Ethics Reviewer

ETHICS REVIEWER (QUIZ)
Kantian-sense is the most stringent, agents such as psychopaths

Morality- can be defined as the standard, about what is right and wrong, or good and evil
-a complex of concepts and philosophical belief
Two distinct broad senses

1. descriptively-refer to certain codes of conduct
2. normatively- given specified conditions
Key Features of Morality

1. People experience a sense of moral obligation and accountability
2. Moral values and moral absolutes exist.
3. Moral law does exist
4. Moral law is known to humans. (Law of Nature)
5. Morality is objective.
6. Moral judgments must be supported by reasons.
Kai Nielsen (1973)- recommend that one “ought to” act or follow
Craig (1994)- not just socially unacceptable behavior but are moral abominations
Lewis (2003)- the man who makes remarks
Kleiman- murder of babies for feast
James (1999)- absence of such reasons, they are merely arbitrary
Moral agent- capable of acting with reference to right and wrong
Aristotle- was the first to discuss moral responsibility
Moral Standard-it refers to the norms
Non-moral Standard-refers to rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations
Etiquette-refers to the norms of correct conduct
Statutes -are laws enacted by legislative bodies
Characteristic of Moral Standard:
1. Moral standards involve serious wrongs or significant benefits.
2. Moral standards ought to be preferred to other values.
3. Moral standards are not established by authority figures.
4. Moral standards have the trait of universalizability.
5. Moral standards are based on impartial considerations.
6. Moral standards are associated with special emotions and vocabulary.
Manebog (2013)-no much guilt is felt

Moral dilemma- is a conflict in which you have to choose between two or more actions
Organizational Moral Dilemma- is a situation where an organization faces a difficult
choice
Kant philosophy- freedom is defined as a concept

The personal aspect of morality-which might more properly be called
Ethics- is about cultivating virtue
Freedom- is humans’ greatest quality, the power rooted in reason
External freedom-factors outside ourselves that destroy our free will
Internal freedom-interior factors that limit our free will
Human acts- make use of his knowledge and free will. Example: love your enemy, pray to
God, sacrifice for others.
Acts of human- do not make use of his intellect or will knowledge.

Examples: breathing, blinking, and sneezing.
Man- is created by God as a human person

Person- is responsible for his voluntary acts
Mary Douglas- highlighted the lack of communication between anthropologists and moral
philosophers.
Anthropologists- study the interaction of moral ideas with social institutions

-explore the role of culture in human life and societies.
Philosophers- focus on moral issues and their rational foundations.

Culture- is derived from the Latin word “cultura,” or “cultus” which means care or cultivation.
Edward B. Tylor- an Englishman, culture is the complex whole including knowledge
-viewed culture as encompassing all human activity
Sociologist- define culture as the entire way of life shared by people in a society.
Landis (1992)- culture is a complex set of learned and shared beliefs
Culture- has been with us since the dawn human existence.
-social environment, person’s social heritage
-rooted from the collective “ human experience, always transmitted
-indeed, provides norms, customs, laws, and moral demand
Bretzke (2004)- culture considerably shapes it’s members
Parents- the first authorities who set and teach the child essential for the moral development of
their children
Cross-cultural relationships- involve interactions between people from different cultures

Franz Boas- he is an anthropologist, he formalized the concept of cultural relativism, in the
early 20th century
Cultural Relativism- the perspective that each culture should be understood based on its
own values and norms
Advantages of Cultural Relativism

1. It is a system which promotes cooperation.
2. It creates a society where equality is possible.
3. People can pursue a genuine interest.
4. Respect is encouraged in a system of cultural relativism.
5. It preserves human cultures.
6. Cultural relativism creates a society judgment.
7. Moral relativism can be excluded from cultural relativism.
8. We can create personal moral codes based societal standards with ease.
9. It stops cultural conditioning.
Disadvantages of Cultural Relativism

1. It creates a system that is fuelled by personal bias.
2. It would create chaos.
3. It is an idea that is based on the perfection of humanity
4. It could promote a lack diversity.
5. It draws people friendly one another.
6. It could limit moral progress.
7. It could limit humanities progress.
8. Cultural relativism can turn perceptions into truth.
Culture- is a big reflection of our great and complex history

Mano- is a Spanish word for “hand”
The Filipinos- are one of the most hospitable people you may find anywhere
Filipino hospitality is a trait you can’t take away from them.
1. Having close family
2. The Bayanihan
3. Courtship
4. Religion
5. Superstition
6. Marriage and Wedding Customs
7. Death
8. Society
9. Christmas in the Philippines
10. Fiestas
11. Living with Parents
Abundo (2015)-Filipinos continue living with parents until they get married.
Characteristics of Filipino Culture (Dumaraos, 2018)

1. The Filipino people are very resilient
2. Filipinos take pride in their families
3. Filipinos are very religious
4. Filipinos are very respectful
5. Filipinos help one another
6. Filipinos value traditions and culture
7. Filipinos have the longest Christmas celebrations
8. Filipinos love art and architecture
9. The Filipinos are hospitable people
The family- is the center of the social structure

Following traditional values:
1. Paggalang (Respect)
2. Pakikisama (Helping Others)
3. Utang na Loob (Debt of Gratitude)
4. Pagpapahalaga sa Pamilya (Prioritizing Family)
5. Hiya (Shame)
6. Damayan System
7. Compassionate
8. Fun-loving Trait
Philippine society is characterized by many positive traits. Among these are:

1. High regard for amor propio (self-esteem)
2. Smooth interpersonal relationships
3. Personal alliance system
4. The Compadre system
5. Utang-na-loob
6. Suki relationship
7. Friendship
Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
1. Passivity and lack of initiative
2. Colonial Mentality
3. Kanya-kanya syndrome
4. Extreme personalism
5. Extreme family centeredness
6. Lack of discipline
7. Lack of self-analysis and reflection
8. Ningas cogon
9. Gaya-Gaya Attitude

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ETHICS REVIEWER (QUIZ)

Kantian-sense is the most stringent, agents such as psychopaths

Two distinct broad senses

2. normatively- given specified conditions

Key Features of Morality

Manebog (2013)-no much guilt is felt

Kant philosophy- freedom is defined as a concept

Acts of human- do not make use of his intellect or will knowledge.

Man- is created by God as a human person

Anthropologists- study the interaction of moral ideas with social institutions

Philosophers- focus on moral issues and their rational foundations.

Cross-cultural relationships- involve interactions between people from different cultures

Advantages of Cultural Relativism

Disadvantages of Cultural Relativism

Culture- is a big reflection of our great and complex history

Characteristics of Filipino Culture (Dumaraos, 2018)

The family- is the center of the social structure

Philippine society is characterized by many positive traits. Among these are:

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