ANIMAL

NUTRITION
 ANIMAL NUTRITION

The science of nutrition

concerns everything the
body does with food to
carry on its functions.
an adequate diet must satisfy
three needs:
chemical energy for cellular
processes
organic building blocks for
macromolecules
essential nutrients.
 CHEMICAL ENERGY
Every animal's activity, from the
organ system down to the cellular
level, depends on sources of chemical
energy.

Chemical energy fuels Animal.

 ORGANIC BUILDING BLOCKS
Animal requires raw materials for
biosynthesis. To build the complex molecules,
an animal’s food must provide a source of
organic carbon

building blocks are used to make organic

compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acid.)
 ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
Essential nutrients are materials that an
animal cannot synthesize and must obtain
from its diet.

The key functions of essential nutrients

include serving as substrates of enzymes, as
coenzymes, and as cofactors in biosynthetic
reactions
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
1. Water
2. Carbohydrates
3. Lipids
4. Proteins
5. Vitamins
6. Minerals
The process by which an animal takes in
and makes use of food to meet these
needs constitutes nutrition
VARIATION IN DIET
 VARIATION IN DIET
Herbivores- dine mainly
on plants or algae

Carnivores- mostly eat

other animals
Omnivores- regularly
consume animals as
well as plants or algae.
 The terms herbivore, carnivore, and
omnivore represent the kinds of food an
animal usually eats.
 OPPORTUNISTIC FEEDERS
Animals that are opportunistic
feeders broaden their diet when
their usual foods aren’t available.

Example: deer are herbivores, but

occasionally eat insects, worms, or
bird eggs.
DIETARY DEFICIENCIES
 DIETARY DEFICIENCIES
A diet that lacks one or more
essential nutrients or consistently
supplies less chemical energy than
the body requires results in
malnutrition, a failure to obtain
adequate nutrition.
 DEFICIENCIES IN ESSENTIAL
NUTRIENTS
Insufficient intake of essential
nutrients can cause deformities,
disease, and even death
Example: deer and other
herbivores can develop fragile
bones if the plants they consume
grew in phosphorus-deficient soil
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
PRESENTER: FATIMA ZESELLE DERRAMA
 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The process which breaks down

food with a network of organs
that help you digest and absorb
nutrition from the food you take
in.
 STAGES IN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. INGESTION PROCESS 3. ABSORPTION PROCESS
The process in consumption of Absorbing nutrients from food
substances. into the bloodstream.

2. DIGESTION PROCESS 4. ELIMINATION PROCESS

Chemically breaking down food Removal of waste products from
into absorbable molecules. the body.
 FOUR MAIN FEEDING MECHANISMS OF ANIMALS
Filter Feeding - The
humpback whale, a
key filter feeder,
effectively captures
and traps suspended
food particles from
the water using
specialized structures
like baleen plates.
 FOUR MAIN FEEDING MECHANISMS OF ANIMALS
Substrate
feeders are
animals that live
on their food
source, such as
leaf miner
caterpillar
larvae.
 FOUR MAIN FEEDING MECHANISMS OF ANIMALS

Fluid feeders,
such as tsetse
fly suck
nutrient-rich
fluid from living
hosts.
FOUR MAIN FEEDING MECHANISMS OF ANIMALS

BULK FEEDER
FOUR MAIN FEEDING MECHANISMS OF ANIMALS

Most animals, including humans, are

bulk feeders, eating large pieces of
food using adaptations like tentacles,
pincers, claws, and teeth. In this scene,
a rock python ingests a killed gazelle.
The python spends two weeks digesting
its meal.
 STAGES IN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. INGESTION PROCESS 3. ABSORPTION PROCESS
The process in consumption of Absorbing nutrients from food
substances. into the bloodstream.

2. DIGESTION PROCESS 4. ELIMINATION PROCESS

Chemically breaking down food Removal of waste products from
into absorbable molecules. the body.
 PROCESS OF DIGESTION
Mechanical Digestion- such as chewing,
grinding, breaks food into smaller pieces,
increasing surface area.

Chemical digestion- cleaves large molecules

into smaller components.
 2 TYPES OF DIGESTION

Intracellular Digestion - Food vacuoles are cellular organelles that

break down food through hydrolytic enzymes. Intracellular
digestion begins after engulfing solid or liquid food. Newly formed
vacuoles fuse with lysosomes, allowing safe digestion within a
protective membrane.
Extracellular Digestion- Hydrolysis in most animal species involves
extracellular digestion. Which is situated at the digestive tract.
 DENTAL ADAPTATION
Dentition, an animal’s assortment of teeth
HYDRA: DIGESTION

Hydra-a carnivore-uses its

tentacles to stuff captured prey
through its mouth into its
gastrovascular cavity.
 STAGES IN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. INGESTION PROCESS 3. ABSORPTION PROCESS
The process in consumption of Absorbing nutrients from food
substances. into the bloodstream.

