What is Computer?

The Computer is an electronic device.

 It helps us solving problems quickly and easily.
 It Solves the problems according to the instructions we give to it.

Main Parts Of a Computer?

There are four main parts of a computer:
1. System Unit
2. Monitor
3. Keyboard
4. Mouse
 1) System Unit
Shape:-
It looks like a box that may be rectangular or square in shape.

Function:-
It is the main unit of a computer. All the components are attached
to it.

Types:-
Two types are the most common types of the system unit: Tower and
Desktop. The functionality of both the types is same.
Tower Desktop
 2) Monitor
Shape:-
The monitor looks like a television. It has a display screen.

Function:-
It shows us the results of what we want to do on a Computer.

Types:-
There are two types of monitors:
CRT Monitor and LCD/LED monitor,

CRT Monitors are almost not in use now. LCD/LED Monitor CRT Monitor
 3) Keyboard
Shape:-
The Shape of the keyboard is just like the piano keyboard. It has
more than 100 keys on it.

Function:-
The Keyboard is used to write something on a computer.

Types:-
Different types of keyboards are made.
Parts Of the keyboard:-
A keyboard has many sets of keys on it.
Alphabetic Keys:-

Arrow Keys:-
Numeric Keys & Editing Keys :-

Function Keys:-
 4) Mouse
Shape:-
Its Shape is just like a real mouse, that‟s why it is called the mouse.

Function:-
It is a pointing device. It has a pointer on the monitor‟s scree. It is
used to click something on the monitor.

Types:-
Usually a mouse has three buttons. But some modern mouse may have
more than three buttons.
Parts Of the Mouse:-
We click an object with left and right mouse buttons.
We can scroll the page up and down with scroll wheel.
Palm rest is used to keep our palm on it.

Left Button Right Button

Scroll Wheel Palm Rest

 Why Is The Keyboard Not Arranged In Alphabetical Order?

The keyboard's design comes from the original typewriter keyboards, which
arranged letters and numbers in a way that prevented the type-bars from
getting jammed when typing quickly. This keyboard layout is known as the
QWERTY design, which gets its name from the first six letters across in the
upper-left-hand corner of the keyboard.
 Difference Between a Human and a Computer

Let‟s Compare a human being with a computer

 Data And Information
Data is a collection of facts and figures that includes words, numbers, symbols,
sounds, etc. Data has little meaning without context or analysis to explain what
type of data is it and also when and where it was stated at the time the data
was collected. By Processing, the data is converted into something more
meaningful. Data processed into a useful form is called information.

Data and Information are compared in the following table.

Full Form Of Computer
C = Common

O = Operating

M = Machine

P = Purposely

U = Used for

T = Technological and

E = Educational

R = Research
 Some more devices for a Computer
Some more devices can be attached to the computer.
For Example:-

Printer Flash Drive Speakers Headphones

These parts are called hardware components. Hardware components

are the components which are physically present. We can feel them
by touching.
 Software Types
The System Unit, the input/output devices, the storage devices,
these all are computer hardware. You cannot use them without
software. It is the software that runs the computer and lets the
user work on it.
There are two types Of Software:-
 System Software Software
 Application Software

System Software Application Software

Window, Android, IOS, Mac, Linux MS Office, Adobe, Google Chrome

Who is Known as Father Of Computer Science?

The Father Of Computer Science is Charles Babbage.

Working Of A Computer
A computer (machine) cannot understand our (human being) language.
Whatever instructions we give, it converts them into binary codes.
A computer follows three steps to perform any task:

1) Input:- Take instructions form you. It means sending data into

the computer through input devices.
2) Process:- Solve the Problem. It means calculating or sorting
data using CPU.
3) Output:- Give you the result. It means giving results of
processed data through output devices. Thus, information is a
processed data.
1st Example:-

2nd Example:-
What is Input Device?
An Input device is an instrument used to provide data or information
to the computer.

For Example:- By using mouse, you can send any information to the computer (as we
studied that you click on any folder). So, the mouse is an input device.

Following are few of the important input devices which are used with
a computer:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Scanner
 Camera
 Microphone
 Touchscreen
 Touchpad
What is Scanner?
Scanner takes a photo from a paper. This photo is saved into the
computer. The whole process is called scanning.
What is Stylus and digital pen?
These are small metal or plastic devices. They look like pens. They
use pressure on the screen for input. Stylus is used with mobile
devices also.
What is Touchpad?
It is a small, flat pointing device. It is usually like an embedded
rectangle on the laptops. Slide finger on the touchpad. The mouse
pointer on the screen moves in the same direction. The buttons
around the touchpad work like left and right mouse buttons.
What is Touch Screen?
Touch screens are touch-sensitive display devices. Users can work by
touching objects on the screen. Some screens also respond to the
touch of your fingers. Many mobile devices have touch screen.
What is MICR Reader?
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) is a technology that allows details
from bank cheques to be read into a computer quickly and accurately.

