FAQ: A section with commonly asked questions and self-
service options.
Order Tracking: Allowing customers to track their orders directly on
the site.
Returns and Exchanges: Clear policies and processes for returning
products and handling refunds.

7. Inventory and Order Management

Inventory Management System: Tracks stock levels and product

availability.
Order Management System (OMS): Manages orders from placement
through to fulfillment, including shipping and returns.

8. Shipping and Delivery Options

Shipping Calculation: Real-time shipping cost calculation based on

factors like weight, location, and delivery speed.
Shipping Providers: Integration with third-party shipping services
(e.g., FedEx, UPS, DHL).

Multiple Shipping Methods: Offering various delivery options such as

standard, expedited, and express shipping.

9 . Marketing and Promotional Tools

 Discount Codes/Coupons: Customers can apply discount codes at
checkout for promotions.
Email Marketing: Integration with email marketing tools for sending
newsletters, promotions, and order updates.
SEO Optimization: Ensuring the site is optimized for search engines to
drive organic traffic.
Affiliate Programs: Enabling third parties to promote the site and
earn commissions on sales they generate.

.Background Of E-Commerce Websites:

The background of an e-commerce website refers to everything that
makes the website work smoothly behind the scenes. It includes the
technologies, systems, and processes that support online shopping.
Here's a simple breakdown of the background in an easy-to-understand
way:
1. The Start of E-Commerce
E-commerce (online shopping) began in the 1990s when the internet
became widely available. Early websites, like Amazon and eBay, started
selling products online. Over time, the number of online stores grew, and
the process of shopping online became easier for people around the
world.

2. What’s Behind an E-Commerce Website?

An e-commerce website is made up of several important parts:
Front-End (What You See)

This is the part of the website that customers interact with. It's
everything you see on your screen: the product images,
shopping cart, checkout button, about section , home section,
price , etc
It’s created using languages like HTML (for structure), CSS (for
design), and JavaScript (for interactivity).

Back-End (Behind the Scenes)

This is the server-side of the website. It handles things like

storing product information, processing orders, and managing
customer accounts.
 It's powered by databases (e.g., MySQL, MongoDB) that hold
information about products, customers, and transactions.

3. Key Features of an E-Commerce Website

These are the main things that make the website functional for
shopping:
Product Listings: Shows all the products available for purchase. Each
product has details like price, description, and images.
Shopping Cart: Allows customers to add items they want to buy. It’s like
a virtual basket where customers can see what they’re about to
purchase.
Checkout System: This is where the customer enters shipping and
payment details to complete the purchase.
Payment Gateway: This system securely processes payments. Examples
include PayPal, Stripe, and credit card processors.
Security: An e-commerce website uses security protocols like SSL
certificates to protect customers’ personal and payment information.

4. Key Technologies
To make an e-commerce website work smoothly, it uses various
technologies:
Web Hosting: A service that stores the website’s files and makes them
accessible on the internet.
Content Management System (CMS): A platform (like Shopify,WordPress
with WooCommerce, or Magento) that allows businesses to create and
manage their online store easily without needing to know coding.
Payment Systems: Secure methods (like PayPal, Stripe) that allow
customers to pay for products online.
Shipping Systems: Tools that calculate shipping costs
and track deliveries.

5. How E-Commerce Websites Evolved

Over the years, e-commerce websites have become more advanced:

● They’ve added mobile-friendly designs so people can shop on

their phones.
● They use AI (artificial intelligence) to recommend products to
customers based on their browsing history.
 ● Social media and email marketing have become important tools
for promoting products and reaching customers.

6. Why Is E-Commerce Important?

E-commerce allows businesses to reach customers anywhere in the
world, at any time. It has transformed the way people shop by offering
convenience, wider product selection, and easy comparison shopping .

Fig 2.1

Trends of E-Commerce Websites

E-commerce websites are constantly evolving to meet the needs of
consumers and adapt to technological advancements. As of 2024, here
are some key trends shaping the future of e-commerce websites:
1. AI-Powered Personalization :- AI is used in many ways,
including personalized marketing, customer Support and
smart search.