2. DIGESTION PROCESS 4. ELIMINATION PROCESS

Chemically breaking down food Removal of waste products from
into absorbable molecules. the body.
•Food processing involves absorption and
elimination, with animals absorbing small
molecules like amino acids and simple
sugars, and completing the process with
the elimination of undigested materia.
MONOGASTRIC AND RUMINANT
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
PRESENTER: FATIMA ZESELLE DERRAMA
 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The process which breaks down food with a network of organs
that help you digest and absorb nutrition from the food you
take in.

Different species of animals are able to digest certain types of

feeds than others. This difference occurs because of the
various types of digestive systems found in animals.

There are four basic classes of digestive systems:

monogastric, avian, ruminant, and pseudo-ruminant.
MONOGASTRIC DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Has one simple stomach.
Pharynx Liver Duodenum Colon
Esophagus Gallbladder

Anus

Tongue Small Intestine

Stomach Spleen Cecum

ORGANS INVOLVED IN MONOGASTRIC DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
TONGUE: Breaks down food, mixes with saliva.
PHARYNX: Transports food to the esophagus.
ESOPHAGUS: Moves food to the stomach.
STOMACH: Digests food with acids and enzymes.
LIVER: Produces bile, processes nutrients.
GALLBLADDER: Stores and releases bile.
COLON: Process waste.
SMALL INTESTINE: Digests food, absorbs nutrients.
DUODENUM: Mixes chyme with bile and pancreatic enzymes.
RECTUM: Stores waste until it is ready to eliminate.
ANUS: Regulates the expulsion of solid waste from the body.
 PROCESS IN MONOGASTRIC DIGESTION
1. Mouth: Food is chewed and mixed with saliva, starting the
breakdown of carbohydrates.
2. Esophagus: Chewed food is transported to the stomach.
3. Stomach: Food is stored and mixed with gastric juices, breaking
down proteins.
Small Intestine:Pancreatic enzymes further break down
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Bile from the liver aids in fat digestion.
Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.
4. Large Intestine: Water and electrolytes are absorbed, and waste
material is formed and stored.
 RUMINANT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
has 4 chambered stomach—the rumen, the reticulum, the
omasum, and the abomasum.
swallow their food in large quantities.

RUMEN OMASUM

Mouth
Small
Intestine
Esophagus

ABOMASUM RETICULUM
ORGANS INVOLVED IN RUMINANT DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
ESOPHAGUS: Moves food between mouth, and rumen.
RUMEN: Ferments food with microbes; breaks down fiber.
RUMINANTS: Traps foreign materials, such as wire, nails, and
more.
OMASUM: produces a grinding action on the feed and
removes some of the water from the feed.
ABOMASUM: The “True Stomach” which secretes enzymes
and acids for digestion.
SMALL INTESTINE: Absorbs nutrients.
LARGE INTESTINE: Absorbs water; forms feces.
RECTUM: Stores waste before excretion.
 PROCESS IN RUMINANT DIGESTION
1. Partially chewed food enters the Rumen and Reticulum chambers.
2. Mutualistic microorganisms in the rumen break down cellulose,
whereas Reticulum filters the food.
3. Re-chew and regurtitate “cud” for further breakdown.
4. Partially digested cud will enter Omasum where water and
nutrients are absorbed.
5. In the Abomasum, final digestion will occur by enzymes.
6. It will now pass through small intestine for nutrient absorption into
the bloodstream.
7. The remaining food material enters the large intestine.
8. Feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum.
AVIAN AND PSEUDO-RUMINANT
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
AVIAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Mainly found in poultry.
No chewing involved.

Gallbladder
Small Intestine

Esophagus

Crop Large Intestine

Liver
Cloaca
Proventriculus
Gizzard Caeca
ORGANS INVOLVED IN AVIAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ESOPHAGUS: Transports food to the crop.
CROP: Stores and softens food.
LIVER: Produces bile, processes nutrients.
GALLBLADDER: Stores and releases bile.
PROVENTRICULUS: The “true stomach” in a bird.
Secretes digestive enzymes and acids.
GIZZARD: Grinds food with grit.
SMALL INTESTINE: Digests food and absorbs
nutrients.
LARGE INTESTINE: Absorbs water, compacts waste.
CAECA: Ferments fibrous materials, absorbs nutrients.
CLOACA: Exits waste and reproductive products.
 PROCESS IN AVIAN DIGESTION
1. Food is picked up by their beak.
2. The food travels down the esophagus to the crop.
3. Food is stored inside the crop (especially when it is abundant).
4. Food will now move to the proventriculus for chemical breakdown of
food.
5. The partially digested food enters the gizzard.
6. The ground-up food moves to the small intestine for absorption of
nutrients into the bloodstream.
7. It will move to caeca, which houses bacteria that help to ferment
plant material.
8. Water is absorbed, and waste products are formed in large
intestine.
9. Waste products are expelled through the cloaca.
PSEUDO-RUMINANT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Also known as “hind-gut fermenters”.
Have a single-chambered stomach.
Rely heavily on microbial fermentation
Small Intestine
Esophagus Large Intestine