The cheque number and bank account number are printed at the bottom of
each bank cheque in special magnetic ink using a special font. These numbers
can be detected by an MICR reader.
What is OMR Scanner?
Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) is a special type of optical scanner
used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil. These marks
can then be detected by an omr scanner.
It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations
having multiple choice questions.
What is OCR Scanner?
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a software technology that can
convert images of text into an actual text file then can be edited. The
result is just as if the text had been typed in by hand.
What is Bar Code Reader?
Bar code is a coding technique, which uses vertical lines of same height
but varying width having gaps in between. You may have seen these
lines at the back of your textbooks. Bar code reader is used to scan
these bar codes.
What is Web Camera?
A web camera or a webcam is a camera attached to a computer. Some
laptops have built-in webcams. A webcam can take a series of images,
which can be viewed on a computer. These images can then be
transferred through the internet to another user.
What is Output Device?
An Output device is an instrument used to send data from a computer
to the user.

For Example:- When you click a folder, it opens and you can view it on monitor. So
the monitor is an output Device.

Following are few of the important output devices which are used with
a computer:
 Monitor
 Printer
 Speaker/Headphones
 Data Projector
 Interactive Whiteboard
What is Printer?
You can print anything on a paper. A printer prints what we see on
the display screen. In the past, printers were able to print black &
White only.

Today, modern printers can print colored pictures, text or anything

which you see on the monitor.

Printed information on paper is called the hard copy, or the printout.

A large number of printers are available in the market. These
printers have different „speeds‟ and „qualities‟.
There are three main types of computer printers:
1) Dot matrix printer.
2) Inkjet Printer.
3) Laser Printer.

Dot Matrix Inkjet Laser

What is Speaker / Headphones?
Speakers or headphones are also most common output devices.

Speakers Headphones
They are used to her sounds from the computer. Speakers are used
to hear loud sounds. Headphones are made for individual use only.
What is Data Projector?
A data projector takes images from the display screen. Then, it
displays those images on a larger screen.

Data Projector
The images now shown are bigger in size. More than one persons can
view them now. Many classrooms use data projectors.
What is Interactive Whiteboard?
Interactive whiteboard is a touch-sensitive board. They are made for
teachers. The board is connected to a computer and a projector. The
projector displays images, videos and text on the whiteboard. Users
control the computer with a digital pen and eraser. This pen and
eraser are used on the whiteboard.
 Difference Between Soft Copy Vs Hard Copy

Soft Copy:-
 It is an output copy of document stored in memory and can be seen
on screen.
 It can modified easily.
 It is a digital version.

Hard Copy:-
 It is printed on a paper.
 It can‟t be modified easily.
 It is physical version.
 Difference Between CD & DVD
CD (Compact Disc):-
A CD (Compact Disk) is an optical disc. They can store 700 Megabytes
of data.
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc):-
A DVD (Digital Video Disc) used to permanently store data files. They
can store 4.7 gigabytes of data!

The Capacity is the biggest difference

Between CD & DVD
 CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU is the brain of the computer. The CPU is as important to the
computer as brain is to us. It is the main chip that is fixed on the
Motherboard. CPU is also Called as microprocessor. CPU reads and
executes the program instructions, performs calculations and makes
Decision.
How Does Human Brain Performs ?

Fetching
Step 1:-Brain receives instruction to solve a problem
let suppose (100 * 80)
Decoding
Step 2:- Brain thinks and decide to multiply two number.

Executing
Step 3:- Brain performs calculation 100 * 80 = 8000

Storing
Step 4:- The result (8000) is stored in the memory.
 How Does A CPU Performs?
CPU Performs a task in the following four steps:
1) Fetching 2) Decoding 3) Executing 4) Storing
Fetching:- Fetching is the process of obtaining program instructions or
data from the memory.
Decoding:- Decoding refers to the process of translating the
instructions into signals the computer can execute.
Executing:- Executing is the process of carrying out the commands.

Storing:- Storing is the process in which results are stored in the

memory.
Main Components Of A CPU:
CPU consists of three main components:
1) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
2) Control Unit (CU)
3) Memory Unit (MU) Memory Unit

Input Unit Control Unit Output Unit

Arithmetic
& Logic Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit:-
The Arithmetic Logic unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic and logical operations.
Arithmetic operations include addition (+), Subtraction (-), Multiplication (*)
and division (/).
Control Unit:-
The control unit controls all the activities of a computer with the help of
operational and control instructions. It control data between input/output
devices and the computer.
1) It takes the data and instructions from input devices and send them to
the ALU.
2) It Also sends data processed data to the memory unit for storage,
Memory Unit:-
Memory Unit performs the following functions:
1) Memory Unit is the part of the computer where data and instructions
are stored temporarily.
2) Control Unit of CPU retrieves data and instructions from memory unit
and supplies to the ALU for processing.
3) The memory that is directly linked to the CPU is called main memory or
primary memory.
 Execution Cycle Of CPU
Step 1
The Control Unit (CU) fetches the instructions for Math‟s
Problem and data from the memory of a computer
Step 2
The Control Unit decodes the instructions for Math‟s Problem
and data then send to ALU. (Control Unit 100*80)

Step 3
Alu Performs Calculations on the data. (ALU 100*80=8000)
Step 4
The results of Math‟s problem are stored in memory.

