Python Programming

Chapter One: Python Programming

1. Python: is computer programming language often used to build websites, software, and
conduct data analysis.
2. Python used for: Web Development (Server-side), Software Development, Mathematics,
and System Scripting.
3. What is a programming language: Programming language is a set of commands,
instructions, and other syntax use to create software programs.
4. History of Python: Python was invented by Guido van Rossum in 1991 at CWI in
Netherland.
5. What can Python do:
 Python can be used on a server to create web applications.
 Python can be used alongside software to create workflows.
 Python can connect to database systems. It can also read and modify files.
 Python can be used to handle big data and perform complex mathematics.
6. Why we use Python:
 Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux,).
 Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
 Python has syntax that allows developers to write programs with fewer lines than
some other programming languages.
7. Python Syntax compared to other programming languages:
 Python was designed for readability.
 Python uses new lines to complete a command.
 Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to define scope.
8. Features of python:
 Easy to Learn and Use.
 Cross-platform or Platform independent.
 Free and open source.
 Object-Oriented Language.
 High level language.
9. Python IDE:
 PyCharm.
 IntelliJ Idea.

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 Microsoft Visual Studio.

Chapter Two: Variables and Data types
1. Identifiers: is a name given to a variable, function, class or module.
2. Rules for writing identifiers:
 Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase or uppercase or digits or an
underscore.
 Identifier can begin with an alphabet.
 Identifier cannot start with a digit but is allowed everywhere else.
 Keywords cannot be used as an identifier.
3. Keywords: are a list of reserved words that have predefined meaning.
4. Variables: is a container for storing data values.
5. Multi Words Variable Names:
 Camel Case: Each word, except the first, starts with a capital letter.
 Pascal Case: Each word starts with a capital letter.
 Snake Case: Each word is separated by an underscore character.
6. Types of variables:
 Local variable: is a variables that are created inside of a function.
 Global variable: is a variables that are created outside of a function.
7. Data types: specify the type of data like numbers and characters to be stored and
manipulated within a program.
 Integer:
1. Int: is a whole number, positive or negative, without decimals, of unlimited
length.
2. Float: is a number, positive or negative, containing one or more decimals.
3. Complex: as the imaginary part.
 String: A string consists of a sequence of one or more characters, which can include
letters, numbers, and other types of characters.
 Boolean: Binary and evaluates to either true or false.
 Type (): To verify the type of any object in Python, use the type() function.
8. Comments:
 Single-line comment (#): It makes all text following it on the same line into a
comment.

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 Multiline Comments (‘‘‘’’’):If the comment extends multiple lines.

Chapter Three: Operators

1. Operators: are special symbols in python that carry out arithmetic or logical
computations.
2. Arithmetic operator: Used to perform common mathematical operations.
3. Comparison Operators: are used to compare two values.
 Equal operator: If the values of two operands are equal, then the condition becomes
True.
 Not Equal operator: if values of two operands are not equal, then the condition
becomes True.
 Greater than operator: If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right
operand, then condition becomes True.
 Less than operator: if the value of left operand is less than the value of right
operand, then condition becomes True.
 Greater than or equal operator: if the value of left operand is greater than or equal
to the value of right operand, then condition becomes True.
 Less than or equal operator: if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the
value of right operand, then condition becomes True.
4. Assignment operator: used to assign values to a variable.
 Simple assignment operator: simply assigns the value of its right operand to the
variable on the left.
 Addition Assignment: Adds the value of right operand to the left operand and
assigns the result to left operand.
 Subtraction Assignment: Subtracts the value of right operand from the left operand
and assigns the result to left operand.
 Multiplication Assignment: Multiplies the value of right operand with the left
operand and assigns the result to left operand.
 Division Assignment: Divides the value of right operand with the left operand and
assigns the result to left operand.
 Remainder Assignment: Computes the remainder after division and assigns the
value to the left operand.

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 Floor Division Assignment: produces the important part of the proportion of its operands where the
 Exponentiation Assignment: Evaluates to the result of raising the first operand to
the power of the second operand.
5. Logical operators: The logical operators are used for comparing or negating the logical
values of their operands and to return the resulting logical value.
 AND operator: Performs AND operation and the result is True when both operands
are True.
 OR operator: Performs OR operation and the result is True when any one of both
operands is True.
6. Bitwise operators: treat their operands as a sequence of bits (zeroes and ones) and
perform bit by bit operation.
7. AND Binary: Result is one in each bit position for which the corresponding bits of both
operands are 1s.
8. OR Binary: Result is one in each bit position for which the corresponding bits of either
or both operands are 1s.
9. Indentation: is the visual structure of how your code is laid out.

Chapter Four: Conditionals

1. If/Else Statements: evaluates test expression and will execute the body of if only when
the test condition is True.
2. If/Elif/Else Statements: It allows us to check for multiple expressions.
3. Nested if statements: is If/Elif/Else statement inside another If/Elif/Else statement.
4. While Loops: Lets us repeat code as long as something is true.
5. Else in While loop: can run a block of code once when the condition no longer is true.
6. For Loops: run until a certain condition is met.
7. Else in For Loop: specifies a block of code to be executed when the loop is finished.
8. Break Statements: allows you to exit a loop when an external condition is met.
9. Continue Statement: used to end the current iteration in the loop.

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