Stomach

Cecum
ORGANS INVOLVED IN PSEUDO-RUMINANT
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
TEETH: Grind and break down food.
ESOPHAGUS: Transports food to the stomach
SALIVARY GLANDS: Produces saliva to moisten food and start digestion.
LIVER: Produces bile to aid in fat digestion, and detoxifies.
STOMACH: Single-chambered; secretes enzymes and acids for digestion.
CECUM: Ferments fiber with microbes; breaks down cellulose into
nutrients.
SMALL INTESTINE: Absorbs nutrients.
LARGE INTESTINE: Further ferments fiber, absorbs water, and forms
feces.
RECTUM: Stores waste before excretion.
ANUS: Expels waste from the body.
 PROCESS IN PSEUDO-RUMINANT DIGESTION
1. Ingestion of plant material.
2. The chewed food (bolus) moves down the esophagus via peristaltic
movement.
3. It will move to the stomach for breakdown process.
4. The partially digested material moves into the small intestine for absroption.

HINDGUT DIGESTION
5. The digested material enters the cecum, a large fermentation chamber.
6. The material moves into the small intestine, for further fermentation and
absorption of water and nutrients.
7. It will enter to large intestine where water is reabsorbed and material is
compacted into fecal matter.
8. Elimination of remaining substances.
 FEEDBACK
MECHANISMS
The role of feedback
mechanisms
WHAT IS FEEDBACK MECHANISMS?

a feedback mechanism is a physiological loop that

brings the body either toward or away from the
normal, steady state. The feedback mechanism, also
referred to as a feedback loop, either amplifies a
certain biological pathway or inhibits it. These
pathways most commonly return the body to
homeostasis. A homeostatic state refers to the stable
state of the inner environment of organisms.
 THREE COMPONENTS TO ADJUST
SPECIFIC PHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS
OPEN AND CLOSED-LOOP FEEDBACK A good example of a closed-loop
feedback mechanism is mammalian
MECHANISMS thermoregulation.

In an open-loop feedback mechanism,

the regulatory steps are relatively
simple. Input from receptors arrives at
the control center and, after
processing, that specific control center
sends signals to associated effector
cells.
In a closed-loop system, there's an extra part
called a comparator. It compares the desired
temperature (set by the thermostat) to the
actual temperature measured by the sensor.
This helps the thermostat make more accurate
adjustments.
 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
MECHANISM
MECHANISM
TPositive feedback loops, just like the negative The negative feedback
forms, require the combination of receptor, mechanism, on the other hand,
control center, and effector. They attempt to brings body back toward
bring the body further away from the steady homeostatic range. It is,
state of homeostasis. Examples of positive therefore, more common than a
feedback mechanism can be found later on. positive feedback loop. Again,
both stimulatory and inhibitory
effects can be implemented to
bring the body back to a normal
state.
Negative Feedback Mechanism Diagram
HORMONAL CONTROL OF
DIGESTION AND ENERGY
STORAGE
FEEDBACK CIRCUIT IN
ANIMAL NUTRITION
As food arrives at the
stomach, it stretches the
stomach walls,
triggering release of the
hormone gastrin. Gastrin
circulates via
the bloodstream back to the
stomach, where it stimulates
production of gastric juices.
Chyme—an acidic mixture of
partially digested food—
eventually
passes from the stomach to the
duodenum. The duodenum
responds by releasing the
digestive hormones
cholecystokinin
and secretin. Cholecystokinin
(CCK) stimulates the release of
digestive enzymes from the
pancreas and of bile from the
gallbladder. Secretin stimulates
the pancreas to release
bicarbonate (HCO3
–), which neutralizes chyme.
If the chyme is rich in fats, the
high levels of secretin and CCK
released inhibit peristalsis. This
slows the movement of chyme
and
allows the more time-consuming
digestion of fats to take place in
the
small intestine.
Gastrin Released by the stomach when it stretches,
stimulates the release of gastric juices for
digestion.
released by the duodenum in response to
Cholecystok
chyme (partially digested food), stimulates
inin (CCK)
the release of digestive enzymes from the
pancreas and bile from the gallbladder.