•Personalized Shopping Experience: Artificial intelligence (AI) is

enhancing customer experiences by delivering personalized product
recommendations based on browsing behavior, past purchases, and
preferences. AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants are also
becoming more sophisticated, providing immediate customer service
and personalized suggestions.
•Dynamic Pricing: AI is enabling dynamic pricing strategies, where
prices change in real-time based on factors like demand, competitor
pricing, and customer behavior.
2. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): These
technologies allow customers to visualize products in 3D, try on clothes
virtually, and more.

•Virtual Try-Ons: AR and VR are increasingly being used for virtual

try-ons (e.g., trying on clothes, makeup, or accessories virtually) or
visualizing products (like furniture or home decor) in a customer's
own space before purchase.

•Immersive Shopping: Some e-commerce platforms are incorporating

VR to create fully immersive virtual stores where customers can "walk
through" and browse products.

3 Flexible payment options: Customers are more likely to complete

a purchase if they have a variety of payment options, including credit
cards, digital wallets, and buy now, pay later (BNPL).

4 Unconventional page filters: These filters can include sliders,

toggle switches, and other interaction elements. They can also use visual
elements like icons, illustrations, and color coding.

5. Sustainability and Ethical Practices

Eco-Friendly Products and Packaging: Consumers are increasingly

prioritizing sustainability, pushing e-commerce platforms to highlight
eco-friendly products, offer sustainable packaging, and adopt carbon-
neutral shipping options.
Transparency: Brands are focusing on providing transparency about
sourcing, manufacturing, and environmental impacts, often through
detailed product pages or sustainability reports.

6. Social Commerce and Influencer Marketing

Social Media Integration: Platforms like Instagram, Facebook, TikTok,

and Pinterest are expanding their e-commerce features, allowing users
to shop directly through social media apps. Social commerce enables
seamless browsing and purchasing without leaving the platform.
Influencer Partnerships: Influencer marketing continues to grow, with
influencers directly promoting products on their social media platforms
and live-streamed shopping events.
7. Subscription Models and Recurring Revenue

Subscription-Based E-Commerce: Subscription services (e.g.,

subscription boxes or recurring delivery services) are becoming more
popular across industries like beauty, health, food, and fashion. This
model provides convenience for consumers and predictable revenue
for businesses.
Loyalty Programs: Many e-commerce websites are focusing on
creating loyalty programs and VIP membership tiers that offer
rewards, exclusive deals, and personalized experiences to keep
customers coming back.

8. Fast and Flexible Delivery Options

Same-Day/Next-Day Delivery: Customers are increasingly expecting

fast delivery. E-commerce sites are partnering with logistics
companies to offer same-day or next-day delivery, with some even
offering delivery within hours in certain locations.
Flexible Delivery Options: Offering multiple delivery options, such as
lockers, curbside pickup, or scheduled delivery times, is becoming
more common to accommodate customer preferences.

9. Automation and Chatbots

Customer Support Automation: AI-powered chatbots are being used

for customer service, providing 24/7 assistance, handling inquiries,
guiding customers through the purchasing process.
Automated Inventory Management: E-commerce websites are using
automation tools to optimize inventory management.

10. Video and Live Shopping

Live-Stream Shopping: Inspired by trends in China, many e-

commerce platforms are now incorporating live shopping features,
where brands and influencers can showcase products in real-time
and interact with viewers, driving impulse purchases.
Product Videos: High-quality product videos that demonstrate use
cases, benefits, or behind-the-scenes insights are becoming a key
content format to help customers make purchase decisions.
11. Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

Cryptocurrency Payments: Some e-commerce sites are beginning to

accept cryptocurrency as payment, with popular coins like Bitcoin,
Ethereum, and stablecoins being integrated into payment gateways.
Block-chain for Transparency: Blockchain is being explored for its
potential to enhance supply chain transparency and verify the
authenticity of products, particularly in luxury goods and high-value
items.
12. Enhanced Product Discovery with Visual Search

Visual Search Technology: Visual search allows customers to upload

an image to search for similar products. This is increasingly used in
fashion, home decor, and beauty industries, where consumers can
find items by simply taking a photo of something they like.

13. Global E-Commerce Expansion

Cross-Border E-Commerce: As global e-commerce grows, websites

are increasingly offering international shipping, currency conversion,
and localized shopping experiences for different markets. Platforms
are also adapting to local payment preferences and legal regulations
in various regions.
Localization: E-commerce sites are using localization strategies to
cater to different languages, currencies, cultural preferences, and
local regulations, making it easier for international customers to
shop.