The result in the memory appear on the calculator screen.

 Computer Memory
Computer memory has its own measuring units. A digital computer represents
data in a binary numeral system. Text, numbers, pictures, audio, video or any
form of information can be converted into binary digits, each of which has a
value of 0 or 1.The Smallest measuring unit of memory is called a bit.
 Units Of Memory or Storage
1) Bit:-
Bit is the smallest unit of memory.
2) Bytes:-
1 byte is equal to the 8 bits.
3) KB (Kilobyte):-
1 KB is equal to 1024 Bytes.
4) MB (Megabyte):-
1 MB is equal to 1024 KB.
5) GB (Giga byte)
1 GB is equal to 1024 MB
6) TB (Tera byte)
1 TB is equal to 1024 GB.
These are the standard units for memory. The memory is measured in these
units.
Memory In a Computer System
There are two main types of Computer Memory:

 Primary Memory (Short Term)

 Secondary Memory (Long Term)
 Computer Memory

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

RAM ROM

Floppy Disk Hard Disk CD DVD USB Drive

Primary Memory
Primary Memory:-
Primary Memory is also known as the main memory of the computer. The
data stored in it is quickly accessed by the CPU as it is directly linked to
it. It is used for temporary storage of data.

1) Random Access Memory (RAM)

2) Read Only Memory (ROM)

RAM

CPU
ROM
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 Ram is a form of data storage that can be accessed at any time and in any
order.
 It allows the computer to read quickly to run applications.
 It allows reading and writing.
 It is volatile memory. All Stored data is lost when the device is switched
off.
 ROM (Read Only Memory)
 It is Built within the CPU.
 It is Read Only.
 It is permanent in nature, data does not get lost when computer is switched
off.
 Rom Chips are not only used in computers, but also in other machines, such
as washing machines and microwave ovens.
 Bios is the example of ROM.
 Secondary Memory
Secondary Memory:-
Secondary memory is used for storing data permanently.Data in the secondary
memory is transferred to primary memory and then a CPU can access it easily.
Examples of secondary memory are the hard disk, CD, DVD and Flash Drive.
 Hard Disk
Hard disk is the most important storage device in personal computers. It is a
random access device, which means data or information can be accessed or
stored at any time and at any location on the hard disk.

Hard disk is the biggest storage device in computer. Its capacity is measured
in Gigabytes. Other secondary storage devices are optional but hard disk is
compulsory for a PC.

In internal structure of a hard disk, you can find the major components, Disk
Platters and a Read/Write Head.
Disk Platters

Read/Write Head
1) Disk Platters:-
Disk Platters consists of circular metallic disk coated with a magnetic material
on both sides of the disks. Information or data is stored permanently on this
magnetic material on the disk. The disks have smooth surfaces. When computer
is turned on, these disk platters begin to rotate.

2) Read/Write Head:-
The Read/Write Head moves along the radius of the disks for storing and
retrieving the information or data on the disks.
Disk Platter & Binary Digits
1010101010
101010101010100
101010101010100101010
10101010101010010101110
10101010101010010101110010
101010101010100101011100101
1010101 101010101011010101010
1010101010 1010101010
1010101010 1010101010
1010101010 1010101010
1010101010 1010101010
1010101010 1010101010
1010101010 1010101010
101010101100 1010101010
10101011010 010101
101010101010101010 010101
101010101010101 10101
101010101010 10101
10101101 1010
101 10
 USB Flash Drive
USB Flash Drive is the data storage device. It attaches through a USB Port
on the system Unit to read, write and save data.
There are typically four internal parts of a flash drive.

Data Storage Controller USB Connector

Memory Chip Crystal Oscillator

1) USB Connector:-
To connect the drive to the computer.

2) Data Storage Controller:-

This consists of a microprocessor and very tiny RAM and ROM.

3) Memory Chip:-
A small chip to store data.

4) Crystal Oscillator:-
Controls the data output from the drive.
 Power Supply
A power supply is an internal hardware component. It receive electric power
from the wall outlet and supplies it to the motherboard, Processor, Hard
Drives, etc.
 Motherboard
The motherboard is the main circuit board fixed within the system unit. The
components are connected, while peripheral devices are attached through
connectors. It allows all the parts of a computer to receive power and
communicate with one another such as the processor, memory, etc.
 VGA Port

