Processing methodologies

Processing methodologies
• Early computers were large
machinery with no direct user
interface, relying on card readers,
tape drivers, and punch cards for
input and output.
• Batch operating systems emerged,
where jobs were run in batches
without direct user interaction,
requiring users to prepare jobs
separately.
• The 1950s saw the introduction of
Single-Stream batch processing by
General Motors Research
Laboratories, which improved
efficiency by performing one job at
a time and eliminating setup time
issues.
Batch processing
• Batch processing refers to the
execution of a series of
programs or tasks on a
computer without manual
intervention.
• Tasks are collected
("batched") together and
processed all at once.
• It is particularly efficient for
jobs that require large
amounts of processing, where
the timing of individual tasks
isn't critical.
Batch processing
• Key Features
• Jobs are executed in a
predetermined sequence.
• No user interaction is required
during execution.
• Resources like CPU and memory are
used efficiently since jobs are
grouped together.
• Can handle large volumes of data or
transactions.
• Tasks may be queued and
processed during off-peak hours.
Batch processing
• Advantages
• Maximizes resource utilization by
scheduling tasks during non-peak
times.
• Reduces setup time for individual
jobs.
• Can handle large amounts of data
efficiently.
• Disadvantages
• No real-time interaction; users must
wait until the entire batch
completes.
• Difficult to correct errors mid-
process since everything is done at
once.
Batch processing
• Example
• Suppose a university needs to process your
grades for the semester. The registrar's
office submits a batch of jobs to the batch
processing OS, including:
• Job 1: Calculate grades for BCA students
• Job 2: Calculate grades for BBA-IT students
• Job 3: Print grade reports for all students
• The batch processing OS executes these
jobs in sequence:
• Job 1: The OS loads the BCA grades
program, processes the data, and stores
the results.
• Job 2: The OS loads the BBA-IT grades
program, processes the data, and stores
the results.
• Job 3: The OS loads the print program,
retrieves the stored results from Jobs 1
and 2, and prints the grade reports.
On-line processing
• In on-line processing, transactions or tasks are processed immediately
as they are submitted.
• This allows the system to handle individual requests in real time,
providing instant feedback to the user.
• Key Features:
• Each transaction is processed individually and immediately.
• Real-time interaction between user and system.
• More user-friendly and interactive, especially for applications requiring real-
time data updates.
• Suitable for applications where data must be updated or retrieved in real-time.
On-line processing
• Advantages
• Immediate results and feedback for users.
• Continuous data updating allows for up-to-date information.
• Enables interaction with the system while it is running.
• Disadvantages
• Can be resource-intensive, especially under high demand.
• System performance might degrade if the number of users increases significantly.
• Online Processing Example:
• An ATM (Automated Teller Machine) is a classic example of online processing.
• How it works:
• User Interaction: A user inserts their card and enters their PIN.
• Request Processing: The ATM sends a request to the bank's server to verify the PIN and check
the account balance.
• Immediate Response: The server processes the request and sends a response back to the ATM,
indicating whether the transaction is approved or declined.
• Real-time Processing: If approved, the user can withdraw cash, check their balance, or perform
other transactions in real-time.
Real-time processing
• Real-time processing refers to systems that must respond to inputs or
events within a strict timeframe.
• These systems often control physical environments and require precise
timing to ensure the correct operation of processes.
• Key features
• Data is processed as it is generated, with immediate or near-immediate output.
• Strict timing constraints: the system must respond within a set period (often
measured in milliseconds).
• Used in mission-critical applications where delays could lead to serious
consequences.
Real-time processing
• Advantages
• Ensures instant and accurate processing of data.
• Necessary for applications where time-critical actions are essential (e.g., healthcare, manufacturing).
• Disadvantages
• Often requires specialized hardware and software to meet strict timing constraints.
• Can be expensive to implement and maintain.
• System failure or delays can have serious consequences.
• Real-Time Processing Examples:
• Air Traffic Control Systems: Monitor and control aircraft movements in real-time, ensuring safe distances and
efficient routing.
• Stock Trading Platforms: Process buy and sell orders in real-time, reflecting up-to-the-second market
fluctuations.
• Medical Monitoring Systems: Continuously track patient vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure,
triggering alerts for critical changes.
• Weather Forecasting Systems: Analyze real-time data from sensors and satellites to predict weather patterns
and issue timely warnings.
• Point-of-Sale (POS) Systems: Process transactions immediately, updating inventory and accounts in real-time.
• Industrial Control Systems: Monitor and control industrial processes, such as temperature and pressure, in real-
time to ensure efficient and safe operation.
• Gaming Servers: Process player actions and update game states in real-time, ensuring a seamless and responsive
gaming experience.
• Smart Home Systems: Continuously monitor and control lighting, temperature, and security in real-time, based
on user preferences and environmental conditions.
Multiprocessing
• Multiprocessing involves the use of two or more central processing
units (CPUs) within a single system, allowing multiple processes to run
simultaneously.
• This improves processing speed and efficiency by distributing tasks
across multiple processors.
• Key features
• Multiple processors work together to process different parts of a task
concurrently.
• Increases system throughput by running multiple processes in parallel.
• Used in systems that require high-performance computing.
• Can handle large workloads more efficiently than a single processor system.
Multiprocessing
• Advantages
• Significantly improves processing power and reduces execution time.
• Can handle complex applications and larger workloads more effectively.
• Fault tolerance: if one processor fails, others can continue processing.
• Disadvantages
• Complex programming models are required to handle task distribution.
• Increased costs due to additional hardware and software complexities.
• Not all applications are optimized for multiprocessing, which can reduce its
effectiveness.
• Example
• A web server handles multiple client requests simultaneously using multiprocessing.
• How it works:
• Client Requests: Multiple clients (e.g., web browsers) send requests to the web server.
• Process Creation: The web server creates a new process for each client request.
• Request Handling: Each process handles its respective client request independently.
• Concurrent Execution: Multiple processes run concurrently, improving response time and
throughput.
• Response: Each process sends a response back to its respective client.