14. User-Generated Content (UGC)

Customer Reviews and Ratings: User-generated content, such as

reviews, ratings, and photos from customers, is playing a bigger role
in product discovery. This helps build trust and credibility, especially
in industries like fashion, beauty, and electronics.
Customer-Generated Content on Social Media: Brands are
encouraging customers to share their experiences through hashtags,
reviews, and testimonials, often using this content on their websites
for added authenticity.
CHAPTER-3
Analysis And WorkFlow Management Of
E-Commerce Websites
“E-commerce workflow management and analysis can help you improve
your business by streamlining operations, reducing errors, and saving
time and money:

Analysis of E-Commerce Website:-

E-commerce website analysis is the process of collecting,
analyzing, and interpreting data from an online store to
improve the customer experience and increase revenue. It
involves using tools to understand how visitors interact with a
website, and then making changes to improve the site.

1.1 key Features of E-Commerce Websites

• User-Friendly Navigation: Clear menus, search bar, and easy product

discovery.
• High-Quality Product Pages: Detailed descriptions, images, price, and
reviews.
• Shopping Cart: Cart summary, easy editing, and quick view.
• Secure Checkout: Multiple payment options, guest checkout, SSL
encryption.
• Account Management: User accounts, order tracking, and wishlists.
• Responsive Design: Mobile-friendly, adaptive layout across devices.
1.2 Benefits of E-Commerce Website

● Accessibility :-E-commerce allows customers to shop from

anywhere, at any time, and on their own schedule.
● Wide selection:-Online stores can offer a much wider selection
of products than physical store
● Customer feedback :- Businesses can use customer feedback
mechanisms to improve their products and services.
● Direct customer access :- E-commerce businesses can build
relationships with customers and earn their loyalty.
● Global reach
● E-commerce businesses can reach customers worldwide.
● Convenience: Shoppers can browse and buy anytime, anywhere.
● Lower Costs: Reduced overhead compared to physical stores (no
rent, fewer staff).
● Scalability: Easy to expand product offerings and reach more
customers.
● Personalization: Tailor shopping experiences with
recommendations, targeted ads, and special offers
● Inventory Management: Easy to track and manage stock levels in
real-time.
1.3 .Challenges in E-Commerce

High Competition: Many businesses online make it difficult to stand out.

Security Risks: Protecting customer data and preventing cyberattacks.
Customer Trust: Building credibility and trust without a
physical presence.
Logistics & Shipping: Managing inventory, shipping costs, and timely
deliveries.
Payment Fraud: Handling fraudulent transactions and chargebacks.
Customer Retention: Keeping customers loyal amid many choices.

2 . Working of E-Commerce Websites

2.1 User Workflow -

1. Account Creation:
Users register or log in using email, phone number, or social media
accounts.
2.Product Search and Browsing:
Users search for products using keywords, filters, or categories.
AI algorithms may suggest personalized recommendations.
3. Adding to Cart:
Users add items to their cart for potential purchase.
Items can be modified (e.g., quantity, color) or removed from the cart.
4. Checkout Process:
Users proceed to the checkout page, provide shipping details, and
choose payment options.
5.Order Confirmation:
Once payment is successful, users receive a confirmation with order
details and tracking information.

2.2 Admin Workflow

1. Product Management:
Admins upload and manage product details
(e.g., name, price, description, stock).
2. Order Management:
 Admins process customer orders, coordinate with logistics, and handle
cancellations or returns.
3. User Management:
Admins manage user accounts, permissions, and monitor fraudulent
activities.
4. Reports and Analytics:
The backend provides insights into sales, user behavior,
and performance metrics.

2.3 Backend Workflow

1. Data Storage and Management:
Databases store product details, user profiles, orders, and payment
information.
2. Payment Processing:
Secure payment gateways ensure encrypted and seamless transactions.
3. Inventory Updates:
Real-time stock updates to prevent overselling or stockouts.
4.APIs and Integrations:
APIs connect third-party services like payment gateways, logistics, and
analytics.
2.4 Technologies Used
• Frontend Development: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and frameworks for
user interfaces.
• Backend Development: Server-side programming with Node.js, to
handle business logic.
• Databases: SQL (MySQL, PostgreSQL) databases to manage data.
• Security Measures: SSL encryption, two-factor authentication, and
compliance with data protection laws.