LAN Port

PS/2 Port
USB Ports Audio Port
CMOS Backup
Battery Microprocessor
Socket

SATA
Connectors Ram Slots

Power Connector
VGA Port:-
Video Graphic Array (VGA) port to connect Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitors,
Liquid Crystal Display (LCDs) and Light Emitting Diode (LEDs). VGA Port is used
for analogue output of a computer.
Audio Port:-
Audio ports to connect speakers, headphones and microphones.
LAN Port:-
Local Area Network (LAN) Port to connect computers to a network and the
Internet.
USB Ports:-
Multiple USB Ports to connect a mouse, keyboard, USB flash drive and many
other USB devices. A USB port allows you to connect many devices at a time
using a USB hub.
Processor Socket:-
The Processor socket is an opening on the motherboard that is used to connect
a processor.
SATA Cables:-
SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) are high speed cables used to
connect hard drives and optical drives to the motherboard.
RAM Slots:-
Slots into which the computer‟s main memory (RAM) is installed.
Power Connector:-
Power connector which receives electrical power from the computer‟s power
supply.
CMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor:-
A battery that maintains the time, date, hard disk and other configuration
settings in the CMOS memory. CMOS batteries are small and are attached
directly to the motherboard.
 Graphic Card
Most of the processing done on a computer is done via the computer's central
processing unit, or CPU. So in order to give the CPU a break and help it run
more efficiently, a video card can be used to process the graphics portion of
the processing load. Because most of today's programs are graphically oriented
the video card can help almost any program run more efficiently. However, the
difference in performance is especially noticeable in image editing applications
and 3D games.
 Computer Buses
The Computer bus helps the various parts of the PC communicate. If there was
no bus, you would have an unwieldy number of wires connecting every part to
every other part. It would be like having separate wiring for every light bulb
and socket in your house.
There are three Different Buses in Computer System.
1) Data Bus 2) Address Bus 3) Control Bus
Data Bus: The data bus allows data to travel back and forth between the
microprocessor (CPU) and memory (RAM).
Address Bus: The address bus carries information about the location of data
in memory.
Control Bus : The control bus carries the control signals that make sure
everything is flowing smoothly from place to place.
 Graphic User Interface (GUI)
It is a user interface that includes graphical elements, such as windows, icons
and buttons. The term was created in the 1970s to distinguish graphical
interfaces from text-based ones, such as command line interfaces. However,
today nearly all digital interfaces are GUIs.
The first commercially available GUI, called "PARC," was developed by Xerox.
It was used by the Xerox 8010 Information System, which was released in
1981. After Steve Jobs saw the interface during a tour at Xerox, he had his
team at Apple develop an operating system with a similar design. Apple‟s
GUI-based OS was included with the Macintosh, which was released in 1984.
Microsoft released their first GUI-based OS, Windows 1.0, in 1985.
 Command Line Interface (CLI)
A command line interface (or CLI) is a text-based interface used for entering
commands. In the early days of computing, before the mouse, it was the
standard way to interact with a computer.
 Operating System
An operating system is software that communicates with the hardware and
allows other programs to run. Without an operating system, a computer and
software would be useless.

The three most common operating systems for User

personal computers are:-
1) Microsoft Windows
2) Apple Mac OS X Operating System
3) Linux.

Hardware
 Microsoft Windows History

MS DOS (Disk Operating System) - 1981

DOS was the first operating system used by IBM-compatible computers. DOS
uses a command line, or text-based interface, that allows the user to type
commands.
 Windows 1.0 - 1985
 Internal Memory – 256KB
 Hard Disk Drive
 First Graphical User Interface
 Calculator, Clock, Calendar, Notepad And MS Paint
 Only dialog boxes can appear, but cannot be minimized.
 Windows 2.0 - 1987
 Icons
 Keyboard Shortcuts
 More Color Graphics
 Minimize" and "Maximize
 Windows 3.0 & 3.1 – 1990 & 1992
 16 Bit Color Support
 CD Rom
 Multimedia support for Sound, Recording and playback
 1MB of Ram Required
 Graphic Theme
 Starting Of Computer Gaming
 Windows 95 - 1995
 Launched With Taskbar and Start Button
 Plug and Play System
 Connect Printer
 GUI 32-bit
 Multi Tasking OS
 Windows 98 - 1998
 Internet Explorer
 USB Hubs
 DVD Rom
 Use New Software‟s
 Windows Media Player
 Multi Monitor Support
 Windows 2000 - 2000
 Better Internet Facility
 Support Laptop
 Network Sharing
 Windows XP - 2001
 Use Attractive Colors
 Colorful Start Menu
 More Icons
 Security Problems
 Windows VISTA - 2006
 Improve Booting Time
 Transparent Taskbar
 User Password
 Error Free
 High Quality Graphics
 Security Updates
 Stylish Interface
 Windows 7 - 2009
 32 bit & 64 bit Operating System
 High Quality Graphic (Easy to Play game
 User Friendly
 Internet Explorer 8
 Touch Interface
 Windows 8 & 8.1 – 2012 & 2013
 Unique Start Button
 Unique Start Menu
 Different Icon Style
 Metro Design
 Windows 10 – 2015
 New Feature – Voice Assistant Cortana
 Microsoft Edge Browser
 Different Start Menu Layout
 Most Popular Operating System
 History Of Computer