Also released by the duodenum in response

Secretin to chyme, stimulates the pancrease to
release bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic
chyme.
REGULATION OF ENERGY STORAGE

glycogen primary storage of glucose in the liver and

muscles
provides a quick source of energy

long term energy storage in adipose tissue

fat more efficient energy storage than
glycogen
 GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS

* The regulation of blood glucose levels within a narrow

range.
* Essential for proper cellular function and energy supply

. Why is it Important?
* Maintains energy for the brain and other tissues.
* Prevents hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and
hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
 KEY PLAYERS IN GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS

* Pancreas:
* Produces insulin and glucagon, two hormones that
regulate blood glucose.
* Insulin:
* Released when blood glucose levels are high.
* Promotes glucose uptake by cells, especially muscle
and liver cells.
* Stimulates glycogen synthesis (storage of glucose in
the liver).
 KEY PLAYERS IN GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS
Glucagon:
* Released when blood glucose levels are low.
* Stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver, releasing
glucose into the blood.
* Promotes gluconeogenesis (production of glucose
from non-carbohydrate sources).
Liver:
* Plays a central role in glucose regulation.
* Stores glucose as glycogen.
* Releases glucose into the blood when needed.
MECHANISMS OF GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS
DIABETES MELLITUS: A DISRUPTION OF GLUCOSE
REGULATION
A chronic condition affecting how your body turns food
into energy.
Occurs when the body doesn't produce enough insulin or
can't use insulin effectively.

Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose (sugar) from food get

into your cells to be used for energy.
 TYPES OF DIABETES

Type 1 Diabetes:
Body's immune system attacks the cells that produce
insulin.
Usually diagnosed in children and young adults.
Requires daily insulin injections.
 TYPES OF DIABETES

Type 2 Diabetes:
Body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce
enough insulin.
Often associated with lifestyle factors like obesity and
inactivity.
Can be managed through diet, exercise, and medication.
 REGULATION OF APPETITE AND CONSUMPTION

Appetite Hormones:
* Insulin: Secreted by the pancreas, it
* Ghrelin: Secreted by the stomach, acts on the brain to suppress appetite,
it stimulates hunger and promotes especially after a meal.
food intake. * PYY: Released by the small intestine
after meals, it suppresses appetite and
* Leptin: Produced by adipose (fat) promotes satiety.
tissue, it suppresses appetite and
signals satiety.
 REGULATION OF APPETITE AND CONSUMPTION
Satiety Center:
* A region in the brain that
integrates signals from various Obesity and Health Risks:
* Consuming more calories than the
hormones and sensory inputs to
body needs can lead to obesity, a major
regulate feelings of hunger and risk factor for various health problems,
fullness. including type 2 diabetes, heart disease,
* It receives information from the and certain types of cancer.
digestive system about nutrient levels
and sends signals to the brain to
either stimulate or suppress appetite.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING
APPETITE IN ANIMALS

Physiological Factors:
Hunger
Blood Glucose Levels: Low blood sugar levels can stimulate hunger.
Body Weight and Composition: Animals tend to regulate their food intake
to maintain a stable body weight.
Metabolic Rate: Animals with higher metabolic rates generally have
higher energy requirements and increased appetite.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING
APPETITE IN ANIMALS
Psychological Factors:
Emotional State: Stress, anxiety, and boredom can
affect appetite.
Habits and Routines: Regular feeding times can
influence appetite.
Sensory Stimuli: The sight, smell, and taste of food
can stimulate appetite.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING
APPETITE IN ANIMALS
Environmental Factors:
Temperature: Extreme temperatures can reduce appetite.
Light Cycle: Day length can influence feeding patterns,
especially in seasonal animals.
Social Factors: Social interactions and group dynamics can
affect feeding behavior.
Availability and Quality of Food: The availability, quality, and
palatability of food can significantly influence appetite.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING
APPETITE IN ANIMALS

Other Factors:
Illness and Disease: Illness can reduce appetite.
Medication: Certain medications can affect appetite.
Age: Appetite can vary with age and life stage.
Pregnancy and Lactation: Increased nutrient demands
during these periods can increase appetite.
 IMBALANCES AND DISORDERS

Disruptions in the hormonal balance can lead to various eating

disorders and metabolic conditions:

Obesity: Reduced sensitivity to leptin can lead to overeating and

weight gain.
Anorexia Nervosa: Decreased levels of ghrelin and increased
sensitivity to leptin can contribute to reduced appetite and
weight loss.
Bulimia Nervosa: Imbalances in ghrelin and other hormones may
contribute to binge-eating and purging behaviors.
REFERENCES:

Monogastric Figure: https://images.app.goo.gl/vEcXwerYB1L4jJMk6

Avian Figure: https://images.app.goo.gl/WattM9DfHo5o18W77
Ruminant Figure: https://images.app.goo.gl/KFkdjDfnwYN1gVH6A
Pseudo-Ruminant Figure:
https://images.app.goo.gl/ooTK8YuHAK97Ayxj8
Mishicot Agriscience | Types of Animal Digestive System
The Digestive Tract of the Pig | http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AN012
Bird Digestion | http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birddigestion.html
Rumen Physiology and Rumination |
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/
THANK YOU