2.5 Example Workflow for explanation

• Step 1: A customer searches for a product on an e Commerce website

using a search bar.
• Step 2: The website’s search engine fetches relevant results from the
database.
• Step 3: The user adds a product to their cart and proceeds to checkout.
• Step 4: The system securely processes payment and sends order
details to the database.
• Step 5: The order is sent to the logistics system for delivery.

Fig 3.2

3. Key Components of e Commerce Websites

Frontend (User Interface):
• Ensures the website is attractive, responsive, and user-friendly.
Backend (Server-Side):
• Handles user requests, processes data, and interacts with the
database.
Database:
• Stores user information, product catalogs, and transaction records.
Payment Gateway:
• Facilitates secure online payments between users and the website.
Logistics and Delivery:
• Coordinates order fulfillment and shipping with third-party services.

Fig 3.3

CHAPTER - 4
E-commerce Website And Technologies Used

An e-commerce website is a digital platform that enables businesses to

sell products or services online. Our website specializes in selling fresh
fruits and vegetables, providing customers with a seamless shopping
experience that prioritizes convenience, quality, and reliability. Customers
can browse through our product catalog, add items to their cart, and make
secure purchases, all from the comfort of their homes.
The website is designed to be user-friendly, mobile-responsive, and fast-
loading, ensuring a smooth experience for all visitors. It also includes
essential e-commerce features like product filtering, secure payments,
order tracking, and personalized recommendations.

Difine the Technologies

HTML (Hyper-text Markup Language)
HTML is the standard language used to create and structure content on
the web. It forms the backbone of all websites by providing the
framework that browsers interpret to display text, images, links, and
other multimedia elements. HTML uses a system of tags to define the
structure and meaning of different parts of a web page. HTML
Structure
A typical HTML document follows a hierarchical structure, consisting of
the following elements:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Welcome to HTML</h1>
</header>
<main>
<p>This is a paragraph of text.</p>
</main>
<footer>
<p>Footer Information</p>
</footer>
</body>
</HTML>
Key Features of HTML
1. Platform-Independent: Works on any device or operating system
with a web browser.
2. Structured Content: Provides a clear, hierarchical format for web
content.
3. Media Support: Embeds images, audio, video, and other media
seamlessly.
4. Hyperlinking: Connects pages and resources using links.
5. Semantic Elements: Tags like <article>, <nav>, and <section>
improve accessibility and SEO.
6. Extensibility: Can be enhanced with CSS (for
styling) and
 JavaScript (for interactivity).

Categories of HTML Elements

1. Structural Elements

Define the basic layout of the page.

Examples: <html>, <head>, <body>, <section>,
<header>,<footer>,<main>.

2. Text Content Elements

Used to format and display text.

Examples: <p> (paragraph), <h1> to <h6> (headings), <span> (inline
text), <strong> (bold), <em> (italic).

3. List Elements

Create ordered and unordered lists.

Examples: <ul> (unordered list), <ol> (ordered list), <li> (list item).

4. Hyperlink and Navigation Elements

Enable interactivity and navigation between web pages.

Examples: <a> (anchor tag), <nav> (navigation menu).
5. Media Elements

Embed multimedia content.

Examples: <img> (images), <audio> (audio), <video> (video), <iframe>
(external content).

6. Table Elements

Structure tabular data.

Examples: <table>, <tr> (table row), <td> (table cell), <Th> (table
header).

7. Form Elements
 Collect user input.
Examples: <form>, <input> (text fields), <text-area> (text area),
<button>, <select> (drop-downs).

8. Metadata and Scripting Elements

Provide additional information about the page or include scripts.

Examples: <title>, <meta> (metadata), <script>
(JavaScript), <link> (external style-sheets).