Mechanical Computing Devices

In earlier days, man used to count with the help of stones, bones, etc. with
the passage of time, humans needed better devices for calculation purpose.
This resulted in the development of many devices used for computation. Let us
discuss about some of these machines in chronological order.
 ABACUS (5000-6000 BC)
The abacus was the first calculating machine. It was developed in China. It was
used to count numbers and perform simple calculation such as addition and
subtraction.
Heaven
Beads
Beam
Rods
Earth
Frame
A typical abacus consists of a rectangular frame with several fixed rods having
moveable beads. A beam or crossbar separate the frame into two sections,
known as the heaven and the earth. Numbers are represented by positioning
the beads in different places. Calculations are done by moving these beads on
the rods away from or towards the crossbar.
 NAPIER‟S BONES (1617 AD)
John Napier devised a set of logarithm-based multiplication tables carved on
ivory stick called Napier‟s Bones. Arithmetic operations were done by the
manipulation of rods (called bones) printed with digits. Napier‟s rods rendered
the complex processes of multiplication and division easy.
 SLIDE RULE (1621 AD)
The first slide Rule was the result of the joint efforts of two Englishmen,
Edmund Gunter and William Oughtred. The slide rule, based on Napier‟s
logarithms, was the first analog computing device of the modern ages. In a
slide rule, multiplication and subtraction were figured out according to physical
distance.
Cursor

Metal “Window”
Sliding Bar
 CALCULATING CLOCK (1623 AD)
In 1623, the first 6-digit calculating machine called calculating clock was
designed by Wilhelm Schickard of Germany. Based on Napier‟s logarithms,
numbers were etched on rotating cylinders in a large machine casing. This
machine could add, Subtract, multiply and divide. It was a 6-digits machine
which indicated overflow by ringing a bell.
 PASCALINE (1642 AD)
The next phase of the computing device came along with the invention of the
adding machine by Blaise Pascal in 1642. He was a French mathematician. He
devised the machine in order to facilitate his father who was a tax collector.
It used gears, dials and a series of numbered wheels. It was the first true
calculating machine. It could only perform addition and subtraction.
Multiplication was performed by repeated addition and division was performed
by repeated subtraction.
 LEIBNIZ WHEEL (1673 AD)
In the year 1673, Gottfried Von Leibniz, a German mathematician, invented a
Calculating machine which performed like true arithmetic machine. It depended
on the same principles of intermeshed toothed wheel used by pascal, but
incorporated a new feature of the shift mechanism.
 ARITHMOMETER (1820 AD)
Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar, a Frenchman, was another great inventor
whose efforts assisted in the evolution of the first successful digital mechanical
commercial calculator known as Arithmometer. It had the ability to perform the
four basic arithmetic functions of addition, subtraction, division, and
multiplication.The arithmometer was reliable and could give results up to 16
digits.
 BABBAGE‟S DIFFERENCE AND ANALYTICAL ENGINES
(1822 & 1833 AD)
Charles Babbage was a professor of mathematic at the Cambridge University,
England. In 1822, Babbage realized that many long calculations, specially those
needed to make mathematical tables, were predictable. So, he began to design
an automatic mechanical calculating machine called Difference Engine which was
really a great advancement. It was powered by steam, was of the size of a car
and could print the results automatically. The Babbage dedicated himself to a
new idea, the first general-Purpose computer called the Analytical Engine in
1833. The Analytical Engine included five concepts that proved crucial for the
development of computers for the future. These were the presence of:
1) an input device
2) a storage facility to hold numbers for processing
3) a processor or number calculator
4) a control unit to direct the tasks to be performed
5) an output device
Difference Engine Analytical Engine
To honor him for his contribution, Charles Babbage is called the Father of
Modern Computers. Ada Lovelace, an enthusiastic mathematician became the
world‟s first programmer, writing out the sequence of instructions for Babbage‟s
Analytical Engine. To honor her efforts, US Department of Defense named a
programming language after her name as ADA in 1979.
 CENSUS CALCULATOR (1890 AD)
Herman Hollerith developed a punch card tabulating machine system, the Census
Calculator that revolutionized the Statistical computation. The tabulating
machine used punched cards to count electronically. Hollerith brought his punch
card reader into the business world by founding the Tabulating Machine
Company in 1869. This company later became IBM in 1924.For his contributions
Herman Hollerith is known as the father of Information Processing. For more
than 50 years after their use, punched card machines did most of the world‟s
fast business computing, and a considerable amount of the computing work in
science.
 Generations Of Computer
Computer Generation means step by step changes in computer and each major
change or progress after a period of time, is called a computer generation.
There are five generation of computer.
1) First Generation (Vacuum Tubes) (1940 – 1958)
2) Second Generation (Transistors) (1959 – 1964)
3) Third Generation (Integrated circuits) (1964 – 1970)
4) Fourth Generation (Microprocessor) (1971 – Present)
5) Fifth Generation (Artificial Intelligence) (1989 – Future)
 First Generation
The first generation of computers used “Vacuum tubes” for circuitry and
“Magnetic drums” for memory.
Characteristics of First Generation Computers:-
 First generation computers were very big and taking up entire rooms.
 Such computers were very expensive.
 Such computers used a great deal of electricity.
 Such computers generated a lot of heat.
 Machine language was used in first generation computers.
 Due to slow functional power, such computers could able to solve one problem
at a time.
 Input was based on punched cards and paper tape.
 Output was displayed on printouts.
Examples of First Generation Computers:-

ENIAC EDSAC UNIVAC 1

ENIAC:- Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
EDSAC:- Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator.
UNIVAC 1:- Universal Automatic Computer.
 The Second Generation
In the second generation of computers “Transistors” were used for circuitry
Instead of vacuum tubes. Magnetic core technology was used instead of
magnetic drum. One transistor was equal to 40 vacuum tubes.

Characteristics of Second Generation:-

 These computers were less in size and used less electric power.
 These computers were faster in speed and could able to perform more than
one function at a time.
 Assembly language used instead of machine language.
 Second generation computers still used punched cards for input and printouts
for output.
Examples of Second Generation Computers:-

IBM 305 IBM 1401 CDC 6600

 The Third Generation
The integrated circuit was the development of the third generation. The
transistors were minimized and placed on silicon chips. These silicon chips were
called semiconductors. A semiconductors was used to store memory.
Characteristics of Third Generation:-
 Third generation computers were very cheap and less in size.
 Third generation computers were very fast in speed and could perform many
functions at the same time.
 Users interacted with keyboard for input and monitors for output.
 Computers for the first time became capable to a mass audience.
 An operating system was used in third generation computers.
Examples of Third Generation Computers:-

Central Data 3300 Honeywell 200 IBM System 7

 The Fourth Generation
Now we are using the fourth generation computers. The microprocessor brought
the fourth generation of computers. Thousands of integrated circuits were built
onto a single silicon chip. As these small computers became more powerful.
Semiconductor chips were used as the main memory.
Characteristics of Fourth Generation:-
 Microprocessor were introduced as CPU.
 Main memory could be implemented in a single chip.
 Tens of thousands of transistors can be placed in a single chip.
 Fourth generation was a cheapest and less in size than all other generations
of computers.
 CRT, LCD and LED monitors, Ink jet printers, scanners and projectors are
used as output devices.
 Mouse, Keyboard, voice recognitions, track ball, touch screen and other
devices are used for input devices.
 Less Power consumption computers are made in fourth generations.
 These computers are of very high speed.
 Hard disk, USB Flash drives, CD & DVD and other devices are used as
secondary memory.
Examples of Fourth Generation:-
 Fifth Generation
This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and artificial
intelligence (AI) software. Artificial intelligence is an emerging branch in
computer science. According to Artificial intelligence method the computers will
be able to think like human beings.
All the high level languages like C and C++, Java, Net etc are used in this
generation.
Characteristics of Fifth Generation:-
 According to this generation the computer will be able to think according to
the Artificial intelligence.
 Computers will be able to performs functions like human being.
 A friendly computers will be made.
 Robotic systems would be installed in such computers.
 Developments are being made of expert system to make decisions in real life
situations.
 ULSI technology (Ultra Large Scale integrations) is used in fifth generations.
 The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization.
 They could able to play games with humans.
 Classifications Of Computer
Computers are mainly classified into four categories based on their processing
Speed, storage capacity etc. These are:

1) Micro Computers
2) Mini Computers
3) Mainframe Computers
4) Super Computers
 Micro Computers
Micro computers are commonly known as personal computers. These are small
computers that are found in offices, schools, homes etc. These computers are
designed to be used by one person at a time. They have a Micro Processor chip
as the CPU. Many models of Micro computers are there __ some sit on desktop
some stand on floors and some are portable.
Uses Of Micro Computers:-

Homes Personal Use Offices Banks

Schools Post Office Hospitals Railway Stations

 Mini Computers
Mini computers have more processing speed and larger storage capacity than
Micro computers. They are used in multi-user environments where more than
one person is working on the computer at the same time.
Uses Of Mini Computers:-

Banks Universities Industries

Airports
 Mainframe Computers
Mainframe computers are more powerful than Mini computers. They are large
and expensive computers that can handle a large number of users at the same
time. They are capable of storing large amount of instructions and information.
They are best suited for big organizations, where centralized data storage and
processing are required. These computers also act as “servers” in a network of
computers. Network means where many computers are connected together.
Server is the central computer that controls the flow of information between
the connected computers.
Uses Of Mainframe Computer:-

Film Industry Textile Engineering Insurance Companies

 Super Computers
Super Computers are the most powerful and expensive computers. They are
built to process complex scientific calculations. They are mainly used in weather
forecasting, nuclear research, launching of rockets, monitoring of satellites etc.
Uses Of Super Computer:-