CSS(Cascading Style Sheets):

CSS is a style-sheet language used to define the visual presentation and
layout of web pages. It works alongside HTML to control the design, such
as colors, fonts, spacing, and positioning of elements, allowing for a
more appealing and consistent user experience across a website.
Key Features of CSS
1. Separation of Content and Design: CSS separates the structure
(HTML) from the visual presentation, making maintenance easier.
2. Styling Flexibility: Provides a wide range of styles for fonts, colors,
backgrounds, borders, and layouts.
3. Responsive Design: Enables designs to adapt to different screen
sizes using media queries.
4. Reusable Styles: Styles defined in CSS files can be reused across
multiple HTML pages.
5. Cascading Rules: Styles can be applied hierarchically, allowing
more specific rules to override general ones.
6. Animations and Transitions: Enables dynamic effects like hover
states, key-frame animations, and smooth transitions.
7. Custom Properties: CSS variables allow you to define reusable
values, improving consistency and maintainability.

HowCSSWorks

1. Targeting HTML Elements: CSS targets HTML elements using

selectors (e.g., element names, classes, or IDs).
 2. Applying Rules: Rules are defined as properties (e.g., color, font-
size) and their values.
3. Rendering by Browser: The browser combines HTML structure
and CSS rules to render the styled web page.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {

color: blue; font-size:

24px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello, CSS!</h1>
</body>
</html>

Ways to Apply CSS ● Inline CSS

1. Applied directly to HTML elements using the style attribute.
2. Example:

<p style="color: red;">This is red text.</p>

● Internal CSS
1. Defined within the <style> tag inside the <head> of the HTML
document.
2. Example:

<style>
body {
background-color: light-gray;
}
</style>
● External CSS

1. Stored in a separate .css file and linked to the HTML file using the
<link> tag.
2. Example:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">

h1 {
color: green;
}

Advantages of CSS
1. Efficiency and Reusability: Write styles once and apply them
across multiple web pages.
2. Enhanced Design Capabilities: CSS offers advanced styling
options, including animations, transitions, and grid layouts.
3. Faster Page Load Times: External CSS files reduce redundancy in
code, improving website performance.
4. Improved Maintenance: Changes to the design are easier to
implement since you can update one CSS file to affect multiple
pages.
5. Responsive Design: CSS makes it simple to create layouts that
adjust to different devices and screen sizes.
6. Customization: Supports variables, media queries, and selectors
for precise control over styles.

JavaScript(JS):
JavaScript is a high-level, dynamic, interpreted programming language
primarily used to add interactivity and dynamic behavior to web pages. It
is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, along with
HTML (for structure) and CSS (for styling), making it essential for modern
web development.
JavaScript allows developers to build websites that respond to user
actions in real-time, update content dynamically, handle animations,
validate forms, and much more. How to link JavaScript Code in HTML?
To link JavaScript code to an HTML document, you need to include the
JavaScript within your HTML page in one of the following ways:
1. Inline JavaScript (Directly in the HTML tags)
You can write JavaScript code directly within HTML elements by using
the onclick, onmouseover, onchange, or other event attributes. This
method is suitable for very small scripts that are triggered by specific
user actions like button clicks or mouseover events.
Example:
html
Copy code
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Inline JavaScript Example</title></head><body>
<button onclick="alert('Hello, World!')">Click
Me</button></body></html>
In this example, when the button is clicked, the alert() function will run,
displaying "Hello, World!".

2. Internal JavaScript (Inside the HTML file)

You can place JavaScript code directly inside an HTML file using the
<script> tag. Typically, this code is placed in the <head> or <body>
section of the HTML.
Placing in the <head> section: This can be useful if you want the
script to load before the content of the page, but it can block page
rendering unless it’s deferred.
Placing in the <body> section: Typically, JavaScript is placed here
so that it can run after the HTML content is fully loaded.
Example:
html
Copy code
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Internal JavaScript Example</title>
<script> function
greet() {
alert("Hello from internal JavaScript!");
}
</script></head><body>
 <button onclick="greet()">Click Me</button></body></html> In this
case, the greet() function is defined inside the <script> tag in the <head>
section, and it runs when the button is clicked.

3. External JavaScript (Linking to an External .js File)

This is the most common and preferred method, especially for larger
projects. You can write your JavaScript code in a separate .js file and link
to it from your HTML using the <script> tag with the src attribute. This
approach keeps your code modular, maintainable, and easier to manage.

● The <script> tag with the src attribute should typically be placed just
before the closing </body> tag to ensure that the HTML content is
fully loaded before the script runs.

Example:
JavaScript file (script.js):
// script.js
function greet() {
alert("Hello from external JavaScript!");
}

HTML file:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>External JavaScript Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<button onclick="greet()">Click Me</button>
<!-- Link to external JavaScript file -->
<script src="script.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
In this example:
 ● The JavaScript code is stored in an external file script.js.
● The HTML file links to script.js using the <script> tag with the src
attribute.
● The greet() function is called when the button is clicked.

Features of JavaScript
JavaScript is a powerful and flexible programming language that has
become a cornerstone of modern web development. It enables
developers to create interactive, dynamic, and responsive web pages.
Below are the key features of JavaScript that make it a popular and
essential language for web development:
High-Level Language: Abstracts low-level operations, making it easier
for developers.
Interpreted Language: Runs directly in the browser or server, without
the need for compilation.
Event-Driven: Responds to user actions like clicks, keypresses, and
mouse movements.
Asynchronous: Supports non-blocking operations using callbacks,
promises, and async/await.
Single-Threaded: Executes code in a single sequence, using event loops
for asynchronous tasks.

Applications of JavaScript

1. Web Development (Frontend)

Dynamic Web Pages: JavaScript makes web pages interactive. For
example, it can create things like image sliders, pop-up windows, and
dropdown menus.
Form Validation: It checks if the data entered in forms is correct
before sending it to a server (e.g., checking if an email address is
valid).

2. Single-Page Applications (SPAs)

 Interactive Websites: JavaScript frameworks like React and Angular
are used to build single-page applications (SPAs), where content is
updated without refreshing the entire page.

3. Mobile App Development

React Native: JavaScript can be used to build mobile apps for both
iOS and Android. With React Native, developers can write one
codebase for both platforms.
Ionic Framework: Another tool to build mobile apps using web
technologies (HTML, CSS, JavaScript).

4. Game Development

JavaScript can be used to create browser-based games. It allows for

simple games like puzzles or more complex ones with animations,
using HTML5 and libraries like Phaser.js.

5. Desktop Applications

Electron: JavaScript can build cross-platform desktop apps (apps that

work on Windows, macOS, and Linux). Apps like Visual Studio Code
and Slack are built with JavaScript using Electron.

6. Real-Time Applications

JavaScript is used to create real-time features like live chat,

notifications, or collaborative editing. For example, Google Docs
allows multiple people to edit a document at the same time.

7. Browser Extensions
JavaScript is used to build browser extensions (like Chrome or Firefox
add-ons). Examples include ad blockers or password managers.

8. Data Visualization

JavaScript libraries (e.g., Chart.js or D3.js) allow you to create

interactive charts and graphs to display data, like in dashboards or
reports.
9.Machine Learning in the Browser
JavaScript is used to run simple machine learning models directly in
the browser. For example, TensorFlow.js lets developers create AI-
powered applications (like image recognition) that work inside the
browser.

10. Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR)

JavaScript can be used to build AR and VR experiences in the

browser, such as virtual tours, interactive 3D models, and games.
Limitations of JavaScript
Security Risks: JavaScript is exposed to the client-side, making it
vulnerable to attacks like XSS (cross-site scripting).
Browser Compatibility: JavaScript may behave differently across
different browsers, leading to inconsistent results.
Single-Threaded: JavaScript runs in a single thread, which can cause
performance issues for heavy tasks or long-running operations.
Performance: JavaScript is generally slower than compiled languages
(e.g., C, C++) for resource-intensive tasks.
Dynamic Typing: The lack of strict typing can lead to runtime errors and
bugs, making large codebases harder to manage.
Bootstrap: A Comprehensive Overview
Bootstrap is a popular front-end framework that simplifies the process of
designing and developing responsive and mobile-first websites.
Originally created by Twitter developers, Bootstrap includes pre-
designed HTML, CSS, and JavaScript components, enabling developers to
build visually appealing and functional web pages quickly and efficiently.
•Why Use Bootstrap?
Bootstrap is widely used because it streamlines the development process
by providing:
Ready-to-Use Components: Pre-styled components like buttons, forms,
navbars, modals, and carousels save significant development time.
Mobile-First Approach: Ensures that designs are responsive and adapt
seamlessly to all screen sizes.
Cross-Browser Compatibility: Works consistently across major browsers
and devices.
Customizability: Allows developers to override and extend default styles
to meet specific design needs.