Space Exploration Earthquake Studies Weather forecasting

Nuclear Weapons Testing

The Internet
 The Internet
The Internet is the network of the world. A network is a group of two or more
computers connected through cable or wireless media, it is Known as the
Internet. Through the internet we can communicate across the world with
family, friends, etc. We can study online in an institution/country of our own
choice.
Road Example:-
 Web Page
A web Page is a document for the World Wide Web that is identified by the
Uniform Resource Locator (URL). A web page is accessed and displayed on a
monitor or a mobile device through a web browser.
Example
 Website / World Wide Web (WWW)
Web Pages are linked to other pages to make websites. The World wide Web
Was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. The web contains text, graphics,
Audios, videos and hyperlinks.
Mart Example
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a protocol that specifies the address of a
file on the Web. It consists of an access protocol (http) followed by the
domain name (www.hitech.edu.pk).
The example of a URL is http://www.hitech.edu.pk

Address Example
 Web Browser
Web Browser is a program that access and display data and files on the World
Wide Web. It is used to Access and view websites.
Popular web browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge,
Apple Safari and opera etc.

Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox Opera Microsoft Edge Apple Safari

 Search Engine
Search engine is software to find the answers to questions or queries in a
collection of information on the Web. There are many search engines for
finding information on the Web Like Google, Yahoo and Bing.

Example
Computer
Courses
 Internet Services
The Internet is used in our homes, schools, shops, hospitals and many other
Places. Many devices are using the Internet Like smartphones, tablets,
computers, etc. The Internet offers a number of services such as World Wide
Web (WWW), electronic mail (email), Chatting, social networking, online games,
e-learning and e-commerce.
 Email
Email is software for sending and receiving messages electronically over a
Computer network. It allows a user to send messages to many recipients
Immediately. Email is one of the earliest and most popular services of the
Internet. Some popular email service providers include Google Mail (Gmail),
Yahoo Mail and Outlook.
 Chatting
Chatting is common nowadays through a website or an application. Commonly
used chatting applications are WhatsApp, Skype, Zoom, Imo, Line and many
More. These applications provide text messages, Video Chat, Voice messages
and file sharing.

WhatsApp Skype Zoom Imo Line

 Social Networking
Social networking sites are used for social interactions among people who share
their comments, photos, videos, quotes and news of their interests and
activities. The most popular social networking sites are Facebook, Instagram,
LinkedIn and many more. Facebook is by far the most used social networking
site.
 E-Learning
E-learning is a way of learning using electronic technologies outside a
Traditional classroom. It is interactive so you can communicate with your
teachers and other students in your class. Sometimes it is pre-recorded video
and audio lectures that you can playback as many times as needed. E-learning
courses can be published online through a Learning Management System and
users are able to access content anytime from anywhere. E-learning is also
known as Online learning, Internet Learning and Distance education.
 E-Commerce
Electronic commerce (E-commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and
services or transferring data and funds over the internet. The benefits of
ecommerce are around the clock availability, speed of access, easy
accessibility, and a wide selection of goods and services for all customers. You
can buy books online from Amazon, electronic devices from eBay and do import
/ export through Alibaba, etc.
 What is Server?
A server is a software or hardware device that accepts and responds to
requests made over a network.
Computer Network
 Computer Network
A network is a group of two or more computers connected through cable or
wireless media. It is a system of interconnected computers and other devices
allowing the exchange of information and sharing resources. The Worldwide
network is the Internet.
 Uses Of Computer Network
Computers are used everywhere and are connected to share information and
equipment. Some of the uses of a computer network are the following:

 Sharing data, e.g. documents, presentations, pictures, clips, etc.

 Sharing devices (e.g. printer, speakers, Internet connection).
 Helps to communicate through email, chatting and video conferencing.
 Assists in online learning, gaming, shopping, banking and social networking.
 Provides access to the global network of the Internet.
 Types of Network
Computer networks are seen almost everywhere in daily life like in homes,
schools, stores, banks and hospitals. The size of a network depends on the
area it covers and the number of computer connected to it. Following are the
types of networks based on size.
1) Local Area Network (LAN)
2) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3) Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Local Area Network (LAN)
Local Area Network (LAN) connects computers and other devices in a small
area, a room, or building. It is used for a single site where users need to
share resources like documents, images and printers.
This network can be of two computers or hundreds of computers in a building.
It is made by routers, hubs, network adapters and Ethernet cables.
Local Area Network Use

House Building Office

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) interconnects users in a geographic region
of a town, city or campuses of an institution. It uses fiber optic cables or
other media. It is medium-sized network.
MAN Network Use

Branch 1 Branch 4

Branch 3 Karachi Branches Example Branch 2

 Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN) connects Local Area Networks and Metropolitan
Area Networks over a large geographical area of cities and countries. It
enables the computers and users of one location to communicate to another.
The Internet is a wide Area Network. A banking system connects hundreds of
branches and their Automated Teller Machines (ATM) in different cities. This
network is set up by routers, switches, modems, fiber optic cables and firewalls
for security of it. WAN Network Use

Connect City & Countries

 Difference Between Lan – Man – Wan
LAN MAN WAN
Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Network Wide Area Network

Use Use Use

Building, Office, Multiple Buildings, Multiple City,
School, House or in a city Country

Network Range Network Range Network Range

10m-1000m 5Km-50Km 1000000Km

Example Example Example

Ethernet, Wifi Cable Tv Network Internet
 Components of a Network
A computer network requires some components to be installed for its operations.
The basic components include cables, connectors, modems, hubs, switches,
routers and network interface cards (NIC).