•Reasons to Choose Boots

∙ Fast Development: Its pre-built components and grid system enable
developers to build layouts and UIs rapidly.
· Responsive Grid System: Built-in flexbox-based grid makes it easy to
create responsive designs without complex coding. · Active
Community and Documentation: Extensive online documentation
and a large developer community ensure support and resources.
· Consistent Design: Ensures uniformity across the website, which is
particularly useful for multi-page projects.
· Flexibility: Offers customization through Sass variables and mixins,
allowing developers to modify styles without starting from scratch.

•How Bootstrap Works

Bootstrap operates using the following key components:
1. CSS Stylesheets:
Pre-defined classes for styling text, buttons, images, tables, forms, and
more.
Example:
<button class="btn btn-primary">Click Me</button>

2. JavaScript Components:
Adds interactivity with built-in scripts for modals, carousels, tooltips, and
dropdowns. Example:

<script
src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/js/bootstrap.bu
ndle.min.js"></script>

3. Responsive Grid System:

A 12-column layout that allows easy alignment and resizing of content
for different screen sizes.
Example:
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6">Column 1</div>
<div class="col-md-6">Column 2</div>
</div>
</div>

4.Utilities: Predefined utility classes for spacing, typography, colors,

and alignment. Example:

<div class="text-center mt-3">Centered Text with Margin</div>

•Advantages of Bootstrap
1. Ease of Use: Simplifies web design with minimal coding.
2. Responsive Design: Ensures websites look great on desktops,
tablets, and mobile devices.
3. Customizable: Sass variables allow developers to tweak
components to suit their design needs.
 4. Built-In Components: Offers ready-to-use widgets like navbars,
modals, accordions, and tooltips.
5. Grid System: Provides a flexible and intuitive way to create
responsive layouts.
6. Scalability: Suitable for projects of all sizes, from small websites to
enterprise applications.
7. Comprehensive Documentation: Clear and detailed guides make
it easy to implement Bootstrap components.

•Common Use Cases of Bootstrap

1. Responsive Websites: Quickly create layouts that adapt to various
screen sizes.
2. E-Commerce Platforms: Build product grids, carousels, and
checkout forms with ease.
3. Dashboards and Admin Panels: Create professional-looking user
interfaces for backend systems.
4. Landing Pages: Develop polished and interactive landing pages
quickly.
5. Prototyping: Quickly test and iterate on designs with minimal
effort.
6. Multi-Page Websites: Ensure consistent styling across multiple
pages.
 CHAPTER-5 E -commerce
Website Workflow & Its
Working

Step-by-Step Working Process:

1. User browser the website
The user opens the websites through a browser or app.
The websites interface (UI) allows the user to search ,view , and filter
products using categories, search bars,or filters.

2. Product Selection

The user select a product by clicking on it.

Detailed product information (price, description , reviews,
images, etc.) is displayed.

3. Adding to Cart

Users can add items to the shopping cart and continue

browsing or proceed to checkout.
Cart functionality allows editing (e.g.,removing items or
changing quantities).

4. User Authentication

The user must log in or register to proceed. Guest checkout is

also an option.
User details like name, and contact information are stored in
the database.

5. Checkout and Payment

At checkout, the user selects:

 Shipping method(e.g., standard, express).
Payment option(credit card, debit card, UPI, digital wallets,
cash on delivery).
Paymentprocessing is securely handled by a payment
gateway (e.g., PayPal, Razorpay, Stripe).

6. Order Confirmation

The seller or warehouse processes the order, packs the items,

and hands them over to a shipping partner.
The website updates the user with tracking details.

7. Delivery

The order is delivered to the customer’s address.

Users can track the order in real-time.

8. Order Fullfillment

The seller or warehouse processes the order, packs the items,

and hands them over to a shipping partner.
The website updates the user with tracking details.

9. Feedback and Reviews

After receiving the product, the user can leave feedback or

reviews about the product or service.
This helps improve customer experience and informs other
buyers.

Flowchart/Workflow of the Website:

Screenshort From Website Working:
1) Initial/Homepage of Website