Cable & Connector Router Hub

Network Interface Cards (NIC)

 1.Cables and Connectors
A cable is a medium used to move data from one network device to another.
Different cables are used like coaxial, twisted pair (unshielded & shielded) and
fiber-optic. Cables are connected through connectors.
 Fiber-Optic Cable
Fiber-optic is fast replacing all other cabling and is widely used local area
networks (LANs) and Wide area Network (WANs). Data travels at the speed
of light through the fiber-optic cable, which makes it the fastest way to carry
data to computer network.

Light Speed:
3 Lac Kilometer Per Second
 Twisted Pair Cable
Twisted pair cable comes in two varieties: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and
shielded twisted pair (STP). Shielding in STP cables acts as a barrier that
protects the cable from external threats, such as electrical interference
(EMI). It is the most commonly used cable in a local area network.

Unshielded twisted pair Shielded twisted pair

 Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable is a kind of copper cable that consists of a center wire
surrounded by insulation and covered with a shield of twisted wire. It is used
mainly by telephone companies to carry signals from a central office to
telephone poles and by cable TV providers.
 2.Modem
A modem is a network device that performs two functions; demodulation and
modulation. Demodulation process converts analog signals into digital data. While
the Modulation is a process that converts digital data into analogue signals. So,
a modem converts digital data into analog signals and analog data into digital
data. The word „modem‟ came from modulator-demodulator.
In past, modem was used to convert analog data to digital data. Nowadays
router device is used for the digitization.
Example
Analog
Signal Digital
Signal
 3.Router
A router is a network device that sends data packets between networks. It
directs data using the routing information is the packet. It uses its routing
table to decide where to send data and uses the software-configured network
address for making decisions.
Example

Divide Connection Different Ip

 4.Hub
A hub is a centralized connection point for devices in a network. It contains
multiple ports for device connections. It is like a distribution center. When a
computer requests data from a network or a specific computer, it sends the
request to the hub through a cable. The hub receives the request and
Transmits data to the entire network because it cannot determine where to
send it. Pc1 Pc3
Example

Pc2 Pc4
 5.Switch
A switch is a centralized networking device that filters and forwards data
packets between local area networks (LAN). The major difference between a
switch and hub is that when data arrives at the hub, it sends it to all
computers in a network and only the destined computer accept the data. In a
switch, data is only sent to the destined computer and not to all computers.
Pc3
Pc1 Example

Pc2 Pc4
 6.Network Adapter
A computer connected to a network has a special expansion card called the
network interface card (NIC). It is also called a network adapter. It enables
a computer to transmit and receive data on a local network. It prepares and
sends data, receives data and controls data flow between the computer and
the network.
 What is Network Topology?
A network topology describes the arrangement of systems on a computer
network. It defines how the computers, or nodes, within the network are
arranged and connected to each other.
Example

Pattern
 Network Topology Types
Topology

Physical Topology Logical Topology

Physical Topology:- A physical topology is how they are actually interconnected with
wires and cables.
Logical Topology:- A logical topology is how devices appear connected to the user.
Physical Topology Logical Topology
Data

Cables Data
Data
Different types of Physical Topologies are:
 P2P Topology
 Bus Topology
 Ring Topology
 Star Topology
 Mesh Topology
 Tree Topology
 Hybrid Topology
 Point to Point Topology
Point-to-point topology is the easiest of all the network topologies. In this
method, the network consists of a direct link between two computers.
 Bus Topology
Bus topology uses a single cable which connects all the included nodes. The
main cable acts as a spine for the entire network. When it has two endpoints,
it is known as a linear bus topology.

Bus
 Ring Topology
In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighboring devices for
communication purpose. It is called a ring topology as its formation is like a
ring. In this topology, every computer is connected to another computer. Here,
the last node is combined with a first one. In this topology, all the messages
travel through a ring in the same direction.
 Star Topology
In the star topology, all the computers connect with the help of a hub. This
cable is called a central node, and all other nodes are connected using this
central node. It is most popular on LAN networks as they are inexpensive and
easy to install.

Hub
 Mesh Topology
The mesh topology has a unique network design in which each computer on the
network connects to every other. The mesh topology has a unique network
design in which each computer on the network connects to every other.
 Tree Topology
Tree topologies have a root node, and all other nodes are connected which
form a hierarchy. This topology integrates various star topologies together in a
single bus, so it is known as a Star Bus topology. Tree topology is a very
common network which is similar to a bus and star topology.

Hub

Bus
Hub Hub
 Hybrid Topology
A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses two or more
differing network topologies. These topologies can include a mix of bus
topology, mesh topology, ring topology, star topology, and tree topology.